LEGACY PROJECT #T747
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES
NAVAL ACADEMY SHORELINE
By
Elizabeth A. Aiello
and
John L. Seidel
With Contributions BY
Larry MurPhY
Matthew Russell
Jean Russo
FINAL REPORT
PrePared For
ChesaPeake Division
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
United States Naval AcademY
Principal Investigator
John L. Seidel, Ph. D.
October 30, t996
ABSTRACT
The University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP) and Engineering Field Activity
Chesapeake engaged in a cooperative agreement for the purpose of conducting a survey of the
Naval Academy's shoreline. This survey was to include historical research and remote sensing
investigations. The project location included the area from the Academy's Spa Creek boundary
near City Dock, around the core of the property, up College Creek to the bridge on the Naval
Academy which parallels the Dorsey Creek Bridge on King George Street, and around the
shoreline of the Naval Medical Clinic to the old Severn River Bridge.
Archival research produced information regarding land reclamation and acquisition by
the Naval Academy since its establishment on Windmill Point, as well as the history of land use
prior to the Academy's existence. The Naval Academy, established in 1845 on the grounds of
Fort Severn, has had a significant effect upon the shoreline over the years. Lands along the
waterfront have been used for a variety of purposes including defensive works, basins, docks
and wharfage, and training exercises. Prior to L845, the shoreline areas were used by civilians
for such things as ferryboat landings, shipbuilding operations and docks. Past industrial
activities include the existence of lumber yards and oyster packing plants. It is probable that
traces of many of these resources exist beneath the "reclaimed" lands of the Academy and the
water immediately fronting its shoreline. This investigation was undertaken to determine the
extent of this possibility.
Archival research yielded records of filling and dredging operations around the Academy.
Cartographic research and the digitized map overlays revealed the location of earlier shorelines
and shore installations, making it possible to highlight areas of potential archaeological
sensitivity beneath the landfill. Further evidence of such buried resources came from other
sources. Photographs were located at the Academy's Department of Public Works which show
well-preserved "old sea walls" being uncovered during "new building" construction in 1919 on
the grounds of the Academy.
While documentary research concentrated on buried shorelines which are now inland,
concealed beneath fill, other investigations concentrated upon the current waterline and river
bottom adjacent to the Academy. Remote sensing operations detected 65 anomalies located in
the waters of the Severn River, College Creek and the Annapolis Harbor off the Academy's
shoreline. These anomalies were investigated by divers from the University of Maryland,
College Park, with the assistance of volunteers. Anomalies were located using a Systematic
Differential Global Positioning System and investigated by the dive team. Anomalies identified
by the divers included anchors, anchor chain, and iron pipes of various sizes. The majority of
the anomalies, however, are buried beneath the silt and sediment of the river; they could not be
located without disturbance of bottom sediments.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As the case with any research endeavor, this project could 
not have taken place without
is 
and cooperation of manyinoiniauutr b.tiing the archival research 
stage of this
the assistance 
project, Mr, Brian Fors and Ms. Beveriy Lyall of thg.Naval Academy's 
Nimitz Library Archives
vault in the Academy's
provided a greatorur or guidance and assistance. The staff at the map 
public recognition for friendly and informed assistance. AsDepartment of works also deserves 
staff members at the Maryland State ,{rchives were quick to 
respond to any of our
usual, 
research questions.
of organizations
coordination of the field operations required the cooperation 9f lnumler 
u;;;i.11trtunt you" include Mr. Domokos Hajdo, captainand individuals. Those deserving "f 
Julian Sabbatini, and Ms. Vtaiie Priie of the Navy's Department 
of Public Works; Mr'
(EFA CHES); Dr. Marie cotrell, former staff archaeologist for the 
Navy
Lawrence Earle 
(LANTDIV); Mr.;;*y M".phy .td M;. Fran Day of the National Park Service's Submerged
curturar Research unit (scRu) in santa Fe, New Mexico; Lieutenant 
christopher campbell
(usNA)inchargeofYPtraining;theunitedStatescoastGuard;theDepartmentofNatural
Resources; and the staff at c a c Boat charters. The effective interaction 
of all of these
individuals helped make the survey week a success'
ThesCUBAdivingcheckoftheanomalieslocatedwithremoNteosrensingcouldnothave
place without the support of the-above mentioned individuals. 
 could it have occurred
taken of our gratitude is Mr. David
without the assistance of volunteers. First and foremost 
deserving 
Howe
Howe, a member or tn" Maritime erchueotogicar and Historicar 
Society (MAHS). Mr' 
vessel, Top Knot' Volunteer divers Mr' Gary
was kind enough to extend to us the use of iis 
(UMCP Field School), Mr. Bill Rutkowski (trlAHS)' M
-r ' Mark Little (MAHS)' and
Melancon 
Mr. Robert Brandt were invaluable to ift" Oiui"g investigations' 
of Maryland Field
YntYtTtty project'
School student, Mr. ks Graves, acted as a harid on deck on the final day 
of the 
onefinal "thankyou" goestocaptainKennyKeyworth, of 
the HarborQueensightseeing
job the divers during the week, but
boat. captain Kenny not only did an excellent of ivoiding hot afternoon'
also "tossed" a most welcome box of provisions to the 
crew on a 
FundingforthisprojectwasprovidedbytheDepartmentofDefenselrgacyResources
Managementprogru-,,,,unugtOUVtfttNavyl-e'gacyCulturalResourceOffice'
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
1X
LIST OF PLATES . . .
xi
LIST OF TABLES
1
INTRODUCTION )
Project Location and Description ' 2
CulturalHistory ... t3
Previous ArchaeologY t4
The Current Project
15
ARCHIVAL INVESTIGATIONS 15
Research Goals and Methods of Archival Research 
(Stage one)
t6
Historical Overview 18
Project Area Prior to 1845 34
post tg+S - The United States Naval Academy
96
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 96
Research Goals and Methods of Remote Sensing 
Survey (stage Two) ' ' '
97
Results and Conclusions of Remote Sensing
Research Goals and MethoOt JfittO Ctreit< of Anomalies 
(Stage Three) 98
100
Results of SCUBA Diving Check of Anomalies ' ' tL3
Summary of AnomalY Investigations 1.13
Additional Dives tt6
Results of Additional Dives
tr7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
tzr
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
r23
HISTORIC MAP REFERENCES .
r25
REFERENCES .
. 133
APPENDICES . t33
APPENDIX A - Status RePort . 147
APPENDIX B - Staff Qualifications
111
LTiT OF FIGURES
Quadrangl: *t:.of Annapolis'Geological Survey JStates 
Figure 1' united 
Scale 1:24000 4
Figure 2. MarylandArchaeologicalResearchUnitsShowingProjectLocation 20
' '
1846 Bache and Gerdes 
Harbor of Annapolis 
Figure 3. 2l
Harbour of Annapolis
4. 1781 Captaine 
Plan of the 
Figure 24
of the United States Naval 
Academy
Plan 
Figure 5' 1850 
Figure 6' TheDulanyMansion-|,15t(?)to1853(NavallnstituteProceedings)2526
(Naval Institute Proceedings) 
7' The Governor's 
House 
Figure 27
Bird's Eye View of 
the City of Annapolis 
8' 1858 Sachse Figure 2)"The Abbey"'
- 1845 - As Naval S'oh1ol' 
L)Officer's Q:arters' 
Figure 9 F^o3rt) Sre,vGerno u,,,-ni,ff;;,::*;;:'g:"*h'',ttr$I**l*'':"m'gliJt
p'ot"'sors, offices,
6) " Brandywme u:T::;". ;i'i;n;, ;*;.".;,.,  r1 r1.)l isiunp.e,ir#inntednednent,ts' ^1 
u*, ,J 
.', ?
10)Row :^ba"n"e#r;v;'  iGN\ avathouse, 
muruerry?#'iijr"rr r*"i;,"ffi^i7l'sit 
or practice 32
12)old 
Institute Proceedings) 35
Property Acquisitions 
Map
Naval Academy 
Figure 10 1962 
*-T"1i1,,;;*i#i'if; * *" 
.:1"]
plan:, Y*"1::*: 4l
Figure 11 1857 
School at AnnaPoh 42
Naval Academy
12' 1882 Plan of 
the United States 
Figure 48
Atlas of Anne Arundel 
County
13' 1878 Hopkins Figure 
52
Figure 14' l8T3DuvallsurJvetdyofthie;Li"o*q. oRfHivaenr overStreet,TabernacleStreet'wagner street J 53
SurveY - Lower PoftionDuvall 
Figure 15' 1873 ))
N'E' Pofiion of the U'S' 
Naval Academy
of the 
Figure 16' 1873-74Plan 59
Moore Plan of Lockwoodville
Figure 17 1889 
lv
62
Figure 18. 1893 Plan of the United States Naval Academy
Figure 19. 1895-96 U.S. Coastal and Geodetic survey 
Topographic Survey
63
of the United States Naval AcademY
72
Figure 20. 1783 Callahan (Stoddert's Plan) Plat 
of Annapolis ' '
74
Figure 21. 1860 Martenet Map of Anne Arundel 
County
75
Figare 22. 1885 Sanborn Fire Insurance MaP
76
Figure 23. 1891 Sanborn Fire Insurance MaP
Figrxe 24' 1893 Chinn Survey Showing Area 
Between King George and
77
Prince George Streets. (Reduced to 78%)'
Figure 25. 18g6SurveyShowinglntenttoFilltheWaterfrontSouthofthe 78
Project Area. (Reduced to 78%)
80
Figve 26. lg4lMapShowingProposedDemolitionintheHollandStreetArea...
Figwe 27. l8S2PlanoftheNavalAcademyPropertyoverlaidwithaCurrent 88
Conditions MaP '
Figure 28 MapoftheProjectAreaShowingPositionsofthe65Anomalies 98
l-o"ut O During Remote Sensing Investigations
Figve 29. FieldNotebookSketchofWoodenTruckandDead-EyeRecovered t02
from Anomalies 16 and2l, Respectively
30. Sliding Stock Anchor Located at Anomaly 
23' Scale:
Figure : . . .1041 Inch 1" Foot (Melancon 1995)
Recovered at Location of Anomaly 32
Figure 3t Field Notebook Sketch of Bottle t07
(Seidel 1995)
Figure 32. ProjectAreaMapShowingLocationofAdditionalDivesConducted 115
in the AnnaPolis Harbor
Revised Sensitivity Map for Naval Academy Property
118
Figure 33.
Figure 34. Project Area Map Showing Anomalies 
Which Require Further
t20
Examination or Avoidance
v
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1. Portion of old sea wall uncovered During construction of New
Building (USNA Department of Public Words #479) 37
Plate 2 Lockwoodville - Foot of Wagner Street 1869 (Nimitz Archives
#66s2). 47
Plate 3. Lockwoodville - Foot of wagner street 1881 (Nimitz Archives
#s463). 49
Plate 4. Boathouses and Worden Field Circa 1920 (Previously
Lockwoodville) (Nimitz Archives #5643). 58
Plate 5 Boathouse l8g7 - Santee Wharf at Right - Gymnasium (Old Fort
Severn) at l?ft (Nimitz Archives #5642) 64
Plate 6. Canal Dug Next to Armory for Construction of the New Chapel -
Circa 1904 (Nimitz Archives #5815) 68
Plate 7 Demolition of Buildings in Holland Street Area - Hell Point 1942
(usNA Department of Public works #1725). 69
Plate 8 Demolition of Buildings in Holland street Area - Hell Point 1942
(USNA Department of Public Works #1724). 70
Plate 9. Holland Street Area - Hell Point 1942 - Cleared After Demolition
(USNA Department of Public Works #t780) 7T
Plate 10 Holland Street Area - Hell Point 1943 - Removal of Pier Pilings
(USNA Department of Public Works #2660). 81
Plate 11. Holland Street Area - Hell Point 1943 - Construction of New Sea
Wall (USNA Department of Public Works #2687). 82
Plate t2 1939 Aerial View of USNA Property at College Creek Pior to 22
Acre Addition in Front of the Hospital (usNA Department Public
Works) 84
Plare 13 1954 Aerial View Showing 22 Ac/je Addition in Front of the
Hospital, Dewey Basin and Santee Basin (usNA Department
Public Works) 86
vi
Plate 14 Land Reclamation Work in Progress (USNA Department Public
Works #3984). 87
Plate 15. 1958 Aerial View of uSNA Showing Reclamation of Dewey Basin
and Farragut Field (USNA Department Public Works)
89
Plate 16 The Sailing Frigate the Santee Began Her Career With the Naval
Academy In ennapolis in 1865. She Sank at Her Wharf in l9L2
(Nimitz Archives #07723) 92
Plate t7. The santee cfuca 1882 After Being stripped and Roofed over
(Nimitz Archives #07525). 93
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Tablel". AnomalyLatitude/LongitudePositions 111
Table 2. Results of Anomaly Check on SCUBA tt2
viii
INTRODUCTION
Archaeological investigations of the Naval Academy shoreline were funded through the
Department of Defense [-egacy Resources Management Program, managed by the Navy I-ngacy
Cuitural Resource Office.- The l-egacy Program project number is 1741. The State Agency
Identifier Number for the Academy shoreline project is MD 940811-8124-36O20L
Investigations were initiated for the Naval Academy Shoreline/Bulkhead Project in
October of t994. One of the first tasks completed was the preparation of a Plan of Work for
submission to the Naval Academy and EFA CHES. This plan outlined the stages of work
involved in the study, logistical requirements, and a schedule of events. The plan was
submitted, as per tne briginal proposai, on 30 November 1994. A meeting was then scheduled
with representatives of ttre ecaOerny and EFA CHES to discuss the project, the plan of work,
and the logistical concerns. This meeting was held at the USNA Department of Fublic Works
on 19 December t994.
As outlined in the plan of Work (30 November 1994), this archaeological survey was
undertaken in four stages.
* Stage One - historical research/cartographic analysis
* Stage Two - remote sensing survey
* Stage Three - field check/SCUBA
* Stage Four - final report (management recommendations)
The Archaeological Survey of the U.S. Naval Academy Shoreline/Bulkhead Project did
not include excavatiori. It instdd involved a comprehensive survey of the water around the
Academy using magnetometry. The project also called for intensive archival investigations of
general lirtori.r ofine Acaderny, Navy reports, and official correspondence. Map analysis was
a crucial factor in the evaluation of the shoreline areas. Careful review of historical maps and
AutoCAD generated overlays was a necessary step in determining changes to and usage of the
waterfront ihroughout the ylars. This historical research stage of the project was completed as
of 2gth day or March iggs. A status report was submitted to the U.S. Naval Academy andthe 
EFA CHES on the following day (status report is included as Appendix A). An overview of the
steps taken to meet the goals of "Stug. One" of the project are presented in the Status Report'
This report will present an in-depth review of the historical research material analyzed
during Stage One of this project. Also, presented here are the results of Stage Two - remote
sensing survey and Stage tr,rl. - field check of anomalies. Individuals wishing to immediately
learn of the results or dre survey should refer to the section of this repofi entitled "Conclusions
in its final
and Recommendations. " Stage Four of the project is submission of the report itself 
form.
1
Project Location and DescriPtion
The United States Naval Academy is located on a point of land bounded on the west by
the Severn River, on the east by Spa Creek (the Annapolis City harbor), and on the south by the
town of Annapolis itself. The project area begins at the Academy's Spa Creek boundary near
City Dock, .*tino., around the core of the property, up into College Creek, and then follows
arolnd the shoreline of the Naval Medical Clinic to the old Severn River bridge (Figure 1). The
project area is defined in Maryland Archaeological Research Units as the western shore of the-Coistal plain province within Research Unit 7. This research area is identified as the
Gunpowder-Middle-Back-patapsco-Magothy-Severn-Rhode-West Drainages (Figure 2). The
topography of the province is characterized as gently rolling uplands.
The soils in the Chesapeake region are formed from unconsolidated deposits of sand, silt,
clay and gravel overlie crystalline bedrock. Although the topographic variation in the-not which 
,"gio, is substantial, the sediment deposits vary greatly in depth, texture and degree of
peimeability (Brush et. L977:7). The soils which are naturally occurring in the area are of the
ivlonmouth-Series, a sandy loam with a 0-2% gradient. It is formed from unconsolidated beds
of finely textured sediments. It is deep, strongly acidic, well drained, olive colored and tends
to be highly erodible. The soil profile is generally made up of 40-70% glauconite (green sand)
(Kirby and Matthews 1973).
The climate of Annapolis and Anne Arundel County is temperate. Rainfall is moderate,
but the city's location utto ttt surrounding bodies of water (the Chesapeake Bay and its
tributaries) provide humidity. Snowfall in the region is also moderate. The vegetation in the
county includes oak, chestnut and hickory forests in the upland areas of the coastal plain and
.u.rgi.rn forests in the lowland coastal plain (Braun 1967:245). Faunal species dominant in the
area include deer, small mammals suchls rabbit, squirrel and fox and birds such as turkey and
water fowl (Shelford 1963).
Cultural History
Annapolis's abundant base of historical information can be found in a variety of sources,
both primary and secondary. The following sections present a synopsis of the prehistoric and
historic backgrounds specific to the area.
2
f1
)rSdAtzD f*ts ?ao e
+
lNlSZ(zl trtc'uf.L t
3
f2 1*
"/
\
./b7
4
Prehistoric Background (adapted from Bodor et al. 1993)
The varied environs of Maryland were occupied by a diversity of aboriginal cultures
prehistoric p.rioo. studils have produced- a chronology of these occupations for theduring the 
Chesapeake ,"gion, *O identified diagnosiic togl for the groups within the Middle_fogs 1980; Hughes
Atlantic coastal zone (Stephenson and F-erguson 1963; wright 1973; Steponaitis 
to have had a profound
1980; Custer 1983;Frye iqSO). Changesln sea level have been found 
effect on the patterns of site settlement of these groups'
Paleo-Indian Period (ca. 13,000-7500 B'C')
The paleo-Indian Stage is not well represented in Annapolis nor i",19 surrounding 
Anne
Arundel County area. Most occurrences of Paleo-Indian components within the 
county are
by fluted points found out of context, on the surface of multi-component sitesrepresented 
(Brown tgTg). The scarcity of paleo-Indian sites within Anne Arundel county, 
as well as in the
which occurred in the
entire Coastal Plain Province, is the result of environmental changes 
sheet. Retreat of this ice sheet
chesapeake Bay region during the retreat of the wisconsin ice 
resulted in global iea level iise and eventual formation of the Chesapeake Bay 
through the
drowning of the ancient bed of the Susquehanna_Rivel31f the lower 
reaches of her tributaries'
thus covlring Paleo-Indian sites located there (Kraft l97t)'
Human occupation of Anne Arundel County may have begun as early as 
13'000 B'C'
was
(Steponaitis 1gg0:1j). Although occupation of areas of the Middle Atlantic region _north 
probabry prior to tz,,oooB.c. due to the presence of gracial ice (Funk r.97g:16). Traditionally,
paleo_Indian hunting of Pleistocenesubsistence was believed to irave depended primarily on the 
megafauna (willey 1966; Griffin lg77). However, recent evidence suggests that 
Paleo-Indian
of the Eastern woodland probably focused on hunting white tailed deer 
(Gardner
populations 
(1957:1)suggesd that subsistence strategies possibly included foraging for19g0: Lg-20). Ritchie 
plants, fishing, uno tunting ror smatt mammals. The tool kit of the 
paleo-Indians was adapted
denticulates'
primarily to a hunting economy and included scrapers' gravers' burins, 
hammerstones, utilized flakes, and knives, as werl as flutedpoints. 
(Kinsey 1972:327-330; Funk
I972:t7-21; Gardner I974:5; Custer 1984)'
the year in order
Paleo-Indian populations were mobile, changrng location throughout 
to utilize available resources. Based on work at the Flint Run complex 
in virginia (Gardner
pale^o-Indian have been identified. The
Lg74:tg_23, 42_44; tg77; LgTg) several types of sites 
rargest of these sites is base camps, the main roci of habitation, which are 
identified by the
variety within the artifact assemblages present at the site, non-random 
lithic distribution
indicating discrete activity areas, anioc.asional pits and post molds' 
Base camps may have
. 
seasonally by aggregate bands. Examples of base camps include 
the Thunderbird
been occupied 
virglnia and the Sioop site in pennsylvania 1'974;site in the Flint Run comptex, 
(Gardner 
witthoft tg52). smaller ialeo-Indian sites may represent special purpose sites 
occupied by
for periods of time. These sites include quarry sites, quarry reductionsmaller groups shorter notes that
stations, base camp maintenance stations, and outlying hunting sites. Steponaitis 
5
paleo-Indian base camps identified by diverse artifact assemblages, non-random distribution of
lithic debris, activity ireas, and post holes and molds, are found in riverine environments.
Further, quarry sites were identified by a lack of tools, and the presence of large amounts of
debitage and a-crypto-crystalline rock source (Steponaitis 1980:66). This indicates that eastern
paleo-Indians were not following migrating animals but were occupying sites on a seasonal basis.
Archaic Period (7500-1000 B.C.)
The end of the Pleistocene was marked by environmental changes, including the
inundation of some riverine environments, a change from mixed coniferous forests to northern
hardwoods, and a more temperate climate (Whitehead t972:308-310; Carbone 1976:t2L).
Gradual changes in the flora and fauna, begun durrng the Paleo-Indian Stage were continued
through the darly Archaic period, resulting in modern temperate flora and fauna populations
thro$h most of ihe Middle Atlantic region (Guilday L967:232). The Archaic stage is one of
cultuial adaptation to these changes, it is further divided into the Early, Middle and Late Archaic
Periods.
The Earty Archaic period (7500-6000 B.c.) is characterized by the appearance of two
artifacttraditions, the Corner Notched tradition (7500 - 6800 B.C.) and the Biturcate tradition
(6g00 - 6000 B.C.). The Corner Notched tradition was marked by a change from fluted points
to corner notched points, reflecting different hafting techniques and utilization. The general
artifact assemblagei of paleo and Archaic peoples were very similar, the differences between
the two peoples was in what they hunted (Steponaitis 1980:69-70). The Bifurcate tradition
involved the scheduled use of a number of seasonal available resources. In general, the
(Gardner 1974;
settlement pattern for this period is similar to that of the Paleo-Indian Stage 
1977; and 1979).
The Middle Archaic period (6000-4000 B.c.) was marked by the replacement of northern
Boreal forests by oak-hickory forests (Whitehead 1972:308-310). The climate gradually became
wanner with increased precipitation from the Early Archaic Period to the Middle Archaic
period. Subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of the Middle Archaic Period were similar
to Early Archaic period pu:ttrtnr. Mobile uanos utilized seasonally available plants and animals.
Tool kits used during tfre vtiOOte Archaic Period were similar to Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic
period tool kits. New additions to the tool kit included stone mortars and polished stone atlatl
weights, used to balance atlatl spear throwers, recovered at the Hardaway and Doerschuk sites,
North Carolina. (Coe 1964:51-55, 80-81).
Some researchers have postulated an abandonment of coastal areas in favor of the
piedmont dunng the Middle Archaic (Kavanagh 1982:50). However, the continued rise of sea
level during this period has probably submergJd coastal sites associated with the Middle Archaic
Period (Steponaitis 1983: 177).
Gardner (197g) and Custer (1984), have identified three types of sites associated with the
Middle Archaic period which reflect the social organization of the period. (See also Gardner
6
custer lglg). The macroband base camp (custer was occupied by numerousand .1984:67) with a wide
family units. Artifact assemblages recovered indicate fairry long term 
occupation 
at these locations. Microband base camps were occupied by 
smaller family
variety of activities 
units, probably individual famity gt""p;. These base camps tended to be located 
in
populations associated with macroband
environmental settings that could not support the larger 
base camps were associated with procurement
base camps. Both iti" -u"rouand and microuano 
sites. Fewer toor iyp", ur. urro"iut d with these sites uttd thty tend 
to be related to a limited
of activitier. Sit location was dependent on the type of resource being utilized 
(i'e'
number 
quarry sites, interior hunting sites, etc')'
The Late Archaic period (4000-1000 B.c.) was marked by a 
warm and dry climate and
oak_hickory forests. Four traditions flourished during the 
Late Alghaic period. The
dominant 
B.C.) *ur u" in situ development itt th" Middle Atlantic Regionpiedmont tradition (4000-2000 the
(Kinsey tg72:337;'McNett and Gardner rg75\ contemloraneous 1nd co-existing 
with 
centered in the St'
piedmont which was tradition was the Laurentian iraoitioni+000-2000B.c.) but also
Lawrence River drainage of Ontario, New fngUnO, and New 
York (Ritchie 1969:29) 
south into Maryland. custe, r"gg"*J,rtat itre. third tradition, 
the Broadspear tradition
extended 
i.".i"p.a o!lhe iieomont tradition as an adaptive response to changing(2000-1500 B.c.), out 
conditions (custer 197g:3). The final tradition, the Fishtail 
tradition (1500-750
environmental period extended into the Early woodland
B.c.), developed during the terminaiit"Archaic and 
Period (StePonaitis 1980:28)'
Laurentian traditions
subsistence and settlement patterns throughout 
the Piedmont and 
and political
remained similar to the patterns of the Middl; Archaic, suggesting 
a social 
put.o-Indian were
organization similar to irr" and Early and 
Middle Archaic populations. Bands 
nature. A seasonal fusioifission organization is postulated for 
population
probabry egalitarian in 
families spent a part of the year at microband base campsmovement in which individual 
following seasonally available resources. During another 
pitt of the year several bands'
probably ,o*.r,!i 
camps'
trt o"glt a network, fused together at macroband 
base 
-kinlhip 
(custer 19g4:67-6g). After 3000 B.c. major environmenial changes 
occurred in the coastal
*t irr, the subsistence and settrement patterns of the local 
population'
prain provin", changed 
ieveloped between 2000 and 1900 B'C'; several researchers 
have
The Broadspear rruOirion 
suggested ,rrr, ,rr" m""Jrp.* t uditio' is a development out of the 
local Piedmont Tradition'
withaprimaryfocusonriverineenvironments(KinseyL972:347;Turnert978:69;Mouer'etth'is
al. 1980:5; and Steponaitis LgSo:26i.--tro*.u.', Ililb*tn (1975:54' 56) believes 
that 
of'shellfish and estuarine resources in the south,tradition represents more intenriu. .rlproitution 
while riverine resources were exploit d in the north. Gardner 
(1982:60) suggests that Late
and that these sites may have supported
Archaic coastal plain sites utilized estuarine resources 
and. woodworking tools recovered from Late
semi-sedentary populations. nrouorfrut knives 
Archaic coastal plain sites could inloirutr tttat specialized 
tools such as fish traps' nets' and
(custer 198a:gi). stone and ceramic containers for cookingcanoes, were being manufactureo -The.ability 
werl as storage pits appear. to store food 
resources at the macro and
and storage as periods of time and to
microband base camps anowed gro"i, io remain sedlntary for 
ronger 
7
support higher population densities. Turner (1978) notes a marked 
population growth in the
Virli"iu Periods'C-oastai ptuitt during the terminal Archaic and Early Woodland 
Woodland Period (1000 B.C.-1600 A'D')
The transition from Archaic to Woodland is marked by the appearance of 
woodworking
of artifacts reflect a more
tools, such as axes celts, and cordage-impressed ceramics. Both types 
sedentary lifewaY.
Thisdevelopmentalstageisdividedintothreeperiods:Early,MiddleandLate
woodland. In the middle Atlantic region, settlement and subsistence 
patterns established during
the Archaic Stage continued until European contact. Custer (19s4:96) and 
Wright (1973:20)
both postu late a settlement pattern *tti"tt includes large macroband base camps whose
populations periodically separated and moved to smaller microband base camps' 
Gardner
(1982:66) suggests thatthe macroband base camps were occupied as semi-sedentary 
sites'
The popes Creek phase of the Middle Woodland Period is seen as 
a continuation of and
Early Woodland' Latge
an intensification of the subsistence patterns established during the 
semi_permanent macroband base camps were located along 
estuarine or riverine zones of river
patterns
drainages, and were surrounded by extraction or pfocurement camps' Settlement 
indicate that a variety of environmental zones were being utilized 
(Steponaitis 1980; Handsman
and McNett 1974; Wright 1973)'
The Late woodland period on the western shore of the Maryland 
coastal plain is divided
into two phases, the Little Round Bay phase (4.D' 800-1250) and the Sullivans 
cove phase
(A.D. i1 the settlement 
and
1250-1650;.--Custer (1984:1a6i zuggests that vast changes occurred 
subsistence patterns of prehistoric Native-Lmericans durrng the Late 
woodland Period. Prior
to 1000 A.D., settlement and subsistence patterns centered around intensive hunting 
and
gathering with some reliance on cultigens. Groups continued the seasonal 
round of movement
to camp with ocJasional forays to procurement sites. Sometime 
after 1000
from base camp base 
A.D. agriculture appeared in the Middle Atlantic Region. Domesticated 
plants probably
to A.D. but, * fU*.ty (1968t points out' it is difficult to clearlyappeared prior 1000 
horticulture and the actual practice of agriculture in thedifferentiate between intensive _ 
archaeological record. The process of change from intensive gatherrng and 
horticulture to
agriculture was gradual. Even with the appea'rance.of agriculture, trg{ilg and 
gathering still
continued. Moe[er (rg75),Arminger (tgii), and Kinsey and custer (1992) report rhe 
recovery
of a variety of wild plant remains in association with domestic plants 
at sites in Pennsylvania'
AfterA.D.1000NativeAmericangr-aosu psinAnneArundelCountybecamemore
than any pr.ui*, group had been, they intensified their practice of agriculture 
as
sedentary 
an economic base. The surplus which agriculture supplied allowed 
a sedentary life style to
villages. These viilages *"t. lutg.r than any previous macroband basedevelop which included 
and contained storage facilitLs sugh- I large pits and more permanent housecamp had been 
structures. Largevillages *"r. prouuuty surrounded by smalr-er hamrets or the farmsteads 
of
8
individual family groups. When European explorers and colonists arrived in the Chesapeake 
Bay
and
Region, Native A-.ri.un populationJwere living in large villages, relying on an intensified 
integrated utilization of natural and cultivated resources.
Historic Background (adapted from Aiello and seidel 1995)
Settlement Period (1 634- 1750)
Maryland was established as a proprietary colony in L629 and officially settled it t634
when St. Mary,s City was founded as the-colony's capital. The initial settlement of Maryland
and the Chesapeake resulted in a high mortality rate among the first European inhabitants'
Therefore, the regional European population did not begin to increase substantially until 
the late
seventeenth century.
From 1634 to the 1680s, almost the entire population farmed tobacco for export. This
has been argued to have generated very little urban development in an agrarian community 
for
about 50 years (carr tgl+). Most of the tobacco farmers in the colony were generally
subsistence based or produced a rather nominal profit. These farmers relied upon larger-
plantation owners to pio..r, and ship the tobacco. Economically, Maryland became a part of
an early export based economy.
By the late seventeenth century, enslaved labor was relied upon by the_African 
Chesapeake's tobacco economy. Initiadt, the labor force was indentured laborers who 
would
wort ior a specific length of t-ime and in return, would receive passage to the colony'
The importation-of Africans increased significantly as more and more indenturers 
began
periods required land granis and freedom dues. (Breen 1980). Utilizing anto survive their labor 
enslaved African *ork for". ensured consistent tobacco production. Many racist discourses
Higginbothom
were legally codified in the region at the turn of the century (Epperson 1990, in
19g6). Maryland was then be-oming a central player in the slave trade and the city 
dock 
(Brugger 1988:46)'
Annapolis was one of many sites for the sale of enslaved Africans 
Although Annapolis was settled in !649, it stayed a small port town throughout the
seventeenth century. Wt"n the town became an official port of entry for the tobacco trade 
in
1683, it became t ro*n as Arundelton. During that same year, the town's Commissioners were
authorized to purchase one hundred acres froir current land owners. Richard Beard surveyed
the city and staked it into one hundred, one acre lots, with streets, alleys and open spaces 
for
a churlh, chapel, market and other public buildings (Riley 1901:38).
As a result of william and Mary's Glorious Revolution in 1689, Maryland became a
colony. The capital of Maryland was moved from the predominately catholic St' 
Mary's
royal 
City to ii rcg+, under the direction of the second royal governor, Sir FrancisAnnapolis 
with redesigning the city's plan and manipulating optical perspectiveNicholson. He is credited 
by long lines of sight to two prJmiri"ttt, centrafcircles - one which was occupied 
by the
using 
Statehouse and the other encircling the church. The two circles served as a reminder 
of the
9
stability and influence of the Crown and Church due to their increased visibility on the highest
points in the city.
Annapolis received its city charter in 1708 (Riley 1901 :39) . Papentuse (197 5) has argued
that based upon the city's economic development, eighteenth century Annapolis can be analyzed
in three successive peiiods. The initial period was actually a time of uncertainty which took
place as the new town became established in the economy of the region. When Nicholson
decided to relocate the capital to Arundelton, he ensured the town's survival, but not necessarily
its growth. Baker (198t, 1936) has identified two phases of land development in Annapolis
d"tl"g this phase of uncertainty. Between 1695 and 1705, a small planter/merchant class
purchised m^ost of the lots within the crty but, quickly sold them. The second phase from 1705
io 1720, was characterized by resident merchants, such as Amos Garrett, Charles Carroll the
Settler, William Bladen, Thomas Bordley and Daniel Larkin, purchasing large blocks of city
property. Land speculation linked the affluence of these men and their family's social influence.
papenfuse (1975:10) suggested that after 171.5, Annapolis became more economically
stable due to renewed governmental involvement and development of local industry. He
chancterued this r.rotrd phase, t7l5 to 1763, as a time of "Industrial Expansion and
Bureaucratic Growth". This was because after 1720, commercial production developed
gradually in the town and mercantile influence expanded (Baker 1986; Irone and Shackel
IqSO,Z-g). For instance, since the seventeenth century, ship building had been carried out in
the Acton,s Cove and Dorsey Creek areas. During this period was also when luxury crafts
became more prevalent. Goldsmiths, watchmakers, musicians and hatters began to appear after
about L720 (Baker 1986:201).
Rural Agrarian Intensification and Town Development (1750-1815)
By the middle of the century, the port of Annapolis was becoming increasingly busy and
recorded annual growth in shipping during the decade before the American Revolution
(Middleton 1953; Brugger 1988:107). A large portion of this shipping involved tobacco;
Maryland's exports increased from about thirty million pounds in the L720s to one hundred
million pounds by the I770s. Agricultural diversification, increased shipments of wheat
(Bruggei 19SS:6ai and a growing trade in indentured servants and slaves (Brugger 1988: 45-46),
combined with tobacco piofits,lo .ncouruge the development of a merchant class. Annapolis
grew apace. Fourteen major townhouses were constructed in the town between L764 and 1774,
i..o-iunying gardens inCreased in number, and construction on a new State House was begun
in t7 7i 2 (Papentuse 197 5 :1 6 ; Ridgley 1 84 1 : t44-I46).
Between 1745 and !754, free white males began to find employment in the colony's
growing civil service bureaucracy (Baker 1986:204). People were practicing their original craft,
while at the same time expanding into other businesses such as dry goods importing (Papenfuse
lg75:15; Baker tgg6:2o2). All;f this led to an increase in the city's economic vitality. There
was, however, a brief decline of the economy in Annapolis from 1754 through 1763 when this
period of growth was interrupted by the French and Indian War. The diversion of resources to
10
the war effort, combined with stresses on mercantile networks through privateering and naval
warfare, dampened the economy during that period.
After that decline, Annapolis became one of the cultural centers of the colonies. The
period between 1763 and 1774 is referred to as Annapolis' "Golden Age". This period was
iharacteized by a decline in small industry, such as tanning and shipbuilding. At the same
time, however, obvious consumption among wealthy Annapolitans increased, turning Annapolis
into one of the centers of elite style in colonial America (Papenfuse 1975:6).
A gri cultural- Industrial Transition and Ec onomi c Adaptation ( I 8 I 5 - I 870)
Annapolis suffered its share of hardships at the end of the eighteenth century. A
depression traO a serious effect on the town's fortunes in 1785-L786, and this was followed by
a collapse in the tobacco market in 1793 (Papenfuse 1975). With the emergence of Baltimore
as the preeminent port in this part of the Chesapeake, Annapolis' sole strength seemed to lie in
its role as the state capital. As the town's fortunes declined, so too did the number of landed
gentry and merchantJ within the crty. Government officials, tradesmen, shopkeepers and
irofessionals made up the bulk of the city's population, along with a large African-American
population which comprised 41 percent of the population (Goodwin t993:t4)'
After 28 years of pushing for itself as the best home for the Naval Academy, the ctty
achieved that aim in 184j whenthe Naval School opened in Annapolis (Riley 1987:254,264-
265). TheAcademy quickly became one of the city's largest and most stable employers. Before
and after the Civil Wut, poiitions as housekeepers, cooks and barbers at the Academy were the
domain of free African-Americans. Many of these positions continued to be held by African-
American Annapolitans after Emancipation.
Annapolis and southern Maryland were dominated by tobacco production and slave labor
until the moment of Emancipation. Consequently, Annapolis, as well as southern Maryland, was
sympathetic to the Confederate cause. The high percentage of free African-Americans in
Maryland was, however, unique among southern states. There were nearly as many free
African-Americans living in Maryland by the start of the Civil War as were enslaved (Fields
1985:2). By 1810, Maryland had the largest population of free African-Americans of any of the
slave holding states. ny 1SSO, 43 percent of the state's African-American population (nearly
75,000 individuals) were free (Fields 1985:1-2).
The ambiguous loyalty of Maryland to the Union, combined with its geographic
proximity to the Confedericy, resulted in a virnral occupation by Union Troops for most of the
war. In Annapolis, the Naval Academy was moved to Rhode Island and the Severn facility was
transformed into a hospital and troop center. Many Annapolitan merchants benefitted from the
Civil War by selling supplies to the troops quartered in the city (Riley 1887:320). There was,
however, a short elonomic decline after the war. After the Civil War, commerce depended
upon the spending of government officials. The abolition of slavery diminished trade with these
consumers.
11
Industrial/Urban D ominance (1 870- 1 9 30)
Annapolis began a revival in the late 1870s and building increased. New houses and
shops were built along Maryland Avenue, Market, Conduit, Prince George and King George
Streets on large residential lots which had formerly been held by single owners (Baker
1986:197). The state government and the Naval Academy, however, remained the city's major
industries.
With the late nineteenth century came the growth of water-based industry. The coming
of steam and the construction of adequate wharves had an important impact on Annapolis. The
speed and dependability of steam power made it possible to transport perishable goods more
readily than with sail. Oystering and other water-based pursuits were important. A large
numblr of oyster houses appeared along local rivers. The Bay was the major transportation
route for important everyday goods. Tobacco was still shipped out, along with fruits,
vegetables, wheat and corn, fish, crabs, oysters, and even poultry and cattle.
The Modern Period (1930-Present)
Despite efforts by the city fathers to pull Annapolis out of its provincial character, the
economic downturn of the I920s and '30s prevented much significant growth, commercial or
otherwise. A chronology of city growth by Warren (1990:xxi-xxiii) provides some instructive
figures for the period. C-.ttrur statistics for 1930 shows a population of t2,53L. Six hundred and
twenty-seven men and women were employed at the time in 220 rctail stores. Seventy-four
food-oriented stores include 40 groceries, nine meat markets and a large number of bakeries'
Twenty-eight automobile-related businesses are scattered through the crty, including five garages,
seven gas itations, and ten dealers. Outside of hotels, boarding houses and drug stores, there
are 151ating establishments, employing 59 people. Of these 14 establishments, only one is a
restaurant; the remainder are listed as lunch rooms.
A 1938 Housing Authority study summarized by Wanen (1990:xxii) lists a clty
population of 9,354, exclusive of the Naval Academy. She notes that the city held:
,..L,759 white, 938 black, and 15 Filipino or chinese families.
Sub-standard housing comprises 38.4 percent of available shelter,
occupied by t,042 families. Of these families, 8I2 atebtack,2lT
white, 13 Filipino or Chinese. Structures with no electric lights
compriie 13 percent of all housing, 27 petcent have no indoor
flush toilets, 28.9 percent no bath or shower. Typical "slum"
house rents for $15.00-$17.50 per month, with an additional eight
or nine dollars for utilities.
The constrained economy of the depression eventually gave way to shifts associated with
World War II and the post-wir period. Training programs were intensified at the Naval
t2
Academy during the war, and both its population of students and resident employees grew
(Sweetman 1979). Some pofiions of Annapolis suffered severe dislocations; residents of the Hell
Point area, between Prince George and King George Streets, for example, had their homes
appropriated by the Naval Academy for eventual expansion.
The post-war boom and increased mobility of the population resulted in heavy suburban
growth in outlying areas such as Parole. The shifts of population and the growth of shopping
areas and malls had an inevitable impact upon the social and economic structure of older
communities within the city. This was compounded in areas west of Church Circle by land
appropriations similar to the Navy's acquisition of Hell Point. In 1964, the Arundel Center, a
complex of county offices, replaced buildings around the site of the old jail at the corner of
Calvert and Northwest Streets. Gott's Court was also demolished around this time (Warren
1990; Goodwin 1993), and similar trends may be seen around the Courthouse.
Like many American cities during the 1950s, the downtown cofilmercial area suffered
an economic decline. Fortunately, under the influence of historic preservationists, Annapolis
escaped wholesale urban renewal. Instead, many of the ctty's remaining early buildings were
restored and preserved. Annapolis' image as a quiet colonial town has become a profitable
advantage, attracting a large number of tourists. Many of the surviving eighteenth and
nineteenth century buildings are today used as museums and stores which cater to the successful
tourist trade in Annapolis.
Previous Archaeology
Prior to this shoreline survey, a multi-faceted project was conducted by Archaeology in
Annapolis, an on-going research venture between Historic Annapolis Foundation and the
University of Maryland, College Park. The project, sponsored by the United States Department
of Defense, was the Cultural Resource Survey at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis,
Maryland. It was conducted as part of the l-egacy Resource Management Program as it relates
to the Naval Academy. The project consisted of 1) a limited archaeological survey of the
historic core of the Academy to determine the presence or absence of archaeological remains;
2) a deed search on propefries acquired by the Academy during its expansion; 3) a series of oral
history interviews with former residents of the Hell Point neighborhood, and 4) an exploration
of the use of the AutoCAD computer mapping program to assist with planning the archaeological
survey and to generate a predictive model for cultural resources.
The results of all four phases of the project were assembled into a final report and a three
volume document which highlight the significance of the existing cultural resources. The
archaeological investigations conducted on the grounds of the Academy resulted in the
t"com-.ndation for further testing to be done in some areas. The southern half of the Ellipse
(18AP67) included intact eighteenth and nineteenth century remains, as did the western half of
Porter Road (1SAP68). The visitor's parking lot (18AP69) adjacent to Halsey Field House
included intact twentieth century remains. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century remains
t3
were found throughout the entire survey area and related to the history of the Academy's early
development.
Prior to the above survey project, no other excavations had been conducted in the core
of the Naval Academy. However, between 1969 and t987, four areas on lands owned or
operated by the U.S. Naval Academy were subjected to limited investigations and found to
contain both prehistoric and historic deposits. The Cady Cove site (18AN152 or 18AP7),
located on the south side of the head of Shady Lake along the Severn River, was recorded in
1969. The Meadow Point site (18AN239 or 18AP19) is located east of the Route 50 bridge on
the shore of the Severn River and was recorded in L972. No other information was obtainable
for either of these prehistoric sites.
A late Woodland site, Arundel Estates (18AN342) was investigatedinl9T4. Finally, in
t987, investigation occurred at the College Creek/Woodland Shore site (18AP46) which is
located on a point of land north of Rowe Boulevard between the Rowe Boulevard bridge and the
bridge on King George Street.
Numerous historic sites have been identified within the Historic District of Annapolis.
The high concentration of known historic sites adjacent to the project area strongly argues for
substantial remains on the Naval Academy itself. The expectation of such remains was enhanced
by further work funded by kgacy and carried out by Archaeology in Annapolis in 1994 (see
Bodor, et al 1994). A comprehensive series of historic maps of the Academy were digitized and
overlaid onto the current base map in that project. This showed both the evolution of the
grounds currently held by the Academy and areas in which cultural resources are most likely to
exist below ground. Based on this research and previous archaeology, sensitivity areas were
delineated and recommendations made for the handling of these resources.
The Current Project
The current project was initially proposed by Dr. Marie Cotrell, then staff archaeologist
for the Navy (LANTDIV). Dr. Cotrell realized that activity around the Academy's shoreline,
such as dredging, cable placement or bulkhead repair, might require Section 106 compliance.
An initial rutu.y of thesqunderwater areas would provide much needed information for planning
in advance of such activities. In addition, it was realized that much of the historic shoreline and
its attendant features are now buried beneath landfill on the Academy. Although remote sensing
and test excavations over filled areas would be prohibitively expensive, historical research and
cartographic analysis might provide highly useful information on filled areas. This research
coulJ pinpoint oid *hutues, landings and shoreline installations, thus helping to target and
streamline any future compliance activity.
t4
ARCHIVAL INVESTIGATIONS
Research Goals and Methods of Archival Research (Stage One)
Archival research is conducted to provide an historical context for the archaeological field
work and artifact recovery and analysis. It serves to identify areas of potential interest by
locating structures and recovering patterns of land use. By documenting both the socioeconomic
character of the site's residents, including such variables as wealth, race, age and occupation of
residents, and the nature of the site's physical development - whether residential or the varieties
of commercial use - this research provides a context within which to assess the meaning and
significance of cultural resources and allows comparison with other sites.
The research design implemented for Stage One of the Archaeological Survey of U.S.
Naval Academy Shoreline/Bulkhead Project is one that has been used to provide similar contexts
for other Annapolis archaeological projects. The starting point for the work is the deeds
transferring legal ownership of properties located on the block. Deeds are abstracted for
relevant information: metes and bounds, references to human or natural features, purchase
price, occupation and residence of grantors and grantees, and prior history. If a "being clause"
is included in the contract, the information is used to locate the previous deed. The "being"
clause is a standard line found in most deeds referring to the previous transaction recorded for
the property. For example, ".. .being the same parcel of land recorded in Anne Arundel County
Land Records in Liber JS Folio 69." If no clause was included, grantor-grantee indices,
chancery court records, wills and similar records were searched for references that continued
the title. Such references are not always available and it is for that reason that some chains of
title are incomplete or contain gaps.
Tax assessments, which provide land, leaseholder, owner's names, lot dimensions, a list
of personal taxable belongings and the value of the land, improvements and personal items, are
then consulted. One of the most useful pieces of information gleaned from tax assessments is
the description of building improvements which usually provides the number of stories and
construction material used (ie. brick, stone, frame). Tax records are available from the early
nineteenth century. Also available are Federal tax records from 1798.
Census records are examined for information such as age, race, household composition,
occupation, wealth and nativity. These records do not list place of residence until 1870.
Assessment records similarly do not list individual properties until mid-nineteenth century and
did not begin consistently to use street addresses until even later. House numbers do not
stabilize until the early twentieth century, so it is not always possible to link firmly residents
listed in early city directories or tax assessment descriptions with specific houses.
City directories are also reviewed. These directories provide information on a dwelling
which may include the occupant's name, address, occupation and, on occasion, place of
employment. City directories are extremely useful for cross-referencing material. They include
15
specific sections for businesses and some contain listings called "coloreds. " Unfortunately, as
with tax records, gaps do exist.
General histories of the Naval Academy, Annapolis and the surrounding area were also
consulted. This type of secondary source helps to provide information on life in Annapolis in
the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Occasionally, site-specific references are
located. Information is also gathered pertaining to local prominent citizens associated with the
project area. Plat and maps of course are vital to archival research in order to document the
changing urban landscape.
Utilizing information from the deeds, data from census records, tax assessment records,
and city directories, an historical outline of the project area can be constructed (Historical
Overview below). Historical documents provide a premise from which hypotheses can be
fashioned. A list of deeds referenced within this text can be found in Appendix V of Cultural
Resource Survey at the United States Naval Academy. Vol.II (Bodor et al. 1993).
A portion of this research had been previously conducted, at least in part, during the first
two 6ga-y projects for the U.S. Navy. However, many research "leads" were in need of
completion. Documents pertaining to Naval Academy proceedings and land acquisition,
reclamation and use were examined. Also, other previously unacquired historic maps were
located and digitized. A11 cartographic materials were analyzed in detail for the survey project.
A summary of the specific methodology employed for this stage of research, along with a list
of digitized maps, can be found in the Status Report (pages 4-6) inctuded as Appendix A of this
report.
A "Bibliographic Essay" section has been included in this report. This section was
designed to provide a more detailed description of the sources consulted during this project at
various repositories.
In association with the previous Legacy reports produced by Archaeology in Annapolis,
archaeologists had conducted a series of oral history interviews with former residents of the Hell
Point area. The objective of the interviews was to gather details about the lives of the former
residents of the area. Information regarding these interviews can be found in Irgacy Resource
Management Program Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Vol. III (Seidel et aI. 1996).
Historical Overview
Stage One of the Naval Academy shoreline study (historical research and cartographic
analysis) commenced in October of 1994 with the procurement, digitizing, and analysis of maps
and ihe initiation of archival research for the project area. This section uses those findings to
present a look at the events and actions that have been responsible for the changes in appearance
and usage to the waterfront lands surrounding the United States Naval Academy.
t6
The U.S. Naval Academy (originally called the Naval School - the name wasn't changed
to the United States Naval Academy until 1850) was established on Windmill Point in Annapolis,
Maryland in 1845. Since that time, the Academy and its grounds have undergone substantial
changes. Throughout the years, the institution's physical size has increased dramatically. Initial
enrollment of midshipmen at the Naval School was 58 - today the number is closer to 4,000.
The Academy property has been enlarged due to the acquisition of ground from both the State
and private land owners. The original grounds were less than 10 acres and today total
approximately 338 acres. Between 1847 and 1969, the Academy purchased more than 170 acres
of land in Annapolis. Another means of growth was reclamation of land from the Annapolis
Harbor and the Severn River surrounding the Academy. More than 100 acres of land have been
added to the grounds of the Naval Academy through the creation of "fast-lands. "
The shoreline enveloping the Academy property today is quite different from that of
1845. With these alterations to the property came changes in the usage of the waterfront by the
Academy, as well as by civilians prior to 1845. In order to study these modifications to the
appearance and function of the shoreline/bulkhead areas of the Academy, it seems best to
address them chronologically. Therefore, the usage of the shoreline and waterfront areas prior
to the establishment of the Academy in 1845 must be initially reviewed.
However, before discussing the actions of early inhabitants of the area, one other issue
should be brought to light; that is that time and tide have also had an impact on the land.
Erosion, for example, is likely to have had an important impact on the configuration of the
shoreline. In an article which appeared in the htne t929 United States Naval Institute
Proceedings, a former Secretary of the Naval Academy, P. H. Magruder, noted that it had been
passed on to him that many years ago the Annapolis Harbor was almost landlocked. Greenbury
Point and Horn Point projected into the Severn River so as to make a direct view of the entrance
into the harbor impossible from a distance. In colonial times, sailing vessels occasionally had
to wait for days for a favorable wind to carry them into the Annapolis harbor. Magruder
recalled that as a young child he could see a small corn field in front of the lighthouse which
once stood on Greenbury Point (northeast of the project area). However, around 1926 he saw
the brick and stone remains of the old lighthouse at low tide "...over two hundred feet to the
eastward of the point" (Magruder t929). This same type of impact might expected on Windmill
Point.
It was hoped for during the remote sensing survey, that time would permit examination
of the waters off Greenbury Point. Unfortunately, the erosion that has occurred over the years
has left very shallow depths in the area. These depths, as low as one and two feet in some
places, would have made it impossible to pull the magnetometer through the water without
constant "snags" on debris occurring. This problem had been encountered during the survey
week when attempting to conduct the remote sensing in College Creek near the foot bridge'
Therefore, no remote sensing was undertaken around Greenbury Point.
L7
Project Area Prior to 1845
One goal of Stage One of the project was to provide an historical background for the
waterfront of the Naval Academy property. This included information on both land and water
usages. Stage Two of the project, the remote sensing, obviously focused on locating cultural
,esources in the waters of the Severn River, College Creek and Spa Creek. The reality is that
many of the subjects discussed in this Historical Overview, such as previously existing structures
like Fort Severn or the Dulany house, are resources which themselves are located inland. A
number of these structures had wharves or piers which did extend into the Severn. However,
due to land reclamation around the Academy, any existing remains of these features are now
located beneath land fill (and in some cases, beneath structures) on the Academy grounds. The
anomalies located during the remote sensing investigations (Stage Two) could very well be
associated with the houses, wharves, piers, individuals, or events mentioned in the following
section.
Shipyards. Wharves and Ferry Landings
Early on, as now, Annapolis presented agreeable locations for shipbuilding, water-borne
commerce, fisheries, and pleasure craft. The precise locations of many of the earliest facilities
are hard to pinpoint, but the point of land later acquired for the Academy, as well as the
adjacent shorlline, would have been attractive spots. In the middle of the seventeenth century,
around 1651, Thomas Todd established a shipyard somewhere at the nexus of the Severn River
and Spa Creek. A large shipyard was also located on College Creek at the intersection of
Northwest and Calvert Streets. This area is now quite some distance from the water as the
shoreline has been reclaimed. The project's research limits do not extend that far into College
Creek. Through the 1700s, shipyards, ship chandlers, ropewalks, and docks increasingly
appeared along the waterfront in Annapolis (Schaun 1977).
Land travel was difficult in the Tidewater, as the landscape was heavily dissected by
rivers and streams. The straightest line of travel between two points most often crossed the
water, makrng ferry service across rivers an essential element of transportation in the
Chesapeake. In 1695, it was voted by the Assembly that "...a publique ferry be kept upon
Severn river at Annapolis, for the accommodation of the publique... " (Riley 1887). Mr' Allen
Robinett was designited to the "keeper of the ferry" and was provided with 9,000 pounds of
tobacco a year foi nis services. Ferry service was maintained in one form or another by the
County utriit tggZ when a bridge was built across the Severn. In later years the ferry left from
the foot of the road which was an extension of Northeast Street (Maryland Avenue today - the
name was changed when the road became part of the Naval School). It may well be that the
earlier ferries left from the same area.
Beginning in early colonial times, ferry service of some kind was available between
Annapolis and Kent Island. George Washington and other notables such as Tench Tilghman and
Thomas Jefferson, chose to shorten travel time by using the standard "short-cut" of the day, a
sailing-packet ferry between Annapolis and the Eastern Shore. In March of 1791, Washington
18
spent a stonny winter night aboard a vessel crossing the Chesapeake Bay as it was grounded first
on Greenbury point anO ttren again on the opposite bank at the mouth of the Severn off Horn
Point (Baldridge t928).
Washington probably departed Annapolis from the landing where the old Severn Ferry
was located. fhe tS+O U.S.C. & G. Survey map done by Bache and Gerdes (Figure 3)
indicates the location of this ferry landing. Washington lodged occasionally with his friend,
Daniel Wolstenholme, a wealthy bachelor who was a merchant in the West Indian trade'
Wolstenholme's large two,story dwelling was near the old ferry landing. A gleaning from the
Maryland Gazette ii gOt mentioned that Wolstenholme was appointed to contract for building
a wharf at the end of Northeast Street - the location of the Severn Ferry'
Wolstenholme also owned property with Walter Dulany on Windmill Point (later the
location of Fort Severn and the original Academy buildings), which contained a windmill, a
stable, a bakehous e, a grafiaty, and other outbuildings - including warehouses on the banks of
the Severn River. Wolstenhoime sold his property in 1772. Nine years later, the 1781 Captaine
Map shows one road (eventually Maryland Avenue) leading to the Severn River (Figure 4). It
also indicates a large structure near the water's edge. This may represent what was once
Wolstenholme's large dwelling.
The wharf and landing at the end of Maryland Avenue was later called Phlox Wharf.
It was home to the side-wheel steam tender Phtox. The tender made weekly trips to Baltimore
and was also used to tow the Academy's practice ships to and from Annapolis Roads. Phlox
Wharf contained the original boathouse where the Navy's first racing shells were stored until
1895 when they were moved to a location across the creek.
Due to the growth of the Academy grounds, the ferry landing was eventually moved to
the foot of Tabernicle Street (today's College Avenue). As the Naval Academy continued to
grow and acquire more property, the ferry landing was again shifted to the west, to the foot of
ivugr", Street. The remaini of all of these ferry landings were likely encapsulated in fill as the
Naval Academy expanded into the Severn River. Research also shows that the position of the
old Severn Ferry landing, the foot of Maryland Avenue, was also the location of shipbuilding
activities. In 1840, nJniamin Linthicum built the large schooner, the Severn, for a local
merchant, John S. Selby. But by this time, shipbuilding had gradually declined in Annapolis.
From around 1g50 to ig6O, Linthicum owned a small shipyard near the northeast side of the
dock which built baycraft. Launching ways, remains of pilings from rigging wharves and waste
and debris from shipbuilding may all be reasonably expected to have been preserved under later
additions of fill.
From approximately 1850 until the 1930s, steamboats were the major form of bay and
river transportition. Some vessels were strictly for pleasure purposes while others, such as the
phlox,prouidrd a regularly scheduled service for passengers or freight. The Emma Giles, which
operated between Ainapoiis, Baltimore, and the West River, actually did both' Owned by the
Tolchester Company, ,h. *ur beautifully adorned with an ornate paddle box. The Emma Giles
T9
a
j
20
t4
d,5
4
2t
made one-day excursions from Baltimore to Annapolis and back. She also made somewhat
longer journeys which included a stop on the Eastern Shore. Emma Giles normally docked at
the Tolchester Line's wharf at the foot of Prince George Street.
Between 1919 and 1927 several steamboats, which had been altered to accommodate
automobiles, operated between the "Hell Point" area at the foot of King George Street in
Annapolis to Claiborne on the Eastern Shore. This, the Claiborne Ferry, was named for
William Claiborne who settled Kent Island in 1639. The run between Annapolis and Claiborne
was 2L miles one way and took L 1,12 horns to complete. The ferryboats were equipped with
dining rooms which allowed passengers to pull up a chair and enjoy of meal of soft crabs,
chicken or beef for about 75 cents.
The Chesapeake Bay Ferry System operated a scheduled steam ferry run from the early
nineteenth century :until 1944. In that year, the western shore point was moved from Annapolis
at the end of King George Street to a new location at Sandy Point.
Other references to early wharves and ferries in the area can be found in the general
histories published about Annapolis. Historian Elihu Riley reported that in 1747, Nicholas
Clouds kept "...boats on hand at Broad Creek, on Kent Island, to cross the Bay to Annapolis
with gentlemen and their horses, and likewise from Annapolis to Kent Island. " Riley also
included in his 1887 work, The Ancient City, an excerpt from the Annapolis Council
Proceedings of 10 May 1788 concerning a local merchant, Absalom Ridgley.
Mr. Ridgley proposed u...to fill the public wharf at the end of Prince George Street, as
far as the logs that are now down" (Riley 1887). And, at his own expense, "...will deepen the
water in front as much as possible by throwing the mud at low tides within the logs" (Riley
1837). His proposal was accepted by the Corporation. This is one of the earliest recorded
accounts of 'teclaiming" land from the Severn River to extend the shoreline within the project
area. Riley, referring to Holland Street and the property adjacent to the oyster houses between
Prince George Street and Hanover Street, commented that "...made ground grows very fast
under an impetus of business or improvement" (Riley 1SS7). As will be demonstrated in the
following section, the truth of this statement has been proven time after time around the
shoreline of the Naval Academy.
The Dulany House
In addition to commercial ventures, the land under the current Academy was also used
for residential purposes during earlier years. Located within the project area was the Dulany
house (Figures 5 and 6). The large dwelling that was later occupied by the commandant of Fort
Severn and, after 1845, by the Superintendent of the Navy, was originally owned and occupied
by Simon Duff. Duff was an architect who settled in the colony some time around L728. The
exact construction date of the house is not known. However, based upon the following
advertisement which appeared in the Marytand Gazette, the house was probably built
considerably earlier than 1751.
22
The subscriber, intending to break up housekeeping, will either
rent or sell his dwell-house in town, which is sixty-five feet in
length and twenty-one feet in breadth, to which is a good cellar,
gur:d.tt and all ttr."rrury out-houses; delightfully situated' near a
lood landing, so that no vessel can pass up or down the 
bay but
iruv u. fairly viewed from the lower story; and is well finished
und in good repair, outside and inside, and would suit any
g""il"*;n eithei in a public or private way of business. Any
i.rron inclining to pur-hase or rent the said house may apply 
to
Simon Duff.
(Maryland Gazette L75I)
purchased the land
Duff did not sell the property until June of 1753 when Walter Dulany 
for the sum or lzso (tiu.t EJg Folio 370). The house was a large colonial styleand dwelling 
mansion with gardens which extended nearry to the water. The rocation of the 
dwelling on a
point which separated the Severn River from the Annapolis Harbor 
gave a clear view of the
bhesapeake BaY and Kent Island'
of Walter Dulany's transaction with Duff in L753, the parcel of land includedAt the time 
was onry a harf-acre . rnrlll,Durany purchased an adj_oining half-acre rot. other acquisitions
were made until the Dulany-dsu oew ned nearty the entire of windmill 
point. Although the property
was confiscated in 17g1 to Walter Dulany's loyalty to the British, the Dulany 
family
government purchased the property to
occupied the residence from 1753 until 1g0g when the 
erect Fort severn. The dwe[ing was the home of the superintendgnt of_ the 
Naval Academy
from 1g45 until 1gg3, when it was ruzedto construct the new superintendent's 
house, built on
the exact same site.
The Governor's Mansion
Similar to the Dulany house, and close in proximity' was the old Governor's 
Mansion
(today's Buchanan Road) (Figures 7 and 8). Erected sometime prior to theon Governor Street 
middle of the eighteenth century, the house was built by Edmund Jennings, 
of Lincoln's Inn,
judge land office' A few
Middlesex, England, secretary of the province of Maryland and 
of the 
built, rented the property to Governor Horatio Sharpe' In 1769' 
he
y-deeaerdse after it was Jennings d 
the property to the new Governor, Robert Eden:
Allthatmessuageorcapitalmansion-house,withthegarden,
yards,coach-houses,stable,andouthousesthereunto
belonging...asthesamenowisorwaslateinthetenureor
o.""p?riJ" of his excellency Horatio S_harpe, as tenant to the said
Edmund Jennings (Liber DD4 Folio 582)'
23
f5
5
*)
d,s
F
24
f6
d- ,r")
h \,
25
17
1
dl ,/
26
f8
-r)
d^s
\
\f ,,{ v
27
William Eddis described the appearance of the house and grounds in October of 1769:
The governor's house is most beautifully situated, and when the
necesiary alterations are completed it will be a regular,
convenient, and elegant building. The garden is not extensive, but
it is disposed to the utmost advantage; the centre walk is
terminated by a small green mount, close to which the Severn
approaches. This elevation commands an extensive view of the
bay and the adjacent country. The same objects appear to equal
advantage from the saloon and many apartments in the house; and
perhaps I may be justified in asserting that there are but few
*urrriont in the most rich and cultivated parts of England which
are adorned with such splendid and romantic scenery (in Magruder
1935).
After purchasing the property, Eden added a wing onto each side of the central building.
The garden that extended Oown to the Severn River more than likely led to a wharf or a dock
at the water's edge. At Eden's elegant mansion, George Washington dined and lodged when
visiting Annapolis in April, May ind September of !773, according to entries in his diary
(Duvall 1933).
At the start of the Revolution, Governor Eden took the Tory side. In 1776, he sailed for
England from Annapolis and his house and property were confiscated and became the possession
of the State. The house was then assigned to the first Governor under the new constitution,
Thomas Sim l,ee. An inventory of th. horm. was conducted in May of 1781 and enumerated
the contents of the 22 rooms - clearly indicating it's elegance and grandeur.
The house was occupied by aimost all of Lee's successors until 1869. In that year, the
house and grounds were oeeoeo to the United States (the property was actually to be convey_ed
in 1g66 but there was some delay about the cession of the house). When the transaction finally
occurred, the extensive wings and outbuildings were removed and the building was made the
Academy Library. Althougi original plans called for the_preservation of the building, in l'901,
just prioi to major rebuilding at the Aiademy, wings and additions were again removed. The
main structure remained for about another year but was then condemned and torn down.
Archaeological investigations conducted in 1993 revealed a portion of the foundation.
The Nicholson. O'Hara and Buchanan Houses
Three other distinctive dwellings located within the project area were the Nicholson,
o,Hara and Buchanan houses. The loclations of these prominent properties and the notoriety of
their owners lead one to believe that, like the Dulany house and the "old Governor's Mansion,"
these dwellings also must have boasted wharves and docks for sailing vessels. All three houses
the
were located on Scott Street. Figure 5, an L850 plan of the Academy grounds, shows only 
28
Buchanan and Nicholson homes. However, research has indicated that the O'Hara house was
located between Nicholson's and Buchanan's homes (Magruder 1932).
The Nicholson house was situated on a handsome plot of ground with what was described
as the an English type of garden which extended from Scott Street to the Severn River. It was
originally one-half of a two-acre lot occupied by the middle of the eighteenth century. A 1764
document describes four tenants on the land - John Thompson; Margaret Mangeant; negro
Hannah; and Margaret Moore (Liber BB3 Folio 264). These tenants probably occupied small,
frame dwellings which eventually would have been razed'
The deed which noted the tenants recorded the transfer of the property from Anne
Chapman (widow of William Chapman) to John Campbell, a tailor in Anne Arundel County.
The deed also noted that the two-acre property had belonged to William Cummings as of May
of 1748, although no other reference could be found which would have indicated how he
acquired the property . ln 1767, Campbell sold the parcel (now one-acre) to Jason and Anna
Reith. Reith probably constructed the large, brick dwelling on the acre-sized parcel. Reith was
known as a mariner and an innholder. Since a public ferry landing was at the foot of Northeast
Street, the brick dwelling may have been operating as an inn for travelers. In any case, the
house eventually became the property of Rebecca Nicholson in 1825 (prior to that transaction,
however, Reith sold the house and lot to a local merchant, James Williams). The 1840 census
listed Rebecca Nicholson as the head of household with 12 members - six white, one free black,
and five slaves.
The Buchanan house, referred to as such since Captain Franklin Buchanan was the last
owner of the property, was described in an 1847 deed which transferred the property to the
Naval School, "...lot on the ne side of Scott Street running to the Severn with 2-story brick
dwelling and other buildings under enclosure" (Liber JHN2 Folio 513).
The 1840 census listed Franklin Buchanan as head of household with nine members - five
white, one free black, and three slaves. From 1845, when the navy took possession, to 1853
the school's professor of modern languages, A.N. Girault, occupied the residence.
The house between Nicholson's and Buchanan's was purchased (but the deed was not
recorded) in 1819 by William O'Hara from Henry Duvall. The earliest recorded deed for the
lot was executed two years earlier, when Duvall bought the property from the sheriff, Robert
Welch. Welch had been ordered to sell the lot for John White in order to pay off White's debts.
That deed referred to the "house and lot on Scott Street and Severn River between Thomas
Franklin and James Williams" (Liber WSG5 Folio 363). Franklin and Williams were early
owners of the Nicholson and Buchanan houses, respectively.
Duvall then sold the property to William O'Hara but unfortunately, O'Hara never
received a deed even though he paid the purchase price. Duvall died in 1822 and left the
property to his son, Grafton. Duvall's will referred to the house and lot at the Severn Ferry (at
ifre foot of Maryland Avenue) and even mentioned the inclusion of a ferry boat. Since O'Hara
29
did not have a deed to prove ownership, a case in Chancery Court ensued in 1847 between
William O'Hara and the heirs of Duvall and the heirs of those to whom the Duvall heirs later
sold the property. Testimony taken during the court case indicates that tenants had occupied the
house during Duvall's ownership. According to the deposition of a Mr. Thomas Gardiner,
Robert Wilson was in possession of the house thirty years earlier (circa 1817) as a tenant, after
which James Jacobs had rented the property. When Jacobs left, Elizabeth Robinson took
possession. The 1880 census listed Robinson as head of a household with eight members - seven
*ttit"r and one free black. Duvall himself actually lived in the house next door - the one that
eventually became known as the Nicholson house. The Chancery case resulted in the
appointment of a trustee, Alexander Randall. It was Randall who sold the property to the United
States in December of 1'847.
The Nicholson, O'Hara and Buchanan properties were taken into the Naval Academy in
lg47 . The Nicholson house was then used as quarters for the commandant of midshipmen. The
O'Hara dwelling, a brick structure next to it, was quarters for Professor W. F. Hopkins; and
the Buchanan home housed a Professor Karney.
Future Academy acquisitions in 1853 caused these properties to be located in the middle
of the grounds, making them an inconvenience. It was therefore decided to raze the dwellings
and usE the materials for building new quarters nearer to the outer wall. During the 1'993
archaeological investigations, eighteenth and nineteenth century materials associated with these
properties were recovered.
The Peggv Stewart
The landings and wharves which extended into the Severn from properties on Windmill
point were indispinsable to water traffic moving to and from plantations, dwellings, and
businesses. Occasionally the craft which comprised this traffic ran aground or foundered in the
shallow waters of the river. One such loss, albeit an intentional one, was the Peggy Stewart, a
65 foot brig built in Maryland in t771 On 14 October 1774, the brig, named for owner
Anthony Stiwart's daughter, returned from London with 2,320 pounds of tea. In June of that
year, aiesolution had bien passed prohibiting the importation of East India tea. Angry patriots,
Lnraged by Stewart's actioni, assembled and threatened the lives of Stewart and his family. The
crowd went as far as to erect a gallows in front of Stewart's home. In order to appease the
towns people, who were already angered by the tax being forced upon them under protest,
Stewart was persuaded to destroy his vessel and its cargo by setting it ablaze.
The following description of the event was given by E.S. Riley in 1887 in The Ancient
Sjty - A History of Annapqlis in Maryland 1649-1887:
Her sails were set, and with her colors flying, she was run
aground on the shore between the Gas-House and the northwestern
wall of the Naval Academy. It was brought up to this point that
30
Mrs. Stewart, the invalid wife of the owner of the vessel could see
the conflagration from the window of her residence...Mr. Stewart
applied the match to the vessel and, as an offering and atonement
to the offended people and an open defiance to the Crown, the
peggy Stewart and the obnoxious tea chests were, in a few hours,
reduced to ashes.
Supposedly knowing the exact location of the Peggy Stewart, Riley was said to have
watched Ot"Ogingof the arJa for many days in 1903. He reported that at the presumed location
of the infamous vessel, large pieces of the charred remains of a ship of the construction of that
period were indeed broughi to ttre surface, along with partly burned oak with wooden treenails.
It is, of course, impossible to know whether these were indeed the remains of the Peggy
Stewarr or those of some other unfortunate or derelict vessel. With a lapse of over one hundred
years it seems unlikely that the precise location of the Peggy Stewart would have been
iemembered, and the shoreline musl have seen significant changes due first to erosion and then
to landfilling operations carried out prior to 1903 (see below for details of these filling episodes).
Whatever the remains were, they must have been dredged up from the bottom of the Severn and
used to reclaim land along the northern and eastern sea walls of the Academy between 1902 and
1906. If the peggy Stewart was run aground close to or on the point, then it is likely that her
remains *"r. ri-ply filled over in later expansions of the Academy. In this case, unburned
segments of the vesset (at or below the water line during the conflagration) may remain intact
beneath. If she was burned farther out into the Severn, segments may have been treated in the
same fashion or were perhaps dredged between 1902 and 1906 or during the reclamation which
formed Dewey Field in 1959. The area west of Santee Basin is the most likely locale for vessel
remains. No indications were found during diving (see later sections of this report), but the
possibility that they remain intact beneath fill in this area must not be discounted.
Fort Severn
The 9 314 acres of land on which the Naval School was established in 1845 was home
to the army post, Fort Severn (Figures 9 and 5). ln 1776, just prior to the American
Revolution, fortifications were erected on Horn Point, Greenbury Point, Beaman's Hill, and
Windmill point for the purpose of preventing men-of-war from advancing toward the harbor.
Some of these fortifications, including those on Windmill Point (the future Naval Academy) are
shown on the Captaine map of 1731 @igurc 4). No attack was made upon Annapolis during the
war, howeu"r, th. need for continuing defenses around the crty was recognized aftet the war.
As a result, the War Department retained the services of a French engineer, John Vermonnet,
to design and oversee the construction of works which would defend the port.
3l
f9
'/ ,a 1
I 9s 
-g- 
t-
) *un
32
It turned out, however, that the young French engineer was not as capable as first
thought. ln 1796, the Secretary of War reported to Congress that although some progress had
indeed been made in the construction of a fort and battery at Annapolis and that a barrack had
been erected, examination of the works by a newly employed engineer "...produced an
unfavorable report of the plan of the works; and, under actual circumstances, induced a
relinquishment of them. " (Duvall 1933)
It was not until 1808 that anything further was done towards completing the defenses.
In March of that year, bids were requested for brick, foundation stone, and shell lime to be used
in the fortification of Annapolis. It was in that year that the United States Government
purchased approximately 9 acres of land from Walter Dulany (Liber NH14 Folio 540) and
erected a battery, Fort Severn. At that time, the point of land contained a stone windmill which
had been erected in 1760. Riley reported in 1887 that it "...was reckoned to be the strongest
and best built mill in the country. It ground, with a middling wind, 12 bushels in an hour"
(Riley 1387). The windmill was destroyed when Fort Severn was built, but by that time, it had
already provided the name of "Windmill Point" to the land'
Fort Severn was circular in design and consisted of a stone wall fourteen feet high and
100 feet in diameter. Within was a platform approximately three feet lower than the parapet,
and on this were mounted eight guns with their mtzzles exposed above the top of the wall. The
center of the fort contained a brick magazine, and outside of the enclosure, towards the
shoreline, was a furnace for heating shot.
Fort Severn and its surrounding 9 acres of land were granted to the Navy on 15 August,
1845. At that time, there were seven other structures on the property', abanacks, a hospital,
a bakery, a row of officers' quarters, married officers' quarters, the quartermaster's office, and
the commandant's quarters (the Dulany house) (Figure 5).
The Sprigg Country Seat (Strawberry Hill)
Around t765, Richard Sprigg built a two-story frame dwelling with two-storied wings
as his family's county home. The house was situated high on a hill (Strawberry Hill)
overlooking the Severn River (Figure 4). Richard Sprigg was a member of the committee
named in Anne Arundel County to enforce the resolutions and ordinances enacted by the
Continental Congress. His large dwelling was encompassed by beautiful lawns and gardens.
In1795, Henri Stier, a wealthy Belgian immigrant, and his family rented the house from
Sprigg. Stier's daughter, Rosalie, described the house in a letter to her brother.
Our new house is so enormously big, four rooms below, three
large and two small ones on the second floor besides the
staircases, and the finest garden in Annapolis in which there is a
spring, a cold bath house well fitted up and a running stream!
(Duvall 1945)
JJ
The property had several different owners in the early nineteenth century. In 1803, it
was sold to the Trustees of the Poor and for many years, used as the Alms House of Anne
Arundel County. The Trustees sold the property in 1823. One inheritance and three land sales
later, Charles and Susan Reese sold the parcel to the United States for use by the Naval
Academy. It is likely that this house too had its landings or water access, but no recorded
details have been recovered.
Post 1845 - The United States Naval Academy
The transfer of Fort Severn to the Department of the Navy occurred in August of 1845.
The Naval School was officially opened on October tenth of that year. The initial parcel of land
on which the school was established consisted of approximately 9 314 acres of land and was
purchased for $1,801.00 (Figure 10).
As noted earlier, most of Windmilt Point was eventually owned by the Dulany family
toward the end of the eighteenth century. In addition, it was noted that Daniel Wolstenholme
co-owned several acres with Walter Dulany, on which were located structures such as a granary,
a cooper's shop and stables. Other buildings, as mentioned in the Maryland Gazette in 1785
indicate the existence of "two warehouses on a dock" on Wolstenholme's land, indicating early
usage of the shoreline in this area. It is unknown whether some of these outbuildings were
reuied when the point was acquired for the construction of Fort Severn. When the Navy
purchased this 9 {14 u"t" parcel, which consisted of approximately t,771feet of waterfront, it
contained Fort Severn (see above) and seven other structures.
An anonymous article in the MaryIand Republican noted that these buildings had been
"repaired and surprisingly improved" in a short amount of time. The article also commented
ih. organizatiott und imethodical otr arrangement" of the school. It noted one of the benefits
to the city of having the school located in Annapolis - "About forty young gentlemen have
already reported thernselves, whose handsome appearance and gentlemanly deportment give a
cheerful aspect to the streets of our quiet city. " It was obvious that the perseverance of the City
in vying to get the school located in Annapolis was worth all its effort.
1847 Acquisitions
The establishment of the Naval Academy coincided with a period of renewed
expansionism, an expansion in which the Navy played a key role. The successful conclusion
of the war with Mexico in 1848 brought the United States possession of the Pacific Coast and
the need for greater maritime access throughout the Caribbean and into the Pacific (Love 1992:
Lg3,Zt2-ZIi). The Navy was a logical vehicle with which to accomplish this expansion. This
role, along with public approval of the Navy for its successes during the war, brought greater
visibility to and emphasii on the service. The Academy benefitted from these developments,
and expansion seemed inevitable.
34
f10
lw d'"r
d r/
ta
F-
-/
35
The initial addition of property to the Naval School grounds took place in 1847. The
purchase included an area to the west of the school and situated between Scott Street and the
S"u..tt River (Figure 10). The land extended west to Northeast Street (Maryland Avenue) and
consisted of three parcels totalling approximately six acres. Frontage along the shoreline was
approximately 686 feet. Topographic maps from circa 1850 reveal that the land leading down
6 the Severn River was gently sloping. Although little documentation exists, this waterfront
was most likely used extensively for travel, subsistence and recreation.
The parcels, acquired by deed, included in this tract were the Nicholson, O'Hara and
Buchanan pioperties mentioned earlier. Deeds indicate that at the time of transfer, several
outbuildings *et" situated on these properties along with the dwellings. The purchase of this
six acre parcel occurred in three separate transactions which occurred at different times during
the year and amounted to a total purchase price of $14,105.00.
Any existing cultural remains which may have been associated with shoreline features in
this locale potentiatly could be found in the area reclaimed in 1853 along the northern sea wall.
Today, part of this earlier shoreline might be found beneath the area on the Academy grounds
known as the "Ellipse. " Photographs located during Stage One of the project demonstrate the
fact that older features (such as sea walls) still can remain well preserved beneath undisturbed
areas on the Academy grounds (Plate 1).
1853 Acquisitions and Reclamation
Just six years later, in 1853, the Academy grounds were again increased through property
acquisitions, aj wefl as through land-filling activities. The property acquired during the year
*u^, "L" shaped and consisted of 14 parcels (acquired by deed) which totalled approximately 11
acres and was purchased at a price of $24,212.21 (Figure 10). This addition of land, however,
can be divided into two separate areas of acquisition. The first addition was situated between
Northeast Street (Maryland Avenue), Hanover Street, Governor Street, and Scott Street.
Although deed research was conducted for this area, detailed discussion of the transactions will
be omitted since this "landlocked" property was not a part of the shoreline of the Academy
grounds. This block contained ten lots - hatf of the New Town lots that were surveyed in 1718
by Stoddert as an addition to the original plan of the city. The half-acre lots were " . . .for the
better encouragement of poor Tradesmen to come and inhabit within the said city..." (Riley
1387). According to Riley, these lots were laid off at "Powder House Hill."
The other block of land added to the Academy during 1853 was comprised of the
approximately 433 feet of land along the Severn River between Northeast Street (Maryland
Avenue;, utrd Tub.rnacle Street (College Avenue). The southern boundary was an extension of
Hanover Street. This tract consisted of two large lots which at one time were probably used as
pasture or arable land.
36
p1
/
v ? T* 1 ?TL
Jit,r/ tJW
37
The western half of the tract was sold to the Navy by Thomas Alexander. He and
Alexander Randall had acquired the land in 1843 from Robert Welch. Welch had purchased the
property from Henry HalfHarwood, who had in turn bought it from Edward Calvert in 1816.
balverrhad inheritei the property from his father, Benedict Calvert, who had acquired the land
through marriage to his .o.nin, Elizabeth. Her father, Governor Charles Calvert, had bought
a five acre tract in 1729 from Thomas Larkin.
Deed information, though sketchy, was located for the eastern half of the tract - a parcel,
approximately three acres in size, which fronted on both the Severn River and Northeast Street.
The earliest deed located which pertained to this land was from Thomas Larkin to a local
merchant, James Donaldson. This transaction, which occurred in October of 1725, was for
Larkin's "unnamed land in Annapolis" (Liber SY1 Folio 183). The metes and bounds, given
in perches, described the lot as bounding on the river and Northeast Street. In 1759, the
following advertisement for the property appeared in the Maryland Gazette:
...there will be exposed to public sale, to the highest bidder, on
Tuesday the 31st day of July next, a lot or parcel of ground
containing about three acres, lying on severn River, and
contiguous to North East St, in the New-Town of Annapolis, on
which said lot or parcel of ground are the following improvements,
viz. a large brick brew-house, a brick dwelling house one story
high, with two rooms and a passage on the lower floor, a small
frame house, all now in the possession of Mr. Patrick creagh, and
also a small brick house now made use of by the Province as a
magazine for powder, taken in execution as the lands and
tenements of James Donaldson for the use of the Commissioners
or trustees for Emitting Bills of Credit, established by Act of
Assembly. This sale to be made on the premises, at four o'clock
in the afternoon.
Upton Scott, Sheriff of
Anne Arundel CountY
A L77O deed also referred to the improvements on the property in the same fashion.
...said lots and half lot formerly belonged to Patrick creagh of
said City and are distinguished and commonly knownby the names
of the Brewhouse and Powder House lots...(Liber DD5 Folio 165)
Sixteen years later, in a lease recorded for the use of the property, the following
description was given.
38
"...house and wharf and tenement at or near severn Ferry lately
and hereto occupied as a distillery with as much ground on the
back thereof for the length of 100' and of the breadth of said
house and wharf covers on the front of the street leading to the
said ferry (Liber NH2 Folio 463).
The parcel eventually was inherited by Mary Markoe in 1849 through the death of her
father, John Galloway. It was she who sold the land to the United States in June of 1853.
When the Navy purcirased this tract of land, it contained a high hill (Soley L876). This was
most likely Powder House Hill. The mound was cut away, the entire area graded, and the soil
was used to help fill in a low area behind the northern sea wall along the Severn River. The
1962 property Acquisitions Map (Figure 10) shows the first land reclamation around the
Academy property is having occurred between 1880 and 1902. However, it seems that this
filling-in UifrinO tir. r.u wall in 1853 was the real beginning of the land reclamation that would
continue to be done sporadically into the last quarter of the twentieth century.
Excerpts from the Report of the Board of Visitors provided information concerning the
problematic situation along the northern shoreline.
The northern waterfront of the academy grounds is at present in a
very exposed state, and is much in need of a strong wall to protect
it from washing. ...they deem it an improvement essential to the
security of the foundations of the recitation and mess halls, the
chapel and dormitories, erected along the bank of the Severn.
(Board of Visitors 1854)
By 1856, the majority of the work necessary to secure the area had been accomplished.
The sea-wall and filling in the low grounds along the northern
waterfront of the academy has been completed to the point first
contemplated, and is a most valuable improvement. ...suitable
positions for necessary out-buildings have been provided; a large
iOOition to the available space for the field battery and infantry
exercises has been made; and, above all, a better security is given
for the health of the place, by preventing the escape of
insalubrious odors arising from the frequent recession of the tide.
(Board of Visitors 1856)
,'Necessary out-buildings" may mean many things, but in the vernacular of the day, it
probably refers to privies or out-houses. Somewhat earlier privies may be seen in a pencil
,t t"h of tft" recitation hall and the midshipmen's quarters done in 1853 (published in Todorich
(98a:9$). These were constructed on the shoreline and were presumably flushed out each day
by tides in ttt" Severn. The Board of Visitors passage suggests that the same technique was used
uiong the new seawall. It also suggests that this was not accomplished immediately, yielding
39
the possibility that the old privies continued in use and are now buried beneath fill. Privies
provide a wealth of archaeological data when recovered intact, and the old shorelines of the
Academy therefore assume additional archaeological potential.
By 1857, details such as new wharves were nearly complete:
The sea-wall, the docks, and the buildings designed for the
quarters of the surgeon and assistant professors are well advanced
towards completion. (Board of Visitors 1857)
Figure 11 is a copy of a map first drawn in 1857. It was, however, modified five years
later in 1.8AZ. A notation at the bottom of the map indicated that old buildings which had since
been taken down had been omitted from the new version (the original 1857 map was not
located). This figure shows the grounds and buildings of the Academy after the filling-in and
stabilizing of the northern shoreline. As can be seen in the figure, the Academy's acquisition
of this trict of land forced the ferry landing (city wharf) to be moved to the foot of Tabernacle
Street (College Avenue). The foot of Maryland Avenue (east of Tabernacle) has two piers and
a boathouse on its west side and another pier on its east side. Portions of these features may
exist beneath the fill in the area between today's Maury and Michelson Halls. A section of the
Ig57 (Lg62) shoreline still may be preserved under the fill between Michelson and Chauvenet
Halls.
An 1882 plan (Figurc 12) indicates that this same area was again filled and new
structures appeared - a boat shed, wharf, physical laboratory, and the Steam Engineering
Department. Remnants of these structures may also exist beneath fill.
Figure 12 also demonstrates that land reclamation occurred at the eastern shoreline along
tn e.ooupolis Harbor. The area was filled and a wharf and boat house were constructed at the
foot of Siott Street. Another wharf, at the tip of land where the Gas House is located, is found
extending approximately 125 feet into the Severn. Any remains of this wharf would now be
located beneath Luce Hall and were likely obliterated durrng construction.
In 1853, one other addition occurred that is worth mentioning, as it relates to the ferry
landing at the foot of Tabernacle. The City of Annapolis relinquished Scott Street and Northeast
Streetlbetween Hanover Street and the Severn) to the Academy. The only condition of the
arrangement was that the Academy must pave and curb one side of the bordering streets and
extend Hanover Street. The extension of Hanover was accomplished by the procurement of a
strip of land in 1g53. A deed dated 29 June 1853 between the City of Annapolis and the United
States of America described the "proviso" and the strip of land as follows:
US Government to open and extend Hanover Street to Tabernacle
Street and to open and extend Tabernacle to the Severn River and
to widen, curb, and pave Hanover from Governor's to Tabernacle
Street and to curb and pave Tabernacle from Hanover to the River
40
fl1
,),
\\
,tx r
\/&
4l
tlz
/u++' -
)7-
(:
42
& to build a suitable and substantial wharf for the public the width
of Tabernacle the terminus thereof for the ferry landing; streets
and wharf to be the propetry of the city'
...that part of Scott Street which lies between the northwest side
of Governor's Street and the northwest side of Northeast Street and
all of Northeast Street between the northeast side of Hanover and
the River Severn (Liber NHG2 Folio 516)'
Eight years after this procurement, the Academy again expanded its territory'
1861 - 1865
In April of 1861, due to the civil war, the Naval Academy was moved to Newport'
Rhode Island. The buildings and grounds were turned over to the war Department to 
be used
as an anny post and trospiti. Little is known of the uses to which shoreline areas were 
put,
although troop -on"rnrrits in and out of Annapolis in the 
first months of the war took place
across its wharves. Additional batteries were placed to defend Annapolis and 
the Academy
of track
(warren and warren 1gg1: 20) and may have lefi traces. other changes, such as laying 
and the growth of a military hospital, are less likely to have an impact uponinto the Academy 
the project area.
The war did mean that the grounds of the Academy underwent a serious 
and unpleasant
transformation in other ways. Trees were eaten by horses, lawns were ruined 
by wagon ruts,
flower gardens and beds had become barren earth, shacks constructed 
to serve as beer rooms
had been built on the parade grounds, and the superintendent's house was 
converted into a
their work
saloon for biniards (Magruderlggz). This meant rhe returning Academy staff had 
cut out for them upon the end of the war'
1866 - 1869 Renovations and Acquisitions
David porter took over as superintendent of the Academy in 1865 andRear Admiral 
ma;or effort to both renovate and eipand the grounds (sweetman 1979:83-84)'embarked on a 
u' o*urn"ntal garden in the area behind Stribling Row, which had been filled in 1853'He added 
Meandering paths ran around trees and other plantings, while a footbridge 
crossed a pond' all
situated nicely utong-ttr. edge of the Severn. ltrir stretch of shoreline, from the Gas House 
to
phlox wharf, upp.i^ to hive functioned primarily as a prace of reisure in the late 
1860s (for
ptrotograptrs of itre area, see Warren and Warren 1981 :27 ' 32-33)'
To pursue the main business of the Academy, however, that of training 
larger groups of
point, than
future officers in an institution which wourd rival west Porter felt that 
more 
randscaping *u, n .J"d (sweetman 1979: g4). Significant additions of space would 
be needed
43
for new barracks and other facilities. The purchase of approximately four_acres 
of land at a
price of Acquisitions 
Map, indicates that
$25,000.00 occurred in 1g66. Figuri 10 , the Property tract of land'
this parcel was five acres in size - althoulh other research refers to a "four-acre" the "old
This parcel, which was acquired by de"ed from the state of Maryland, contained 424
Governor,s Mansion,, and gardens (see above - Project Area Prior to 
1845). Approximately 
the
feet of the property fronted the water. The first floor of the mansion was turned 
into 
Academy Library and the second floor was used as the superintendent's offices. 
A row of
officer,s quafters and a guest house for the Board of visitors were built 
between the house and
"Nuuy 
the Severn River. irr" filled in the lower part of the garden and extended 
the sea wall
across its width. As noted Larlier, the wings were removed after the Academy 
acquired the
house. The centrar portion of the structure remained basicarly unchanged 
until 1880 when a
single-story wing was added to the back of the building to enlarge 
the library. A two-story "T"
shaped addition was added to this wing a few years later. Just after 1901, the "old 
Governor's
House" was condemned and razed'
The next annexation of property transpired in the following year' until this time' 
the
physical expansion of the Academy *u, u..o-plished rargery through the acquisition of tractstract
adjoining the property.--in is6z, $b,ooo.oo was spent to acquire a ten-acre, 
wedge-shaped 
of land which uerongeo to Saint John's college between the college 
yard and Graveyard creek
(previously Robert's"creek, later Dorsey cre-et and now college creek)' This tract contained
approximately t,052feet of waterfront land. Most of the original shoreline 
of this tract has not
been impacted by construction of any sort and has remained relativery 
undisturbed. The area
was added to, howlver, by reclamation from coilege creek between 
1880 and l9o2 and again
in t942 - likely preserving any cultural remains which once lay at the water's edge'
location of this parcel from the rest of the Academy grounds made 
it of
The ',detached,, ^were 
,h" in.rurning lands acquired. This acquisition was followed almostno value unless 
immediately with the purchase of another outlying tract in the next 
year'
Inls68,6TacreswereacquiredontheoppositesideofDorseyCreekforapriceof
$19,000.00. This property was known as Strawberry Hill and was 
part of the tract called
,,Dorsey Enlarged,,.^ The areawas atop abruff, the sides of whichcontained no 
foliage, only
red clay irregularly eroded by rain'
previously situated on this tract of land was the dwelling house erected in around 
L765
byRichardSpriggasthecountryseatforhisfamily(seeabove-TheSpriggCountySeat)'This
large parcet trao rrontage on uottr ttre Severn River and corlege 
creek. some of the shoreline
college crJnlr experienced very little disturbance over the years and therefore holdsalong 
archaeological Potential.
TheAcademyhadbeenconsiderrngpurchase-ofthispropertysinceatleast1866when
the Report of the Board of Visitors published the following:
44
Thereisafarmtothenorthwestof''graveyardcreek,'['i.]
containingabouttwohundredacres,whichcouldbepurchasedfor
about $:5,OOO. Those grounds are well adapted for. recreation'
andcanbeaddedtotheacademybymeansofa...bridgethrown
urross iCruueyard creek. " On the north, east, and south sides this
farm is uounieo by water, and will only require a light board
fenceonthewesttocompletethenavalboundary.(Boardof
Visitors 1866)
Thereportcontinuedtogivereasonsastowhythisparcelwouldbeavaluableaddition
to the Academy. tt ,tut O that tie tvtiOstripmen's ind happiness" 
and health would be
lc91n{ort exercise. Another good
greatly improved since there wourd be increased facilities for outdoor 
build the new hospital on the grounds. other suggested uses 
for the
use of the tract would be to the
ground came later - a cemetefY, an entarleO^parade and playgroud' 
a kitchen garden for 
Iommissary's department, and other similar uses'
when the Navy purchased the land in 1868, a portion th: tract' 
the lush bluff
the Academy, was laid off to be used as G Naval
" {A cademy cemetery' The
overlooking to
Academy,s new hospital, a large Victorian structure, was 
erected on the site - fatefully close 
thecemetery.Thisnewacquisi,t,itohnrowwansiic onnectedtothewedge-shapbeyd 1lo8^8t3.o, nTthhee oRtehpeorrsti dethe creek. Howiver, of 
othfe
the creek by a wooden bridge across 
Board of Visitors noi.O thJcompletion of a new bridge and 
other progress in the area'
AsubstantialbridgehasbeenbuiltacrossCollegeCreethkeg ltheNaval
,ouJ-f"uOing to ti. Naval Cemetery, the farm, and 
uorpitut. tftuny desirable improvements have been made on that
portion of the Government's grounds T" orchards have been
trimmed, the underbrush clearid away.. '(Board of Visitors 
1883)
Similarentrieswerefoundforthenextfewyearswhichgivefurtherinformation
concerningimprovementsandchangesalongthewaterfrontinthatarca,
ManyimprovementshavebeenmadetotheGovernmentfarm
aaioi*ng^the Academy; a sea-wall (and drive) has been 
nearly
.ornpt.,JO along ttre eniire shorefront thereof, the lands 
graded and
uOofi.A with irees, shrubberies,...and terraces made about 
the
portionofthefarmknownastheGovernmentCemetery.(Board
of Visitors 1885)
By 1907 however, a new bridge was being requested'
AnewbridgeacrossDorseyCreek,...!sbadlyneeded.Thebridge
isabout400feetlong,andtheexistingstructureisoldand
oitapioateo.Itisveryexpensivetomaintaininitspresent
45
condition, and requires six to eight men to operate the draw. A
steel bridge, with draw, on concrete piles, can be constructed for
$40,000, and an appropriation for that purpose is strongly
recommended' (Board of Visitors 1907)
The 67 acre parcel known as Strawberry Hill was adjacent to another parcel owned by
Charles and Susan R".r.. This 46 acre tract was known as Prospect Hill and was sold to the
United States in 1869 for $15,218.75. A portion of this property fronts along College Creek
and originally was included in the project area for this archaeological survey. However, due
to *ut"i depths and the low clearing height of Hill Bridge on Decatur Road (which crosses the
creek), the survey vessel was unable to reach the area. Therefore, that portion of the shoreline
was eliminated from the project area.
1873 - 1874 Acquisitions 0,ockwoodville)
During 1873 and !874, the Academy finally purchased four acres of land which they had
long desired. This property was located along the Severn River between Tabernacle Street-Street, 
(Cjlege Avenue), Hanover and Wagner Street (Figure 10). This tract of land, of which
upptoiin1ut ly 361 feet fronted the Severn, was known as Lockwoodville and was purchased for
$+i,g+O.Sf. Ir was an area wHi6tatutmonywgredmohadagiftns@tAfilfl@'gasasoMrtoetu
Descriptions of the neighborhood found in general histories of the Academy and even in the
Report of the Board oiVisitors journals lend a less than flattering image to this community.
professor James Sotety described it in 1876 as "....variously owned, and filled with cheap
dwelling-houses and tenements, in very close proximity to the cadets' quarters. "
plate 2 shows the waterfront of a section of the Lockwoodville neighborhood in 1869'
The houses in the foreground of the photograph are located at the foot of Wagner Street (also
known as Severn Stre4. The same arca, 12 years later, can be seen in Plate 3' In this 1881
photograph, Academy's buildings (the Armory and the Swimming Tank) are present on the
;Lo.t*oodville" tract which was purchased in 1873-74. Also, at least six new structures are
visible on Wagner Street which has now been extended by reclaiming a substantial amount of
land from College Creek. plate 3 also shows that at the foot of this new addition to Wagner
Street is a public ferry landing with two vessels docked alongside. Although somewhat difficult
to deciphei fto- the photograph, on" of the boats appears to have "Redsew Ferry" printed on
her starboard side. rire tgTS Hopkins Atlas (Figure 13) shows this ferry landing at the foot of
Severn Street (Wagner). The Hopkins map also indicates that an oyster house was present to
the left of the landing. This oyster house may be the long, low building seen next to the ferry
landing in plate 3, G 1881 photograph. According to the Hopkins map, the oyster plant was
o*1.dby "Southgate. " (Hopkins also shows Southgate owning property and another oyster
house at the foot of Hanover Street.)
For some time, Naval officials had wanted to purchase these lots, as well as the 12 aues
to the west, to expand the existing grounds of the Academy and to eliminate this undesirable
area from the proiimity of such a prestigious establishment. As early as L851', the Report of
46
p2
L'
1 0
7vA
/
/;t
47
fl3
t9
r b
t
48
p3
3
V
,/ 
rl^ -/
49
the Board of Visitors mentioned the Navy's wish of acAuiring the property. It was clear that
the Navy felt it *^ t*ty urgent that they obtain the lots at almost any cost. Rear-Admiral
D. porter, on26tntuy Isoe , submiited to the Board an article outlining his concerns 
and
David 
desires. porter reported that an appropriation of $25,000.00 had been made and he suggested
purchasing the grounds northwest of the Academy up to the creek'
This will give us the whole waterfront and right of way to the
above-nam-ed creek, placing within the grounds a fine creek for
skating, an amusement in which the mid-shipmen take great
pleasure. (Board of Visitors 1866)
Porter continued:
It has become a necessity that the government should get
possession, without delay, of all the land to the northwest of the
academy grounds as far as ''Graveyard creek,'' not only for
sanitary prirpor"r, but to protect the morals of the midshipmen.
...a town naturally quiet and moral under ordinary circumstances,
has...to submit 6 the immoral spectacle of houses of ill fame
golng uP in its midst'
...the land to which I refer, property is of littte value, and cannot be
by such people living ihe1e, and being the purlieus of the city'depreciated 
the existence there of tnit pest is scarcely known, except to the
frequenters.
I am now trying my best...to break up and drive from the town all
peopte of ttt iefened to; but the board will easily understand
how difficult "tihuartr  will be when the houses for the purpose I have
indicated can be obtained right under the walls of the academy.
(Board of Visitors 1866)
The Navy felt so strongly about the importance of the acquisition of this 
land that they
to whatevei action was necessary to ensure its procurement' As Rear-were prepared take 
Admiial porter pointed out in his letter to the Board:
The only way to effect a remedy from this evil its to buy without
delay'..anoirtheownersrefusetosell,eithertohavealawof
Conlrrrr passed taking it by appraisement, or else move the Naval
Acaiemy from Annapolis- and place it in an isolated position,
where ii will be reriroved from contact with such abodes of
immorality. (Board of Visitors 1866)
50
Two years later, the 1868 Report of th,q Boafd qf Visitors was still impressing the
urgency of purchasrng tftir tract of land containing such an "undesirable" neighborhood'
The grounds of the academy are still very contracted, the recent
p.rr.iup of land upon Graveyard creek not being contiguous to
those now occupied. It is absolutely necessary that the intervening
piece of land should be secured and the houses removed'
independent of reasons bearing on the morals of the academy"'a
nu*Lq of the officers reside at present in the town of Annapolis
for want of quarters within the government grounds. (Board of
Visitors 1866)
As late as 1g73, the Report of the Board of visitors was still including descriptions 
of
the area and rationales for its acquisition'
...propose purchase of additional aground...an undesirable
neighborhooi will thereby be removed from immediate proximity
to the Academy, the watei-front will be considerably extended, and
room will be secured for marine barracks...(Board of Visitors
r873)
Finally, during 1873 and t874, the Academy succeeded in procuring the adjoining 
four
to the west of the present grounds. Sixteens parcels were acquired by order 
of the court
acres 
and by deeds. As can b. ,r.n on Figure 1.4, therawere five lots which had shoreline frontage
on the Severn within this tract of land- The 1873 Duvall Survey (Figure 14) 
provides more than
just an excellent cartographic representation of the Lockwoodville area. The lower 
portion of
the map contains a rising of an iot numbers, the owners' names, Liber and 
Folio references for
(Figure
title to the properties, arid a brief description of any existing structures located 
on the lot 
15).
Lot on the west side of Tabernacle Street, had a small part of its boundary along 
the
1.5, 
waterfront. The Navy acquired the property, which contained a two-story frame 
dwelling' from
Mrs. Mary HayOen in lunuury otigi+ for $3,950.00 (Liber SH8 Folio 304). Hayden had
owned the property ior at least the last 14 years;.fortlre tax records of 1860 listed "George
Hayden heirs' as iaving this house (valued at 91,000.00) and lot (valued at $700'00) 
on
Tabernacle.
Lot 16, adjacent to the above lot, had much more shoreline frontage on the Severn 
River'
'rg74, 
In November of the U.s. Navypurchased this lot from the Annapolis and Elk 
Ridge
Railroad for $2,000.0d. The railroaoiao previously acquired ttre narcgt_j1om oliver 
Miller (a
trustee) and Joshua and Harriet Brown in 
jSOf (LiLer NHG12 Folio 477)' At that time' the
price of
property was known as "lots 4 and 5 on Severn River" and were purchased at a 
in existence
$800.00. The deed made reference to a wharf on the property' 
This wharf was still 
51
tt4
d,il" 1"[
52
fl5
v{4" \(
53
when the Navy obtained the lot. The Duvall survey of lST4listed a "pile and log wharf" as the
improvement on Lot 16. The wharf also can be seen on a plan of the Academy grounds (and
intervening property) done in 1874 (Figure 16). This wharf was the landing for a public ferry.
Each time the Academy's waterfront on the Severn expanded to the west, the public ferry
landing was shifted to the foot of the next street.
Lot I7 also had a rather substantial boarder along the Severn River. This property was
owned in 1860 by Alexander Randall and T. S. Alexander and contained no improvements at
that time. In 1864, it was leased to James P. Kennedy for 99 years. He transferred the lease
to John Mullavel in 1865. Neither lease mentioned any improvements on the lot. It isn't until
the 1g73 Duvall Survey that the two, two-story frame buildings are noted. By the time the Navy
acquired the parcel in 1874 for $2,000.00, the owners were the executors for Thomas Alexander
and J. Wirt Randall. Randall had stepped into the picture in 1871 as a trustee.
Lot 18 was small in comparison to the parcels on either side of it. It was added to the
Academy grounds in February of 1.874 when the United States purchased the parcel from
Nicholai atrA Uury Stephen, and Charles and Virginia Stephen (Liber SH8 Folio 372). The
property had been willed to Nicholas and Charles Stephen by their uncle, Thomas J. Brice.
According to the listing at the bottom of the 1873 Duvall Survey, the lot was improved by a
smal frame dwelling. A deed from 1868, as well as one from 1853, mentioned the existence
of a drain and a privy on the property - "...beginning on Severn at northeast corner of lot along
east side to within-four feet of privy built on drain which empties a shallow pond into
river. . .crossing drain at right angle.. .down drain to river. . .with river to beginning. " (Liber SH2
Folio 242 andLiber NHG3 Folio 56). The pond mentioned in this description can be seen on
the 1874 plan (Figure 16).
This lot (1S) had been sold in 1852 by Alexander and Catherine Randall, Thomas and
priscilla Alexander, and Thomas and Sarah Lowman to Professor Henry Lockwood (Liber
NHG1 Fo1io 229). From there it passed to Elizabeth Holland in 1853 and then onto Thomas
Brice in 1868, whose heirs sold it to the Academy.
The final lot which had a boundary on the Severn River within this four acre tract of land
was Lot 19 (Figure 14). Although Lot 19 was one of the large parcels on the block, its
waterfront was not much larger than the neighboring small lot, number 18. Not much is known
about this parcel. In January of 1874, this lot and two others on the block (6 and 7) were owned
by John Muilavel and were condemned at a valued of $6,900.00. The 1873 Duvall Survey
indicates that a small frame dwelling was present on the lot. As with Lot 18, this property was
once owned by Professor Henry Lockwood who sold it to Mullavel in August of 1865.
This tract of land and the next 12 acre parcel purchased L7 years later was referred to
as Lockwoodville. It seems that this name was in reference to the Naval Academy's Professor
Henry Hayes Lockwood who owned several parcels of land in the area. Lockwood became a
mathematics professor in the Navy in 1841. Prior to the founding of the Naval School in 1845,
he was assigned to the Naval Asylum School to assist Professor Chauvenet in teaching
54
fl6
{h ('
N
tq
55
mathematics and navigation. He also assisted in teaching gunnery. He was transferred in 1845
to aid in the establishing of the Naval School in Annapolis.
Professor Lockwood headed the Department of Natural Philosophy from 1845 to 1850.
He was in charge of the Department of Gunnery from 1848 to 1850. From 1850 to 1855
Lockwood was head of the Department of Gunnery and Infantry Tactics, and of Field Attillery
and Infantry Tactics from 1856 until 1861. He was also assigned to teach astronomy and
mathematics in 1846.
1 891 Acquisitions (Lockwoodville)
The next expansion of Academy grounds continued with the remaining parcels which
comprised Lockwoodvitle (Figure 10). Condemnation of the area began in 1889 and in 1891,
apprbximately 12 acres of land were purchased by the Navy for $84,464.33. Approximately 705
feet of waterfront were included in this property. The background of Plates 2 and 3 show the
undulating landscape along the waterfront of this tract in 1869 and 1881, respectively (also
observed in Figure 16). Interestingly, Plate 4 shows roughly the same area in citca 1920. Boat
sheds are now present along the shoreline and Worden Field (previously the uneven terrain of
Lockwoodville) can be seen in the background.
This portion of the old neighborhood had been desired by the Academy for as long as
the last acqulsitions in 1873174. As can be seen on the 1889 Plan of Lockwoodville by E.K.
Moore (Figure l7), ttre area was divided by Hanover Street and created a small triangular
shaped lot.- References to the parcels can be found by again turning to the Report of the Board
of Visitors:
...advise that immediate steps be taken to acquire the premises
comprised in the small triangle lying between Hanover Street and
the government property on Grave-Yard Creek, with the removal
of the gas-works, the slaughterhouse, and the objectionable
neighborhood of filthy shanties and cabins, with the surface
drainage incident to such localities...(Board of Visitors 1877)
Six years later
We also recommend the purchase of so much of the ground as lies
between the west wall of the academy limits and the gas-works of
the City of Annapolis...where epidemic diseases are most likely to
prevail, and will remove a very unhealthy district from contiguity
to the present grounds...(Board of Visitors 1883-1884)
Also in 1884:
56
There is a small tongue of land owned by private individuals which
divided the grounds of the Academy on the shore. It has become
an unsightly nuisance. This insignificant piece of land is in the
way of all general improvement in a connected and practical plan
of reform which should be established for future sanitary purposes.
(Board of Visitors 1884)
In 1887, part of the 12 acres was again mention in the report.
There is a small tract, consisting of about 5 acres, fronting on the
river and bounded on three sides by the academy grounds. This
tract belongs to private individuals; it should become the property
of the Government; it is a necessity to the Academy, not only in
order that all of the property lie continuously together, but also it
is the proper place upon which would be the gas-works for the use
of the Academy. (Board of Visitors 1887)
References such as these can be found for several years in the pages of the Report of the
Board of Visitors. The Academy's desire to own the land came to fruition in 1891 with the
porrhup of the approximately 12 acres that remained of the neighborhood of "Lockwoodville' "
th. Nuny u"q.tit"d the land, consisting of 20 parcels, through condemnation (Records of
Judgements and Decrees, U.S. Court No. 3).
The 1889 Moore Survey (Figure 17) shows that of this 12 acre parcel, only two lots
fronted the Severn River. One of these lots was the property on which the Gas Works for the
City of Annapolis stood. The other lot, at the time of the Navy's acquisition, belonged to a Mr.
foinam. No other information pertaining to "Mr. Popham" or his property could be located.
It seems that this section of land contained only a few dilapidated shacks and was considered a
barren waste on which the gas works was located (Magruder 1932).
The old neighborhood of Lockwoodville, comprised of both the 1,873-74 and 1891
acquisitions, holds much potential for containing intact cultural resources. Most, but not all, of
tho shoreline between Tabernacle and Wagner Streets (1,873-74 acquisitions) is today located
beneath Alumni Hall. The tract to the west, purchased in 1891, is now the location of Worden
Field. Therefore, it is possible that remains of some of the Lockwoodville dwellings may exist
in the area. Shoreline fiatures associated with Popham's property or the Annapolis Gas Works
land may also be encountered. For example, Figure 1.6, a map of the Academy grounds in
Ig73-74 indicates a wharf was present near the mouth of College Creek. A CAD generated
overlay demonstrates that this wharf extended beyond the reach of the current shoreline.
Cultural resources may well be preserved below ground in this area. Remnants of the wharf
once located at the foot of Wagner Street perhaps could be found beneath the fill near the
southwest corner of Alumni Hall.
57
p4
nk r(/
58
tt1
11.
d, 1
59
1880 - 1902 Land Reclamation
The United States Navy underwent a period of substantial growth from about 1883
through the first decade of the iwentieth century. The early stages of this growth were marked
by thJ shipbuilding programs of 1883 to 1888 (Alden 19s9). This was followed by the Spanish-
American War and the- subsequent need for a greater presence in both the Caribbean and the
pacific, where the philippineJ and other territories were acquired. It became clear that two
fleets would be require^d, one for each side of the continent, and under Roosevelt's
administration, the Nlvy was seen as a major international power (Fee 1989).
The emergence of the U.S. Navy as a world class service was thought by many to require
a similarly potent training institution. As Congress came to accept this new role for the service,
put 
funding became -or" ,"idily available; taking advantage of this climate, the Navy forward
a planior the complete renovation of the Academy (Sweetman 1'979: 141'-1,43). The demolition
of otd buildings would provide some space for new construction, but it was clear to many
observers that the existing Academy grounds were not large enough to accomodate an expansion
of a size consistent with-the ,r"* uirion of the Navy. Existing space was simply insufficient;
it was time to turn to the Severn River for expansion purposes.
large
According to the Naval Academy Property Acquisitions Map of t962 (Figure 10), a 
portion of land was reclaimed from the-Severn River during the period between 1880 and 1'902'
it *u, mentioned earlier in this report that one of the first attempts at "filling-in" to create more
land took place in 1g53 when a hiil was graded away froln the recently purchased parcel of land
between today's College and Maryland Avenues north of Hanover Street. The soil was 
used to
aid in filling-in the area along the northern and eastern shorelines'
part of this initially filled area probably extended west from the eastern point of land to
as far as Tabernacle Street (College iu.nu.), thus covering all of the Academy's northern
the
shoreline. This fill would now contain any existing remains of features once located along 
grounds
original shoreline. That is, of course, providing that later construction on the Academy 
did not destroy them. For instanc", ih. wharf that was once at the foot of Scott (Figure 11)
would have been covered by the fill activities in 1853. However, early twentieth century
construction or uatrgren Hali in all likelihood obliterated any evidence of its existence. 
on the
other hand, remnanti of the old Severn Ferry landing at the foot of Northeast Street Extended
(Maryland Avenue) may exist beneath the fill soils in the area. The landing was moved one
to the west, to the foot of Tabernacle Street (College Avenue) when the Navy groundsstreet 
expanded. Later, that location was again shifted to the west, to the foot of Wagner Street'
Therefore, any existing cultural ,.-uin-r related to the landing at the base of Tabernacle would
be encountered beneath this 1853 fill episode'
This process of reclaiming soils from the Severn River was done several times between
and Lg02. Unfortunately, it is not possible to break down this land reclamation into a1gg0 
sequence of episodes. However, by examining historic maps chronologically it is possible to
60
gain insight. For example, sometime between 1857 (1862) and 1882 (Figures 11 and 12) some
IiUmg oJcurred around Windmill Point. Land was reclaimed around the Gas House and a new
and l6nger wharf (Santee Wharf - named for the vessel discussed later in this text) replaced the
one shown on the 1857 maP.
References, such as the ones below, provide some insight to the Academy's piecemeal
growth along the Severn River:
One of the most beautiful and practically useful parts of the
Academy grounds, and now the most healthy, has been reclaimed
from the shore of the river, having been filled by debris taken
from the higher lands of the Academy. (Board of Visitors 1884)
More work was suggested in 1896:
...it would be well to do at least the following work this year:
Extend the sea wall to take in all of the low land of the northerly
side, filling same. Extend the sea wall on the easterly side to take
in all exposed at low water, filling same. Your committee believes
that the additional land provided in this way will be sufficient for
the present needs of the Academy. (Board of visitors 1896)
A few maps exist from the period between 1880 and 1902 which show the changes to the
shoreline by lanilreclamation. Mips from 1889, 1893 and 1895-96 (Figures 17,18 and 19) all
indicate additions along the northern boundary of the Academy. Boat sheds, a stable, a
carpenter's shop, and u n * phlox Wharf are all new additions at the foot of Maryland Avenue.
At Windmill point, where the old Fort Severn (gymnasium) was located, a boat house and
Santee Wharf .un b. ,..rr. Plate 5 shows the large boat house in 1897. To the left of the
photograph is the gymnasium. To the right is a small portion of Santee Wharf.
According to the 1.962prcperty Acquisitions Map (Figure 10), land reclamation activities
between 1gg0 and 1902 appended an additional 16 acres (more or less) to the original shoreline
of the Naval Academy. iutturat remains, such as remnants of the wharf at the foot of Hanover
Street, may exist beneath this early episode of expansion through land reclamation.
As quoted above, this initial land reclamation was suitable for the institution's "present
needs.,, However, the Academy continued to grow; and with this growth came a necessity for
continued expansion.
6T
fl8
k {
/, h
62
fl9
l1
63
p5
V\f'
64
1902 - 1906 Land Reclamation
Land reclamation continued to be a major source of expansion at the Naval Academy 
in
twentieth century. Between tg02 arrd 1906, the grounds were increased by roughlythe early 
another 26 aqes - 9 along the northern boundary and 17 along the eastern (Figure 10). This
was to receive'
was part of a revamping, fnown as the Flagg reconstruction, the entire Academy 
In physical1g95, the Board of Visitors reported strongly and unfavorably about the 
condition of Naval Academy. The Board condemned existing structures and urged a
',reconstructionof thebuildings, grounds, andsanitation." Subsequently, aNewYorkarchitect,
Ernest Flagg, was hired to create a new topographical and architectural design 
for the institution'
Work on Flagg's plan began in 1899. One of the major topographical modifications
called for in Flagg,s master plan was the use of large landfills to expand the Academy 
grounds
along both the northern andlastern shores. During this phase of reclamation 
from the severn
(lg}2-tg}6), Dewey Basin was created on the northern edge of the grounds' The eastern
tt..e.*upolis Harbor, now had a supplementaty t7 acres known as Farragutshoreline, along 
Field. Also, the shoreline utong Holland Avenue between Hanover and King George Streets 
was
filled - an area totalling about two acres'
Flagg's design included construction of a new power plant on the filled land to 
the west
of the newly created Dewey Basin. The Report of the Board of visitors from 
l9L2 provided
insight concerning the condition und6-*truction one of the sea walls along 
parts of this
some 
fill. The wall around tli. po*., plant was contracted in 1899 as part of the Flagg's master plan'
parts of the wal began to settre and fail prior to its completion. The wall was supposed to 
have
a granite cap, but S5 perc"rrt of the pilings could not stand the weight of such 
a treatment' The
contractors claimed that they had been niisinformed about the character of the 
ground on which
the wall was to be built. The contract was eventually annulled and legal difficulties ensued'
The wall continued to settle as much as five feet in some places and the fill around the 
power
plant exposed to wave action during storms and high tides' In order to correct this seriouswas 
it to drive u n i line of piles outside of this wall, top them with rubblesituation, was necessary 
then fill ihe inside in order to prevent further motion of the sea wa1l'and stone, and 
Also in Lgt1,the wood capped sea wall, which was extended from the above mentioned(o1 
wall bridge around the power plant to G end of the boundary wa1l at the county \ing
years this time
George street), was also^in need of repair. This warl had been in place for 
20 by 
and was showing signs of movement due to natural deterioration and the 
undermining action of
-The 
the flow of water. Board of Visitors saw the solution as follows:
To complete the 2,390 feet of this sea wall between the site of the
n"* po*., house and the county bridge, it is contemplated that a
tS-foot wall on piling [sic] to solid strata to permit, if desired'
dredging to 9 feei of water alongside the wall, with the capping 5
65
feet above mean low water datum, will be necessary. (Board of
Visitors 1,912)
Photographs were located at the Nimitz Archives from Public Works and show that this
sea wall was finally replaced in 1918/19. Remains of part of these sea walls may be present
beneath the last addition of reclaimed land at the Academy which occurred in 1977. This
reclamation project was undertaken in the vicinity of the power plant and along College Creek.
1902 and 1941 Acquisitions
The government acquired more than ten acres between Hanover and King George Streets
in L902. The parcel, whose purchase price was in excess of $176,000.00, ran from almost
halfway between Maryland Avenue and Governor Street along King George Street (actually from
193 King George) to the Annapolis Harbor (Figure 10). The Governor's Pond occupied most
of the space between Hanover and King George Streets (Figure 5). It was filled in around the
middle of the nineteenth century. Although a canal was dug through the area which once
contained the pond (see below), part of it may exist today beneath the buildings along Porter
Road.
Once the pond was filled in, the area then became known as Harwood's Venture or
Governor's Pond (the owner was Thomas Harwood). As can be seen in Figure 10, the property
was divided into three separate lots - 1.0A, 10B, and 10C. Lot 10C contained approximately 875
feet of waterfront. In all, 82 parcels were acquired through deeds and condemnation (Record
of Judgements and Decrees, pp. L-I46 U.S. Circuit Court No. 3).
Part of the master plan for the Flagg reconstruction was the building of a new chapel.
The location of the chapel was on the north side of Hanover Street, aligned with the center of
the new basin (Dewey) on the northern sea wall. In order to more easily get supplies and
building materials to the site, a canal was dug from Spa Creek. This canal was dredged from
Spa Creek, just below Dahlgren Hall (where Hanover Street once was), through part of the area
that once contained the Governor's Pond (lot 10B). Plate 6 shows that the canal was dredged
between the armory and the existing buildings.
In L941, the Navy made its final purchase of land - the waterfront neighborhood of Hell
Point just south of the parcels secured in 1902 (see Irgacy Resource Management Program
Archaeological Reco-nnaissance Survey Vol. III - Map Analysis and Oral Histories for
information on the Hell Point Neighborhood). This $402,783.00 addition to the Academy
grounds totalled over seven acres and contained approximately 447 feet of waterfront on Spa
Creek. Sixty-two parcels were acquired by the Navy through Civil Action(#1401 1.0ll0l4I) and
the neighborhood was demolished (Plates 7 and 8) and cleared (Plate 9). The size of this area
had been enlarged considerably by L941. The Stoddert map, made in 1718 but redrawn in 1783
by Callahan, shows the location as being much smaller (Figure 20).
66
According to Stoddert's map, the original waterfront consisted of lots 98 and 99 which
the
were surveyed foi Amos Garrett and Charles carroll (Figure 20). Patrick creagh purchased 
lots in 173i. Creagh's daughter married Richard Maccubbin and inherited the property in t747 .
The Maccubbin's sold the-lots to william wilkins in t76l and repurchased them to clear the
title. The transfer included buildings, quays, and wharves. The lots fronted the City Dock and
the Severn River and had already been- developed to take advantage of their commercial
possibilities. The sale by Maccubtin in 1761 had been for the benefit of creagh's creditors;
il,taccubbin repurchaseO ttre lots in 1763. Maccubbin leased the property in 1774 to James
Hilginson uno wittiu* Whetcroft. The description of the property given in that lease included
,.fii.rr.., to Maccubbin's brick dwelling house, yard, garden and stable'
Although the Ig0Z and t94l acquisitions occurred 39 years apart, their proximity makes
it convenient to discuss their more rec6nt histories together. Prior to their annexation into the
the blocks had been used for both commercial and residential purposes - with theAcademy, 
commercial uses focused along the shoreline'
Mid-nineteenth century maps, the 1846 Bache map (Figure 3), the 1858 Sachse 
print
(Figure g) and the 1g60 Martenet map (Figure 2I), all show a steamboat landing at the foot of
prince George Street. The 1g7g Hopiins Atlas shows the commercial development taking 
place
along the waterfront. The public sieamboat landing had been taken over by eight wharves 
and
oyster packing houses.
The corresponding section of the 1885 Sanborn Insurance Map (Figure 22) shows 
the
residential dweltnls iotit"o along the south side of Hanover Street and both sides of King
George Street, as iell on Water Sireet between the two, and along Prince George Street' One
of the Academy's wharves is seen at the foot of Hanover Street' A variety of commercial 
or
industrial activities can be seen along the waterfront of the harbor. The long wharf 
used by
& Company Oyster Packers-is adjacent to a lu1ber yard owned by Jonathan Kealy'DuBois 
are four other piers (Long Wharf) containing oyster packing plants -Further south there 
Thurston & Russel; J. Russel & company; wells & Johnson; and Medford & company'
Another plant was located just outsid. oi ttt project area along city dock' Other commercial
activities along the shore at ttris time include^d utactsmithing, manufacturing 
of winders and
at the
dredges, boat building and storing, and shoe making. The steamboat landing is shown 
foot of prince GeorgJ Street. There was a single waterfront dwelling, 7017 Holland 
Avenue,
located somewhat at the foot of King George Street'
The 1g91 Sanborn map looks very similar to that of 1885, with a few noteworthy
(Figure 23). There was the uddition of an irregularly shaped "projection" of landdifferences 
wharf which held a structure used for oyster shucking. Also, outsidesouth of Kealy,s Lumber 
of the project afea, apier or wharf was built to accommodate yet another 
oyster packing plant'
67
p6
I
1 ?
vK
68
p7
69
p8
70
p9
I
7T
n0
r
tt
72
The area looked roughly the same two years later when E.L. Chinn produced a map from a
survey he conducted"in'August of 1893 (Figure 24). An 1896 survey map for the waterfront
area just south of prince G"org. Street shows that the intent of the property owners was to
continue to wharf and fill the water into the Annapolis Harbor (Figure 25).
The harbor waterfront between King George and Prince George Streets in 1903,
according to the Sanborn map, had increased in residential and commercial activities. A
new
boarding house, a steam laundry, a restaurant, a livery stable, and a net making 
shop were 
commercial additions. More than two dozen new dwellings, most of them two-stories, 
were now
in the area east of Holland Street. Three oyster packing plants were still located along the
shoreline, however, two of them were marked "closed' "
The 1903 map also shows the area north of King George Street as "Ground Recently
Acquired by the u.S. Government and Razed Now being graded for Improvement. " This' of
course, refers to the rots purchased in rgo2. Arso pertaining to that parcel is the text along 
the
water,s edge - "Proposed^Wharf Line (Dredgers Now A,t Work)" - indicating the creation 
of the
"first', Fariagut fieiO Uy 17 acres of land reclamation between 1902 and 1906'
The Sanborn map of 1913 shows that the steamboat dock still existed and what was 
the
(planing mill, joiner
H.B. Meyers Lumber yard had become the Farinholt Meredith Company Lumber
shop and lumber yard). By lg2l, Farinholt Meredith had become the Meredith-Kealy 
company. rrre ennapolis-claiborne Ferry company and two oyster 
packing plants were
-The Yhltf 
present on the waterdront east of their facility. Tolchester Company operated 
out of the
prince 
steamboat wharf at the foot of Georgl Sfteet. In 1g30, the two steamboat 
companies
in but the J.F. Johns6n Lumber Company had taken over both of thecontinued operation, 
houses as the seafood industry had already reached its peakformer lumber yards and the oyster 
in Annapolis.
Once the Navy purchased the Hell Point area in Lg41', the Bureau of Yards and Docks
Several piers'
produced a map ,niitt.A "Demolition in Holland St. Area" (Figure 26)' 
bulkheads, ramps and landings can be seen between King George ald.Prince 
George streets'
The map also shows u u.rr"-l docked at the landing at ihe foot of Prince George 
Street and
indicates what buildings were to be removed during the demolition 
- "All Buildings, Structures,
Walks, Roads, Piers, Wharfs, Bulkheads, and Services in this Area 
to be Removed' " Remains
that were not removed and which may have been preserved beneath 
the fill along
of any features 
King George and prince George streets wourd now be in part locatedthe shorerine between 
recently constructed visitor's center at the east end of Halsey Fieldunder the Academy,s 
House. Extremities of some of the wharves extended beyond the fill and_potentially may be
found in spa creek. Although Figure 26 indicates that the contract called for "all"'piers,
wharfs bulkheads and services in this area to be removed, " remains 
associated with these piers
may exist. Some or ,n" pier pilings and what was the steamboat landing can 
be seen in the
background of Plates I aid9. Plates 10 and 11 do provide some evidence, however' that most
of the old pilings were probably removed and a new seawall constructed'
73
nt
7l
74
n2
^L
75
n3
j
)
76
t24
,
77
f25
nd )
78
North of King George Street, the remains of structures such as Kealy's Lumber Yard or
DuBois and Company Oyster Packers (the end of which lies beneath Ricketts Hall), still may
exist in the spaces which have not been impacted by twentieth century construction.
There is one final note of interest pertaining to the land acquired by the Academy in
Ig02. The 1896 Report of the Board of Visitors revealed some concerns about the purchase of
property in the area. The Board was requested to examine and report to the Secretary of the
Nuuy and to Congress the "availability and desirability of acquiring...the property...as is situate
between the north side of Hanover street, the east side of Governor street, the north side of King
George street, and the west side of Holland street, and the probable cost thereof by purchase or
by condemnation for public use. " Reference to maps of the area reveal that this included no
waterfront property. The Board reviewed the property in question, however, and on 5 June
1896 reported favorably on the proposal. Captain P.H. Cooper, Superintendent of the Navy,
independently submitted a letter, dated 4 June 1896, stating that in his opinion the property
mentioned should not be purchased by the Academy.
Cooper's concern was that:
".. .the purchase of the blocks of land in question does not include
the water front without which the land would be of no value to the
Naval Academy, and, moreover, it would be a positive detriment.
The grounds would then be in the position where the city of
Annapolis would project into the Naval Academy at various points-
at the water line and also between Governor street and Wagner
street, including much valuable property'
Were it possible for the Government to possess itself of all the
land which would be included in an extension of the Naval
Academy wall on King George street to the water line of the
harbor, there would be ample space for the erection of such
buildings as are needed..." (Board of Visitors 1896)
Cooper's concerns seem to have been accepted, and the final purchase of land included
more than had originally been advised by the Board.
1929 Land Reclamation
Inl929,the Academy's smallest land reclamationproject occurred across College Creek.
Mid-way between King George Street bridge and the bridge on Decatur Road, a modest 0.62
u.r. u..u was reclaitn.o ttorn the Severn (Figure 10). Not much can be said about this
relatively minor reclamation.
79
f26
w
a
80
p10
A (t
k\
81
pl1
1\
e
vp(
\
82
194L Land Reclamation
Twelve years later, however, the northeast shoreline of the land known as Strawberry
Hill, acquired in 1g69, was increased by taking more land from the Severn River. More than
22 acre{ were added to the waterfront along the Naval Medical Clinic and Cemetery Point.
plate t2 shows an aerial view of this land to the northwest of College Creek in 1939, prior to
the reclamation project. The 22 acre addition can be seen in Plate 1.3, an aerial view from t954.
Any existing ,r*u-irrs of the docks or wharves associated with the circa 1765 Sprigg house
(discussed Jar1er) or other eighteenth or nineteenth century shoreline features would be
encapsulated beneath this fill - today's Sherman Field'
1942 Land Reclamation
ln 1942, another small land reclamation project was undertaken. One and a quarter acres
was filled in along the shore of College Creek (Figure 10). This small area of made land,
located roughly at ihe foot of College Auenue, adjoined the shoreline created during the 1902-
1906 land reclamation Project.
L959 Land Reclamation
The last major land reclamation to be done at the Naval Academy occurred in 1959.
This ,'made-land" was constructed in order to expand the Academy's extensive physical training
program. Construction of a field house was to take place on the land that was once
known as Hell point. The area had been used for outdoor recreation since the demolition of the
neighborhood. By building Halsey Field House, more space would be necessary for outdoor
physical activities.
Along the northern shoreline, more than}S acres were reclaimed by hydraulic fill from
the Severn River, creating Dewey Field. The development of Dewey Field was accomplished
filling in the yacht basin (Dewey Basin) that had been established along the northern sea wallby 
during [r" soz- - 1906 reclamation venture (the filled basin is now referred to as Ingram Field)
(ptate-t+). The filling of the basin was done simultaneously with the construction of the Halsey
Field House (althougi the field house was completed first). That area was then extended north
into the river until the boundary was even with Santee Basin to the east. Plate 15 shows an
aerial view of the reclamation work in progress. Santee Basin is on the right side in the
photograph and most of Farragut Field is filled'
The area referred to as Santee Basin may contain important cultural remains. According
to the CAD generated overlays produced for tlis project, the old Santee Wharf once extended
through the eastern half of ttre uasin (Figure 2f . The pier headed predominantly to the
northeast and then jogged to the east. The ind of the wharf would have been in the area of the
mouth of the uasinio"a"ay. Although the remote sensing activities could not be conducted 
within
the basin, the area nortil of the bisin's entrance revealed at least 15 anomalies in the area.
83
p12
P-
(,
u/0
84
These features may be related to more recent action near the basin, but perhaps they are
Wharf. It seems
associated with eariier activities associated with the vessels moored at Santee 
likely, however, that any remains within the basin itself would have been disturbed by dredging.
Along with the northern addition, the 1959 reclamation extended the eastern shoreline
of the Academy. Along the shoreline of Farragut Field (created 1902-1906), land was 
reclaimed
of
from the severn at th; mouth of Spa Creek. over 2g acres were added to the L7 acres 
Farragut Field (plate 15). This exterision continued along the shore south to below King George
Street and into the area that once was the Hell Point neighborhood (Figure 10). Thus the
remains of some of the wharves and docks of the oyster packing plants and lumber 
yards that
existed on the waterfront in this area may be located beneath the extreme southern end of
Farragut Field.
Recent$ acquired maps reveal that this land reclamation was done primarily by 
dredging
soils from both the Severn River and Spa Creek. These maps illustrate the extent of 
the
,,borrow pits,, - almost to the eroded location of Fort Horn on the opposite side of Spa Creek'
1977 Land Reclamation
Another small section of land was reclaimed from College Creek in 1977 'of
Approximately two and a half acres were created at the site of the 1942 project near 
the foot 
Ciit"g" Avenle. This new fill extended northeast and southwest following the
shoreline of the creek. This 1g77 addition of ground is the most recent reclamation 
of land by
the Academy. It does not appear on the Property Acquisitions map due to the fact that 
the
acquisitions map was compiled in 1962'
along the
The foregoing sections of this repofi have dealt primarily with installations For
Academy,s shoreline" and the potential tirey might have for yielding cultural resources. 
on ships moored
much of the Academy's history, however, activity also took place on the 
water, 
the
at her docks and wharves. Vessels such as the U. S.S. Santee were an integral 
part of life at 
river bottom'
Academy, and activities on board certainly left some remains behind on the 
Naval Academy Practice Ships and School Ships
In June 1g45, just after Annapolis was officially recommended as the location 
of the
naval school, tt. UourO submitted a tist of recommendations to Secretary of the Navy George
Bancroft. Included in these recommendations was the suggestion that dYing 
their time at the
school, midshipmen should spend ayear on a practice frigate' The following 
year' Commander
recommended that a brig be stationed at the school for use as a practice ship. 
rn
Buchanan 
1850, the promis, ti ro.tt a ship, isloop of war, was made to the school' The ship was to be
for sunmer cruises and gunnery practice. second class midshipmen in good standineused 
able to enjoy leave driring ttt" r.ttnttt r cruise of the vessel. The use of a 
practice ship
would be -of 
would provide fnuny tn midshipmen their first real taste of the sea'
85
p13
t1
86
pt4
r{
,{
87
f27
A
2-l
88
p15
C7
VAN
89
In 1g51, the Academy finally received the ship it had been asking for since its inception.
and
Midshipmen were allowed to take a coastal cruise in the government steamer 
John Hancock 
was officially
were then transferred to the third-class sailing sloop of war, the Preble, which 
assigned to the Academy. The Preble made the Academy's first foreign cruise to 
the west
Indies and Madeir a n 1g52. It also made all cruises (except one) from 1853 to 1859.
In 1856, the Plymouth, a larger sloop, was used for the cruise' In 1859' she was
converted into a school ship for tnJ rourttr class when the new midshipmen outnumbered
accommodation on Stribling Row. Gas and steam lines were run out to her from shore. 
The
were housed on her berth deck and all but four guns were taken from her main 
deck -
men 
was enclosed and turned into a recitation room and study for the midshipmen' 
so
which 
successful was the use of the plymouth as aschool ship that the following year she was 
replaced
with a larger vessel with more historical ties - the constitution. She was 
remodeled and became
midshipmen. The constitution was attached to the Academy until 1871home to more than 100 
replaced by the frigate the constellation. The constellation remained there 
until
when she was 
1894 and was used for every summer cruise during that time'
over the years, numerous vessels were used for the summer cruises and as 
practice l!iq!'
In 1862, the sloops of war, JohnAdams and the Marion, exercised in coastal 
waters' In 1863'
three vessels were used for the summer cruise - the Marion, the schooner yacht the America
(removed in 1873), and the sloop of war the Macedonia' In 1864' another practice ship' 
the
Marblehead, sailed as part of the squadron. of course, during these years-the Academy 
was
located at Newport, Rhode Island, due to the outbreak of the civil war' In 1865' when the
Academy returned io Annapolis, another vessel, the Santee' began her career 
as a school ship
below). The santeebecame one of the most well known and talked about 
school ships ever
(see 
used at the AcademY.
In 1899, the u.s.s. chesapeake was built for the sole purpose of training the
midshipmen. She was a steel-hul|ed, square rigged vessel which served 
the Academy as a cruise
tgll. u.rrd to Ue uieO for summer cruises was the Hartford' Hership until The last sailing 
final cruise took Place in 1909.
The U.S.S. Santee
The Santee, named after the Santee River of South Carolina 
(Alden 1913), was a sailing
frigate first launched in 1g55 (plate 16). Construction of the vessel had actually 
begun in 1820
at portsmouth, New Hampshire tut :i years elapsed befgre she was completed' Once the vessel
was launched, she remained somewhatinactive untit ttt" beginning 
of the civil war' on 8 June
was put into commission und b.gutt the first phaie of her career' The 
second phase
1861 she 
of the vessel,s catting was with the Navar icademy in Annaporis. 
Throughout her history, the
of both ridicule and inspiration' Many a song and poem was written 
by
Santeewas a source 
,uJ"t, and glorified the vessel as well as told of her bleak and desolate 
side'
90
TheSantee'sfirstyearswiththeNavywerewarrelated'In1862'however'that
changed. The use or rt *power made trer type of vessel obsolete' A flaw in her constructionof the few sailing
(concerning the arrangement of the gunportri pt"u.tttrd her from being one 
rhipt t"tt*ed for active duty (Alden 1913)'
In fall of 1862, the santeebegan her career with the Naval Academy which at this 
time
at Newport, Rhode Island due to the war. There the santee, along with thewas located 
used as temporary schoolrooms and quarters for the Academy. For 
fifty
constitutiot, was 
continued to serve the Naval Academy - moving to Annapolis at 
the close of the war
years, she 
(Alden 1913).
This new calling for the santee was not the first time a vessel 
had been used in this
fashion. ptymouti was the first vessel to be used as a school 
ship in 1849 and later was
The 
practice and exercise ship. The Report of the Board of visitors of 
1860 revealed that
used as a 
the Academy felt that a larger vessel was necessary'
TheplanofkeepingashippermanentlYattachedtotheAcademy
u, u fio,,'. for the r*rttt ctass is a new feature...it is important that
ublg"i ship than the plymoulh should be employed in the service.
(Board of Visitors 1860)
It that a 
,,home on the ship" during the first year of a young midshipman'swas thought 
life should be provided and maintained as a peflnanent point in 
the institution' careful
academic 
inspection of the u."oo,o,ooations and sanitary regurations 
and arrangements on board the santee
the constitution weremade in 1g63 accoroi"! ,o the Board of 
visitors. It was reported that
and 
,,in no way can the hearth of the vounl lffi".rr 6e better secured and protected. 
" This was to
change over the vr^ rro*rurr, u, ,rt"-rrtip o.teriorated and the quarters became over 
crowded
with midshiPmen.
On2AugtlstL865,theSanteemovedtoAnnapolisandwasmoorednearFortSevern'
The wharf at which she was docked became known as 
santee wharf. The vessel arso lent her
name to the basin that was constructed after the land reclamation 
of 1902-1906. For the next
The
four years she and the constitution werc used for classrooms 
and housing midshipmen. 
conditions on board were said to t. qoii" J"pt rring-. Midshipmen slept in hammocks 
on the
vesser. park Benjamin commentea trrii;"otrring have 
been more desolate than the outlook
to the plebe whose first experi"rr." uroogttt ttilt
" oounla t hese schoolships" (Alden 1913)' Meals
were eaten in the darkness of the berth f,eck by the light 
of several foul.smelling oil lamps'
in need of
With conditions such as these, it i" not surprising io learn that midshipmen 
,,disciplinary actioni were placed in-confine...rt on board the vessel' 
She was sometimes
referred to is the "prison ship" (Alden 1913)'
In1866,anewusewasfoundforthesantee.Atthistime,shewaSshnipo sloanngteeer.r"e fSehrer ewdas
to in the records as the school ship but instead was 
called the "Gunnery 
9l
p16
tfq
a
92
pL7
(/ ?
\1
93
moored at her wharf with her starboard side facing Greenbury Point, and although she never left
the dock, the midshipmen were given target practice on her.
After the completion of new officer's quarters in 1869, the Constitution was moved from
Annapolis and the Santee was used as the station ship; gun drills continued, and at almost all
times during the year, recalcitrant midshipmen were sent aboard.
During the late 1870s and early 1880s, the Santee was a cofllmon subject for the cadets
(as they were now called) to write about. Poems and songs revealed the history of the frigate
from her early days in the war to her dismal use as quafters and a "prison ship. " In 1882, she
was condemned by an act of Congress and her name was taken off of the Navy Register' She
continued, however, as the post ship at the Naval Academy and about this time was stripped of
her spars and roofed over (Plate 17). Cadets still used her for gun drills but her guns were no
longer actually fired. She continued to be used as quarters for some of the classes.
In 1905, the Santee was described as being unsanitary. Her use as a prison ship was
officially ended. lJntiI1912, however, the officer in charge of ships at the station continued to
make the vessel home for himself and his family. Certain modifications had been made for that
purpose. A fireplace had been put in the captain's cabin. There was a large sun parlor, filled
*ith flo*"rs and ferns, built above. The Santee was said to have had a certain charm in her
final years that was never before apparent.
During the last years of the life of the Santee, the water began to prevail over her. In
a period of 24 hours, she would take on about 30 inches of water in her hold and needed to be
pumped out morning and night. On 2 April 1912, at four o'clock in the morning, the ship began
io settle and she sank in 10 to 12 feet of water. An attempt was made later to float her but
proved unsuccessful. On 2 August of that year, the frigate was sold to Joseph G. Hitner, of
emuOrtpttia, for $3610.00. On 8 May !9L3, the Santee was raised and towed to Boston where
she was beached and burned for the copper and brass in her hull.
A synopsis of the Santee's background is provided below:
The U.S.S. Sanlee (from Alden 1913)
Acquisition Hull built by government at Portsmouth Navy Yard, launched L6 February 1855
(Her keel was first laid at Portsmouth in 1821)
Cost: $229,022.43
Crew 480 Men
Battery 20 May 1861: 2-64 pounders, 106 cwt'; 10 V[I-inch, 63 cwt.;20-32
pounders, 57 cwt.; 16-32 pounders, 33 cwt.;2 heavy L2 pounders.
25 Angurt t862: 2-64 pounders, l.0-VIII inch, 34-32 pounders, 1-30
94
pounder Parrott rifle;
4 October 1862: 1-XI in Dahlgren Smooth bore; 1-100 pounder Parrott
Rifle; 10-32 pounders.
History During the Civil War period, 186l-2, on blockade duty off Galveston, a
part oi West Gulf Blockading Squadron. On27 October 1861, captured
blockade-ruwrcr Delta; on 30 December the Confederate Schooner
Garonne. Most notable action in her career was on 7 November 1861
when the Schooner Royal Yacht was taken and set afire. The capture was
made under the command of Lieutenant James E. Jouett. A number of
men were killed on both sides in this action. Other captures were made
while off the coast of Texas. In the summer of t862 she was ordered
North. She set sail 1 August 1862 and reached Boston, August 23. In
October 1862 she left Boston for Newport, where she was used as a
schoolship for the Naval AcademY.
Practice Ships and Potential Cultural Resources
The use of ships as homes for midshipmen, as prisons and as quarters for other personnel
give an indication of th. kinds of activities which took place on board. Although in many
i-nstances trash disposal and sanitation may have been mandated, it is likely that much detritus
found its way over the sides of these vessels. Everything from food to clothing, bottles to tools,
and broken equipment may have ended up on the bottom. These kinds of remains may have a
somewhat urnbiguors status, but could potentially yield a good bit of useful information on ship-
board tife at the AcademY.
Most of these vessels appear to have been moored to a series of wharves which extended
from Windmill point out into ihe Severn. The earliest of these wharves (pre-1882) lie beneath
the landfill south of the current Santee Basin. These areas should at least be monitored carefully
during any disturbance which might penetrate to the old river bottom. A better approach would
be test some of these areas through excavation prior to any ground disturbance.
The last of the wharves, which shows up on an 1882 map of the Academy (Figure 12),
Iay at the mouth of Santee Basin. It is in this location that the Santee came to rest when she
sank. This area could not be surveyed magnetically because of the close proximity of iron-
reinforced concrete in the seawalls. No records of dredging in this area were uncovered, so it
may be that materials still lie on the bottom in this vicinity.
95
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
Research Goals and Methods of Remote Sensing Survey (Stage Two)
The bulk of the preceding sections deal with features which are now buried beneath
landfill. The use of historical documents, including maps, can suggest where the remains of
earlier features may lie, but test excavations or extensive remote sensing (such as ground
penetrating radar) would be required to verify their presence or absence. There are other
ieatures whictr may have extended from the shore into areas which are still covered with water
today (such as the end of the post-1882 Santee Wharf). In addition, both naval and civilian
u.rr"lr anchored in the waters off the Academy; they may have deposited garbage or lost
equipment overboard. In tributaries such as College Creek, vessels were sometimes abandoned'
Losses such as these are seldom recorded, but may nevertheless result in significant cultural
resources. Some type of survey of the waters immediately adjacent to the Academy was
therefore required.
During the week of 10 April 1995, a magnetic survey was conducted to locate any
historical submerged cultural resources in the waters surrounding the Academy. Personnel
included Dr. John L. Seidel, University of Maryland College Park (UMCP) as Principal
Investigator; Mr. Larry Murphy, Survey Director and Mr. Matthew Russell, Archeological
Survey-or, both from tL" Nutiottul Park Service (NPS), Submerged Cultural Resources Unit
(SCRil); Ms. Elizabeth A. Aiello and Ms. C. Jane Cox, UMCP Project Archaeologists; and Dr.
Steven Schope, Sandia Research Associates (SRA).
A comprehensive survey and evaluation system (developed by the National Park Service
SCRU team) was used. The survey design called for a Systematic Differential Global Position
System (DGpS)-controlled electronic survey with proton-precession magnetometer to be deployed
in ttre O.A sq. km area designated in the University of Maryland l-egacy Grant proposal (Seidel
1995). Computer pre-plotted survey transects throughout the area were used for helm navigation
to ensure compl# rou"tug. at the specified survey interval. Real-time instrument and
navigation data was stored by an on-board computer, post-plotted and provided to Universlty of
Maryland in a digital format.
National Park Service practice has demonstrated effectiveness of 30 meter lane spacing
for historical cultural rerourrehagnetic survey (Murphy 1984,1993; Murphy and Saltus 1990).
Lane spacing was reduced to 20 meters for this survey to detect ferrous material with smaller
mass than the 450 kg target mass utilized for NPS shipwreck location. The Naval Academy
survey area had a trigtr probability of shore-based and anchorage-related deposition.
Survey blocks with pre-plotted lanes were designed in Coastal Oceanographics, Inc.
"Hypack" hydrographic survey ioftware, which was also utilized for vessel navigation, data
collection, collation and storage during the survey.
96
A Trimble Navigation "Accutime" GPS receiver and "Navbeacon XL" were coupled to
provide real-time DGpS positioning for survey navigation and data positioning. Differential
corrections were receiv.d ftorn the U.S. Coast Guard Cape Henlopen GPS Radio Beacon,
located at Norrh American Datum (NAD) 1983 coordinates 38d 46.60678' N, 75d o5.26L08'
W, broadcasting at a transmission frequency of 298 KHZ and 100-bits-per-second transmission
rate. Data collection (shot points) were collected every L.5 seconds, with positioning accuracy
less than 3m throughout the survey area.
A Geometrics G-876 proton-precession magnetometer collected magnetic data. Magnetic
data resolution was y2 gamma (nanotesla) in a field of 60,000, with a noise level typically less
than 1 gamma. This instrument generates a sensor depth and height over bottom and displays
these dita during the survey. Instrument height did not exceed 15 feet during the survey.
The survey vessel used for the remote sensing project was a Z7-foot, twin screw,
fiberglass vessel llased for the project. Pre-plotted lanes were navigated throughout the main
,o*Jy area. In areas that *rrc ioo shallow for navigation and pre-plotted lanes to be followed,
the asarea was surveyed in a systematic manner with position and magnetometer data collected 
in the other survey areas. An anchorage is marked by numerous mooring buoys northeast of
the City Dock area. These buoys were individually positioned by DGPS. It was thought that
the anomalies in this area may represent mooring tackle'
Post-Processing
Survey data files were post-plotted in "Hypack," which produces ar"xyz ASCII" file,
with z representing the full-field mlgnetic data. The magnetic data were further reduced by
performing runni"ng two-point subtraction to isolate the change between each point, producinga 
i z or magnetil gradients. This xy (position) z (gradient value) file was imported into thevalue 
,,euicksurf" mJdule oi "A,rtoCAD" and contoured. The contours were then imported into the
digitized survey area base map and examined at various scales and contour intervals. Magnetic
ariomalies, which ur, ,.prrr6nted on the chart by colored isogamma lines, were separately
examined, and a point representing the most likely position of the ferrous mass was selected and
consecutively numbereA. Onty anomalies clearly related to shore structures, surface vessels or
navigation aids were eliminated from further consideration.
Results and Conclusions of Remote Sensing
The survey located 65 positions identified as magnetic anomalies, which represent
submerged ferrous material of unknown age and significance. These 65 anomaly positions are
identified on Figure 2g. Several anomalies were the result of navigational aids or other vessels
(Navy YP boats) passing near the magnetometer sensor during the survey; these are labelled
appropriately. Some linear anomalies close to concrete sea walls were eliminated from the 
data
they were produced by reinforcing bar within the concrete structures. The 65 anomalybecause 
had to be vizually examined by archaeologists to determine their origin and significance.areas 
This examination was conducted as Stage Three or tne Naval Academy Shoreline 
project' a field
97
f28
?4
98
check of anomalies. Some of these anomalies were thought to be buried; an additional project
phase to test excavate anomaly areas would help determine anomaly nature and historical
significance. This was not part of the current project as it was impossible to predict the number
oianomalies which would iall into this category prior to the survey. In addition, disturbance
of bottom sediments would have significantly increased project costs (necessitating the use of a
dredge and increased surface support) and would require permits from the Maryland Historical
Trust. In cases where features were buried and not visible to divers, the areas around the
anomaly should be avoided during all bottom disturbance activities within the survey area or
tested through excavation prior to disturbance'
Research Goals and Methods of Field Check of Anomalies (Stage Three)
Once the data from the magnetic survey had been collected and processed, anomalies
could be targeted for investigation by divers on SCUBA. on 26 lune 1995, this field check of
the 65 anomalies was initiated. A team of volunteer divers, lead by Dr. John L. Seidel and Ms'
Elizabeth A. Aiello (uMcp) and assisted by Mr. Gary Melancon (UMCP Field School in
Archaeology) examined 46 of these anomalies using SCUBA. The use of a 25 foot Shamrock
from this
was donated to the project by Mr. David Howe. A11 diving activities were conducted ^Nineteen will be
vessel, Top Knot. anomalies were not dived on for various reasons which 
addressed in the following anomaly descriptions'
The anomalies were not investigated in numerical order (1 through 65). Instead, issues
such as boat traffic (Naval Academy YP boat maneuvering training, sightseeing tour boats) 
and
weather dictated the order in which areas were examined. Also, clusters of anomalies were
dived on first. This a110wed several markers to be set at one time and expedited diving
activities.
Anomaly latitude and longitude positions were prografirmed into the GPS prior to the
beginning the iroject. Once ttrJ Oive boat was placed over the position of the anomaly, a
weighted buoy was set, marking its site. On occaiion, the anchor line itself was used to mark-anomaly. 
the A team of two to four divers descended the buoy or anchor line with a 20 foot
section of line marked in three foot intervals. The line was then fastened to the weighted buoy
and extended to its full length. A counter-clockwise search was then performed, covering a
circular area within a 20 foot radius of the marker. Although visibility was extfemely limited,
through a series of agreed upon "tugs" on the line divers were able to communicate with one
another. When features were located, the search was temporarily halted while a small 
marking
buoy was set. The circle search then resumed until 360 degrees was covered. Divers then
ascended and discussed their findings. In several instances, a second or third dive was required
in order to further investigate a marked feature and/or to take measurements for a scaled
drawing.
were not collected during the investigation. However, on occasion items wereArtifacts 
brought to the surface for identification purposes (visibility at the bottom ranged from 0 to
99
at best). These artifacts were recorded and drawn and then returned to theseveral inches 
bottom, as close to their original position as possible, given the limited visibility'
The following section describes the findings at each of the 65 anomalies located by the
magnetometer. Eacfr'anomaly number is located and labelled on the project area 
map presented
u, Figur, 2g. The four thick red lines visible on the map, three in College Creek and one across
the Severn River near Santee Basin, indicate cable crossings. coordinates of all 65 anomalies
can be found in Table 1 at the end of this section'
Results of SCUBA Diving Check of Anomalies
Anomalies 1 Through 11
The first lL anomalies were located in the Annapolis Harbor. This area contains a
number of mooring *vr maintained by the Annapolis Harbor Master for visiting vessels. Each
the remote sensing surveyof these mooring tuoys is secured to u +oo poun-d anchor. During 
April of this y"ui,in"positions of the buoys within the project area were obtained 
using the
in 
GPS. They appear on Figure 28 as small green squares; anomalies are depicted 
in yellow' Of
these anomalies,-eight"were believed to be attributed to the large mooring 
anchors'
1,1 
Anomalies 1, 6, and 11 were located far enough from the buoy anchors that 
a check on
scuBA was deemed'necessary. Because of the active boat traffic in the harbor area,
investigation of these three anomalies was left until the end of the 
project. several times during
the project the GpS receiver was unable to secure a "lock" on the transmissions 
from the Cape
Henlopen GpS Radio Station. When this occurred, there was no way of 
accurately locating the
these
position of an anomaty since differential corrections were not available. without 
corrections, the suspecteO position of an anomaly could be off by as much as 300 
feet' This
project, when investigation of
lapse in transmission was severe during the eni of the field 
1,6, attempted. After numerous attempts to regain the differential signalAnomalies andl1 was 
and a great deal of lost time, iniestigation of these anomalies was abandoned' 
The loss of
6 and L1 was not deemej'serious in view of the project's aims and their 
great
Anomalies 
distance from the arua".y shore. Anomaly L, which was closer to the shore, may have 
been
more serious loss. However the lack of differential signal, combined 
with safety considerations
a 
(this anomaly was in a highly active traffic area) dictated that it be foregone. It was, 
in any
case, on the outer limit of the project area'
Anomaly 12
Anomaly 12 was located off Farragut Field in-about 16 feet of water. Divers 
located an
iron pipe which extended vertically from the floor of the river.
100
Anomaly 13
Also located off of Farragut Field in 18 feet of water was Anomaly 13. No specific
reach of
feature was located at this positiJn indicating that the anomaly was buried 
and out of 
the divers. A brown, salt-glazed stoneware bottle (nineteenth or early twentieth century) 
was
recorded, however.
Anomaly 14
was buried
This anomaly, located off Farragut Field in approximately 16 feet of water, 
and could not be located by the dive team'
Anomaly 15
off of Field in 16 feet of water was Anomaly 15. Although trash suchAgain, Farragut 
as aluminum cans was found in the area, no anomaly was found above 
the silt bottom'
Anomaly 16
Located in 19 feet of water off of Farragut Field, Anomaly 16 was found to 
be a small'
boat anchor (Danforth). Alossible wooden "truck" was recovered at thistwentieth century 
position (Figure 2g). A truck is a small bead oi wood which is one of two parts of a "parrel"
in a sailing vessel',s rigging (the other part is the rib). The parrel allows a yard or spar 
to be
(Lavery 1984)'
held to a mast in sucn?o,iy tttut it may pivot freely to be hoisted or lowered 
Anomaly 17
with the previous anomaly, Anomaly L7 was a small, twentieth centuryAs was the case 
Danforth boat anchor.
Anomaly 18
could not locate the anomaly (buried). The search did reveal however' muchDivers 
concrete rubble ano stag. several twentieih century bottles were recovered 
including a milk
bottle marked "Annapofis Dairy Products" and a Mennen cologne bottle'
Anomaly 19
was located in about 15 feet of water. Divers recovered a bronze windlassThis anomaly 
handle and several yard long sections of iron rebar' concrete rubble was 
also present'
101
n9
t\
t02
AnomaIY 20
Noapparentsourcefortheanomalywasfoyldatthispositio*nuutytt"'.d.9 i"uJo.tseeapmh .CS'e Cveararol ll'
brick fragments, including alarge,^nuiJituO" 
brick' anO a dottle 
of water. rtre presence of bricks is intriguing; 
Todorich
Baltimore, MD" were found in 1g feet 
, ttui tuuorit antic of"miarrrip."n ii, trt *io-nineteenth 
century was to load
(19g4:s7) not u ,,which, rp*ad debris it*ougttout the harbor and threatened
bricks into a battery, when fi,J; 
small boats near the seawall' "
Anomaly 21
feetof water. Divers located a p'e of iron stud-link 
chain
This anomaly was found rn22 four feet in length each' other artifacts
and two secrions "r'# ffi^iltj. 
plnr-uppro*i*u,.1y 
included a section of an ironstone bowl 
marked:
1862
Greenwood China
Trenton, N.J.
design on the interior' It was approximately
The bowl was decorated with a green 
floral scrorled 
utto 6 inches in diameter at the rim'
1 5/8 inches in height, 3 inches in oiameter 
at the uu"' 
A6|l4inchwoodendead-eyewiththree,lll4inchgroovedholeswasrecorded(Figure
29), alorrgwith a ;;;;i;t' cleaiglass jug was recovered'
Anomaly 22
AtAnomaly22apartiallysulm9re6ef ^d'ht:tu:lpl:1prao1"'it-wu,o"ftey efotbuyr tihnrceheesfe beyt ifsosuizr e
inwchaess by
wood 
found. Arso locateo *u, i *oo"* b10ck 
three feet.
Anomaly 23
Atotalofthreediveswasconducitie;d odnAi*n omaly23whicTh". made ii crear thhwata sselovcearatle fdeoaftuftrheesn woertrhe eparesst ent
corner of the Academy grounds._ *arked the features with buoys' An anchor 
chain
at this site. rne te'# d-escended uguin^*o *r, d at A-2r northwest of this anomaly)'
and anchor were rocated (an anchor 
arso rocate 
o* ro"'t  "itrt 'i'o time in un utt"*pt to takg measurements 
and draw
Two diver, ,"*rrr.i,o ttt" uot u towards
(Figure 30). visib'itv w* r"r, ,rru' six inches. the anchor 
chain headed 
the anomaly 
JJ*."tior, tt" *" was buried' Thirty-two exposed 
links could be
the anchor uut trrJ 
link was approx"
"lrr, :1y i-o r"o in length with a circumference 
of approximately
counted. Each (see Figure ro) *ur approximately 3.8 feet long'
0.2 feet. The exposed portion of the.anchor identified the
personar LarryM;;il";it. N-*ionuii'art< service 
(scRU) 
"om*,rniJril"i*irt 
103
f30
4ry
104
of a sliding stock anchor - possibly a stream or kedge anchor' 
but mostly
anomaly as the stock ^ 
likery a stream anchor due to it, poriti*ing. This identification dates 
the anchor to the
nineteenth or possibly twentieth century'
Anomaly 24
Anomalymustbeburied.Diversencounteredconcreterubbleandalargeamountof
oyster shells. Modern screw-top bottles were recovered'
Anomaly 25
nothing in association with this site off the north wall of the 
Academy'
Divers found 
AnomalY must be buried'
Anomaly 26
must be buried'
The team encountered nothing on their search. Anomaly 
Anomaly 27
Divers found only coal ash and cinder' Anomaly must be 
buried'
Anomaly 28
Located in approximately 30 feet of water, Anomaly 
28 was found to be attributed to a
found rying hoiizontally on the bottom beneath the
section of four inclriron pipe which oi*tr 
silt.
Anomaly 29
off the north wall of the Academy near Santee Basin, 
this anomaly site revealed
Located 
only coal ash and Again, the anomaly must 
be buried'
"ind.,. 
Anomaly 30
Diversencounteredconstructionrubbleatthissite-concrete,glass,etc.Anomalymust
be buried.
Anomaly 31
No anomaly could be found
Similar to Anomaly 30, divers found concrete and 
rubble' 
105
Anomaly 32
Divers encountered much oyster shell, rope, twentieth century bottles, electrical wire,
and plate glass. A two inch diameter iron pipe with fittings on it and electrical cable running
through it-was found. It was approximately 20 feet in length and ran out of the search circle
benea:th the silt. Two bottles *"." brought to the surface for examination and then returned.
One was marked "Monumental Brewing Co. Baltimore, Maryland" and the other read
,,Baltimore Glassworks" and contained a anchor and chain relief on the front. The back relief
was of an eagle and read 'RESURGAM" (Figure 31)'
Anomaly 33
Located in approximately 25 feet of water, Anomaly 33 proved to be two ferrous pipes
three inches in diameter. The pipes were located about six feet apart and ran in an east-west
direction through the entire seaich circle. Other artifacts recovered included modern screw-top
bottles.
Anomalv 34
The anomaly at this location was buried. Artifacts recorded included modern bottles and
plastic battens for iails. Battens are used to reinforce or support the sails of a vessel.
Anomaly 35
Divers located several items at the site of Anomaly 35. A sailboat rudder with metal
fittings, a metal pipe (elbow joint), and wood were noted. All were of recent origin'
Anomaly 36
Diving on this anomaly revealed a section of an iron pipe, four inches in diameter, and
various pieces of non-descript-ive iron. other items recorded included rope and modern bottles'
Anomaly 37
Again, the anomaly was buried and out of reach of the divers' A sail batten and a piece
of plexiglass were encountered.
Anomaly 38
Divers located nothing when investigating this anomaly at the mouth of Santee Basin.
The source of the anomaly must be buried in the bottom sediments'
106
a1
3
r07
Anomaly 39
A four inch diameter iron pipe, similar to others previously located, was found at this
position.
Anomaly 40
Anomaly 40 revealed only modern sailboat parts - cleats and fiberglass fragments'
Anomaly 41
Divers located nothing at this site. Anomaly source must be buried'
Anomaly 42
No anomaly was located at this position - must be buried.
Anomaly 43
The team located a four inch diameter iron pipe which ran through the 
entire width of
the circle search. Divers were able to fo[ow the pipe for at reast 40 feet. orientation 
of the
pipe was 330 - 150 degrees.
Anomaly 44
This small anomaly was located on line with a cable crossing which runs across 
the
Severn River. Due to its location, boat traffic and time constraints, this anomaly 
was not dived
on.
Anomaly 45
Divers found only bone, aluminum cans and glass on this anomaly
Anomaly 46
No anomaly was located at this site just off Dewey Field. Divers recovered
miscelraneous artifacts such as small iron fragments, modern bottles, 
wood, an ironstone plate
(no markings), and a baseball.
Anomaly 47
Divers located nothing at this position'
108
Anomaly 48
No anomalY was located'
Anomaly 49
onceagain,theanomalymustbeburied.Nothingwaslocated.
Anomaly 50
Alargesectionofironbarwasfoundbydiversatthissite.Thesectionwas
approximatety f S feei in length, t Ll2 inches in width, and tl4 inch in thickness' It was not
identifiable.
Anomaly 51
Divers were unable to locate an anomaly at this site'
Anomaly 52
Another section of pipe was found by the divers The 
pipe was approximately three feet
in length and had a diameter of roughly six inches'
Anomaly 53
The site of this anomaly, which was located at the mouth of College 
Creek' contained
bottom surface. some areas revealed gravel while others consisted 
of oyster
a very uneven 
shell. No ferrous anomaly was located'
Anomaly,54
53'
The bottom surface in the vicinity of Anomaly 54 was similar 
to that of the Anomaly 
in rength, was found by
which was located in close proximity. A section of itott, five feet 
,'troug^h-shaped" 
divers. The iron was and approximatery four inches 
wide and l'l4" thick'
Beginning with the next anomaly (Anomaly 55), the remaining 
ten magnetic hits were
all in conege creek. The uottom surface had an undulating 
topography and consisted
located 
finer, ,oit . silt than that encountered in the river' The bottom sediments were 
soft
of a much 
divers-courd push their^arms into the silt beyond their elbows 
without meeting
enough that 
to this extremely soft bottom, it was concluded that the anomalies 
in the creek
resistance. Due 
the siit. After conducting fufl searches on four of the anomalies andmust arl be buried ueneattr on the
finding nothing, it was decided to send divers down to check the bottom 
sediments 
109
remaining sites. It was then determined that investigations should not be continued in the area
and that ihe diue team should move to a more promising location.
Anomalies 55 Through 58
Each of these anomalies was dived on. The bottom sediments were the same. Nothing
was encountered.
Anomalies 59 Through 62
These anomalies were omitted from the investigation after a check of surrounding
conditions was conducted.
Anomaly 63
This anomaly was dived on as a check of area conditions. The soft, muddy silt indicated
that nothing would be found on the bottom surface'
Anomaly 64
This was the second of the two anomalies dived on as a check of conditions. Similar
unfavorable bottom conditions were encountered'
Anomaly 65
This anomaly was also omitted from the survey due to the condition of the bottom surface
as well as the fact ihat it was located directly on a known cable crossing.
110
Table 1. Anomaly Latitude/Longitude Positions
A-# LatlLong A-t LatlLong
38d58'35. 4" 6d29', 00. 33 " 34 38d59',04.79', 176d28',37.62"01 3 17 
02 8d58' 34.4 6', l7 6d28', 58. 07 " 35 38d59',04.20' 176d28',39'42'*3 
03 38d58',33. 8 4. 6d28', 56. 60" 36 38d59',03.84" 176d28',40.40"17 
176d28',41.09"
o4 38d58'33.48" 17 6d28', 55. 56" 37 38d59',02.86" 
38d58'32. 87 17 6d28', 53. 61 " 38 38d59'01.84.176d28',42.09',05 " 
176d28',43.22u
06 38d58', 32.25', I 7 6d28' 57. 8 1 " 39 38d59'01 .80" 
38d59',02.68" 176d28', 43.36',
07 38d58' 35. 3 8', 17 6d28' 57 .02' 40 
55.09', 41 38d59'03.74" 176d28', 43.49',08 38d58', 34. 8 3', 17 6d28', 45.66',
09 38d58' 35. 5 3. 17 6d28', 53.06 " 42 38d59',04.48" 176d28', 
38d58' 33.90. 17 6d28', 5L .48 " 43 38d59'05.87" 176u8',47.28',10
176d28', 44.rs',
11 38d58' 34. 3', 6d28', 50. l. 1 " 44 38d59',06.25'* 3 17 
t2 12' 176d28',41.82',3 8d58'40. 3 o' I 7 6d28', 46.45. 45 38d59'07. 
t3 38d58'40. 16' 17 6d28', 42.97. 46 38d59'10.00' 176d28',54.24',
t4 38d58'41 .tt" n 6a8'43. 8 1"' 47 38d59'13.15',176d28',58.49"
15 38d58'41 .89', n 6a8', 43 .41" 48 38d59',16.69',176d28',58.34"
t6 38d58'41 .24" 17 6d28'40. 18" 49 38d59'16.5r', 176D9',0L.21',
6d28', 38.7 3" 50 38d59',17.57', 176g9',00.63"17 3 8d5 8',44. 82" I 7 
38d59',20.r7' 176d28',58.11"
18 38d58',44. 3 4" 17 6d28', 33 .92" 51 
176d28',58.80"
t9 38d58',45.48" 176d28',31 .33 " 52 38d59'20.69" 
20 38d58', 47 .49'* 7 6d28', 24.04', 53 38d59'10.48',176d29',09.88"I 
2l 38d58',49. 6 8" n 6a8', 27 .87', 54 38d59'10.75',176d,;9'11,.13"
22 38d58', 50. 2 l. I 7 6d28', 34.98. 55 38d59',08.19" 176d29', 17.88"
38d58' 53 0. 7 6d28', 3l .41' 56 38d59',07.66"176d29'20.55"23 . 2 I 
24 38d58' 53.9 t', 17 6d28', 31 .01 " 57 38d59'09.51.176d29',21.08"
38d58'55.7 o', n 6a8', 34.41. 58 38d59',09.32"176d29',21'.87"25
26 38d58'57. 5 8" 17 6d28', 34.41'* 59 38d59',09.05' 176d29',22.28',
27 3 8d5 8' 5 8. 9 2. 
38d59'09.L3',17699',22.77',
I 7 6d28', 38.37', 60 
176u9',23.47',
28 38d59',01. 3 6', 17 6d28', 33. 89 " 6t 38d59'09.86', 
29 38d59', 00. 14' I 7 6d28', 39 .7 9', 62 38d59',09.76.n6a9'24.60',
30 38d59'01 .83', 17 6d28', 36.47 " 63 38d59', 10.28" 176d29',25.59',
3l 38d59', 02.28. I 7 6d28', 37 .7 2" 64 38d59',09.98. 176d29',27.85"
6d28', 38. t0 " 65 38d59', tt.68' fi6d29',28.|L',32 38d59', 02.42" I 7 
33 38d59'01 .64', 17 6d28' 39 .56',
111
Table 2. Results of Anomaly Check on SCUBA'
Anchor/
Chain Ferrous PiPe Misc. Buried Tested Omitted
A-16 A-r2 A-19 A-13 A-38 A-63 A-1
A-t7 A-28 A-22 A-tA A-4t A-64 A-2
A-3
A-27 A-32 A-35 A-15 A-42 A-4
A-23 A-33 A-40 A-18 A-45 A-5
A-36 A-50 A-20 A-46
A-6
A-39 A-54 A-24 A-47
A-7
A-43 A-25 A-48
A-52 A-26 A-49
A-8
A-27 A-51 A-9
A-29 A-52 A-10
A-30 A-55 A-11
A-31 A-56 A-44
A-34 A-s7 A-59
A-37 A-58 A-60
4.-61
A-62
A-65
tt2
Summary of Anomaly Investigations
During a four day period, the dive team investigated on SCUBA nearly 50 anomalous
"hits" detected by the remote sensing survey conducted in April 1995. Sixty-five hits were
located during that survey. Water depths at the anomaly sites ranged from t4 feet to 30 feet.
Circumstances such as equipment problems, boat traffic, and bottom conditions resulted
in the exclusion of several anomali"s from the investigations, but these were almost certainly
either from mooring anchors (as in Annapolis Harbor/Spa Creek) or from sources buried well
below the bottom (is in College Creek). Eleven of these anomalies in the Annapolis Harbor
were not examined. One anomaly in the Severn River and five in College Creek were omitted
due to such unfavorable conditions.
Eight of the investigated hits were determined to be attributed to ferrous pipes of various
lengths uttd thi.kttttt. This accounted for 1,7 percent of all anomalies'
Four anomalies (9 percent) were found to be caused by anchors and/or anchor chain.
Two small, modern anchori were located and one large anchor with stud link chain (1.0 feet by
0.2 feet).
The remaining six anomalies were attributed to miscellaneous items such as rebar, a
bronze windlass, u *-dd.r, and sections of metal and iron. These amounted to L3 percent of the
total investigated hits.
Of the 46 anomalies dived on, 28 were buried too far beneath the bottom surface to be
located by the dive team. The magnetometer which originally located the hits during the remote
sensing ,.rru"y is capable of detecting ferrous anomalies well beneath the river bottom. The
depth Io whicl these anomalies can be detected is highly dependent upon their mass. The team
of divers conducted their search by using their hands to feel through the first several inches of
sediment. No excavation was attempted by the divers. This resulted in 61 percent of the
investigated anomalies being recorded as "buried' "
As mentioned earlier, excavation may assist and perhaps be the only way to determine
the nature and significance of the buried anomalies. As excavation was not possible and a final
determination of significance could not be made, these areas should be avoided during any
bottom disturbance activities within the project area'
Additional Dives
Although the intent of the diving activities was to investigate the detected magnetic
anomalies, several other areas with the potential to contain cultural resources were examined.
The water off the shoreline in front of the Academy's Halsey Field House (in Annapolis Harbor)
r13
and an area in college creek were dived in search of the remains 
of wharves and piers that once
existed there.
Annapolis Harbor
piers that'
Diving was conducted in this area in hopes of locating remains of several 1885' Also'
according to the sanborn Insurance Maps, extende! into the harbor around 
of a steamboat landing at the fooi of 
prince George Street potenti{ly could exist in theremnants (Figure The background
area. This landingupp"urro ai early as 1846 on the nache map 
3)' 
plates 7 neighborhood ofof andg show some of trre pit-ings and the landing in lg+z when the 
Hell point was demolished and cleared. Plate 10 indicates that at 
least some of these pilings
were remo"rd. Til;;;;ibility remained, however, that remnants existed or that features 
and/or
artifacts associated with the piers would be located'
were conducted along the bulkhead area in front of the Academy's 
new
Four dives 
Visitor Center, between Prince George a:nd King George Streets' 
The locations of these dives
32 inthe area marked with a doubre circle. At each site, the anchor 
line
is shown on Figure . A20 foot line was attached at the bottom and a circle searchwas used by the divers to descend 
pattern initiated.
Dive I
Divers located a variety of debris at this site. Bricks 
(at least 20) were widely scattered
along with other building matlrials anO piate glasg. A partially 
exposed iron pipe' two inches
in diameter, was found running in an East/we-st direction 
acrois the circle. Divers also found
feet in length, with protruding iron
an approximatety rour inctr by iour inctr woooen beam, eight 
spikes.Thismaywellhavebeenpartofanearlierwharf,butwasnotinsituorconnectedto
any other features.
Dive 2
Divers again found a scattering of bricks, glass and modern 
bottles' One piece of iron
bottom for approximately r ll2feetand
was rocated. This t u2 inchsection extended from the 
turn back down into the mud. No remains of pilings or other structures 
wefe encountered.
then 
Dive 3
Results of this dive were similar to those of the first two dives, 
with building debris and
abnormal for the area, did
bottles. The third dive also revealed u turg. stone which, although 
notappeartoberelatedtoanyotherfeaturesorstructure.
r14
f32
97.
115
Dive 4
The fourth and final dive in this area revealed only a small amount of debris and no
strucfure.
Colleee Creek
Additional diving was done in College Creek in order to investigate the 
possibility-of
remains associarted with a wharf loJated near the mouth of the creek. This wharf 
is
existing 
shown on Figure 16, a map of the Academy grounds in 1g73-74 after the acquisition of
Lockwoodvile. This area was not investigated *ittr u magnetometer because of the shallow
depths and low overhead clearance of Hill Bridge immediately downstream'
According to an AutoCAD generated overlay of the t873-74 map and a current
map, this wharf would be iocated just south of Hill Bridge on Decatur Road' Theconditions 
dive vessel was anchored to the north of the urioge and divers swam to 
the approximate location
of the pier. Usrng a weighted float, the team again descended and conducted a search 
over a
circular area with a forty foot diameter'
Dive 1 (College Creek)
feet away
During this investigation divers located alarge wooden beam approximately 
30 
bulkheaJ. Dimensions of the beam were approximately 18 inches by 
L2 inches
from the existing 
with an unknown total rength. The remainder of the beamwas submerged 
beneath the mud at
pieces
least three feet. Also located were several pieces of thin iron plate, angle iron 
and broken 
of asphalt. Wood and iron may well represent debris form lhe old wharf, 
although much of it
is disturbed and mixed with recent material (asphalt). The large wood beam, 
however' suggests
This area should
that some structure may remain intact, beneath the soft 
silt bottom. 
closely prior to any
" arpcrti"viuityit yw hich might disturb the bottom'be more "*u-irr"d 
Results of Additional Dives
The diving that was conducted in the Annapolis Harbor and college creek 
on areas other
piers once located there'
than the detected anomalies produced little intact cultural remains of the 
Divers found miscellaneous building debris and modern bottles. No further 
investigations are
deemed necessary in the Annaporis Harbor area. As noted above, more 
detailed investigations
should be carried out in the college creek are if any bottom disturbance is contemplated'
Probing and limited excavation would yield a better picture in this area'
tt6
TheresultsofStageone(thehistoricresearch)oftheNavalAcademyShorelineSurvey
indicatethatthepotentialforexistingculturalremainsontohveegir othuen ydesaorsf lhhaevNea hvaadl Aacna imdeind new construction p
macyt isat
very strong. Altlr*gh renovations 
ut*r- of historic significanc. ihut have not been entirelyvarious locations on the grounds, 
by the eruO.tiy', continuJJ gi*itt do exlst' It is therefore recommended 
that
destroyed 
testing be undertaken shoufi activities occur in 
the future that would impact any
archaeorogicar 
historicallY sensitive areas'
onland,variousshorelinefeaturesandwharvesmayliepartially.owristhub esitgahntetifeatures include landings associated e
anlltyhi ncteancttury
beneath areas of landfill. These 
trrat wouiJ u. .*o-p^r"o uv trt Academy's giounds (Dulany, Nicholson, 
Buchanan
dwellings Severn Ferry
houses, for example), warehouse founiations along 
ihe water's edge' the various 
(Phlox Wharf'
landings, one of *t i"r, *uv date to the seventeenth century' steam 
boat wha.rves 
old Academy wharves and boat facilities' and 
privies' In addition' documentary
for example), slaughter
research has suggested the presence of commerciar 
enterprises such as a brewery and 
froor" at the rnoottt of College Creek (east side)'
Thesekindsoffeatures,whichwereorientedtothewaterandalongsittsoeoddg oen's ftaainrldya low
good chanc. or u.ing preserved because many appear 
to have originally 
surveys of the
ground lsee previ*-, iir.orsions of historical documents 
and topographic 
Academy). Filling was not restricted io ur"* beyond 
the existing s-hoierine; it was also used
encapsulated archaeological
to bring the low-lying shore up to ;;igil g1tde'. Filling thus 
remains both in tt" *"ut"t and on the ground along the water's 
edge'
should be more
These old shoreline areas must be considered PotentiallY
significant and 
the
closely examined Prior to any ground disturbance. 
TheY are largelY encompassed within 
sensitive areas which were delineated in (Seidel and Cox L994) One excePtion is
from 1882
the shoreline as it existed after the landfilling of 1853 
and as dePicted on a map 
12). map submitted in 1994 (Seidel and 
Cox 1994) has therefore been
(Figure The sensitivitY Cox
to include this area and is included here as Figure
33. As noted in Seidel and 
revised other documentarY
( lg94), these sensitive areas are delineated on 
the basis of cartograPhic and 
these resources
evidence which suggest that cultural resources 
maY be Present; the presence of 
survey (see
is not confirmed, except in areas that have been 
subjected to Phase I archaeological
Bodor et al. t993 for a review of Phase I testing)
StagesTwoandThreeofthissurveyconsistedofremaortoeusnedn tshien gAincvaedsetmigyationsandwaters ' Of the 46
diving activities *ti"t *.re designed to suivey the sediments to
anomalies dived on, 2g (or 61 percent) w"r" u*i.o too far 
beneath the bottom 
rL7
f33
e1
\
118
or significance.. The greatest potential for significant 
resources may lie
determine their origins remains appear to
in College Creek, ;hi.h nu", t..r, ,uuj"ito? less. iisturbance 
and where 
organic
been covered with a deep rayer of?;;;, ;.robic silt. 
The state of preservation of 
have 
;;;;;"il"ti. fn' *ooAtn dead-eye and truck recovered at 
anomalies 1'6
materials appears 
and12:.respectively,wereinremar^\aurygsoeodoigmneonitti.o Inn. gpoatrhtiicteutmars, wtheere pfotuenndtioanl tfhoer b
porettsoemrved
surface, indicating !trr. ,nirring-c oof '.ugo.i-iocirr-" .k and the other
organic materiars i, t ot, i" ,t. ur"u. 
It is iecommended that these 
(such as dredging or laying
buried anomalies u.-nirrt., addressed shourd 
destructive activities 
at tt"ir iocutionr. Pd;;i; 
of the
the vicinity -igttt yield some indication 
cables) occur would be
anomary source, u"iit is rikely that in"many instances n"fruroiogicar 
excavation 
rne simplest solution wourO Ue i" ti-prv avoid G'" uttotiuties 
in the future' Should
required. are
possibfi, an archaeorogical investigation shourd 
be initiated. These anomalies 
that not ue 
clearly dePicted on Figure 34'
real significance is the anchor
Aside from the buried anomalies, the 
only ul:PuJy of uttl 
,, n""*"ry ii wrtrrtt r its deposition y1s due to accidental
and associated chain encountereo 
is impossibil;il*. A site itt*ntowiorm will be 
prepared for this
loss or was storm related 
il.1. Trust'and submitted to the Miryland Historical 
Additionalinformationonpaulularicn omaliesandsurveydatamlybefoworks at the Naval Academy. T
uhensdeo nindcilguditea lmfilaepss
submitted to the Department or and historic map
showing digital t*"t tirr., of ,o*Jy, i'ogu*-u lines 
for each anomaly' the 
overlays.
119
f34
3 4
(
r20
BIBLIOGBAPHIC ESSAY
in to provide a more detailed description of 
the
This section has been designed order repositories visited durrng the Stage
collections of historical documents 
at the various 
""u*irrJ 
One archival investigations for this project'
public works Department (Halligan Hall) contains maps, 
plans'
The Map vault in the d;*b6tnt *q ystlry oittt" Naval Academy' Many of
sketches and drawings related to the 
the maps digitized f6r this project were obtained 
at this repository.
TheMarylandRoomhousesanextensivec in
maps, n.*,pup",s and ptr
ooltloegcrtaiopnt,sin rceluladteindg tboo aoklls a/mspoenctos goraf plihfes ,
government documents, 
Maryland
Maryland Historical Society
- these general topic files were reviewed 
to obtain information on subjects
subject Files packing'
such as ferries, steaniboats, wharuts 
and oyster 
Manuscriptsandgeneralhistoriesalsowerereviewedatthisrepository.
Malland State Archives Hall of Records
RecordscontainedatthestateArchivesdatefrom1635tothepresent.
censusRecords-Includesresidents'lastname'firstname'age'sex'race'birthplace'
and countY.
ChanceryPapers/EquityCourtProceedings-Chancery@qurty)procpeeetidtiionngs iincvlouldvieng
cases of mortgage forect-osures, trust estatei 
settlements oi .itut r, 
dissolutions of
real and personal property, .o*u"i-Erpot r, 
alimony, 
ratif-divorce, in or".""i"r, turrJ rute ication, and property 
title disputes'
businesses, injunctiois, 
papers - proceedings for commissioners appointed by 
the court to
Land commission or condemn land'
sell or divide land, deiermine land bouridaries, 
lay out roads, 
l2l
- Archives collection of maps concentrates on the cartography 
of
Maps The State 
It numerous topographical and geological maps' 
Many of the maps
Maryland. includes 
trui!*.0 were digitized and used with the AutoCAD program'
Patents - Certificates of survey and grants of land'
Plats-Platsandplansshowrnglandtracts,subdivisions'llaontsd' ruosaeds.s'andstreets'These
ui, .rp".iufty neiptrl when researching land titles and 
Probate Records/Wills
- incruding the Tax Assessment of 17g3 and the Federal 
Direct Tax'
Tax Assessment Records 
t798.
(such as newspapers) were also consulted' General histories 
of
other special collections 
the Naval Academy *"r" ,Jui"wed for information pertaining 
to the project area'
Annaporis and 
materials
The Archives Room at the Naval Academy's 
Nimitz Library houses various 
to history of the u.s. NJ^nrua.tny incruding 
informatign regarding personnel'
rerated the special.ev"ents' etc' The Archives Room also
officials, building rJrrrt*.tions, land "tqilwfih;itc;t r supplied the plates for this report'
holds an extensiv. pit"i"gt.phic collection 
Board of Visitors Reports 1851-present
United States Naval Institute Proceedings
PublicWorksCollectionBuildingsandGroundsPhotoGroup
r22
HISTORIC MAP REFERENCES
plan of the Harbour and city of Annapolis, Major Pierre captaine' 
Library of
t78l
Congress.
t783 plat of Annapolis (the stoddert PIan), John 
callahan' Library of congress'
1845 Navalschool,AnnapolisMD'USNAPublicWorksMapVault'
1846 Coastalsurvey-TheHarborofAnnapotls,GeorgeM.BacheandF.H.Gerdes.
Library of Congress.
1850 PlanoftheUnitedStatesNavalAcademyin\S50,USNAPublicWorksMap
Vault.
1860 MapofAnneArundelCounty,simonJ.Martenet.LibraryofCongress.
usNA
L862 plan of the Buildings of the uni!9(ftytes 
Naval School, c'K' stellwagen' 
Public Works MaP Vault - Roll #247 '
Lots Between Hanover street, Tabernacle street, 
wagner street and the severn
t873 Vault - Roll #l0L'
River,John Duvali. USNA Public Works Map 
plan Portion of the us Naval Academy Grounds - including recentlyr873-74 of NE 
purchased and intei,rvrnfrg properties. uSNn itouti. Works 
Map Vault - Roll
#lDt
Archive'
1878 Hopkins Atlas of Anne Arund'el County' 
Maryland State 
Public Works Map
L882 Map of the (lnited States Naval Acad'emy' 
Ramsey' USNA 
Vault - Drawer B.
1885 SanbornFirelnsuranceMap,LibraryofCongress.
1889 PtanofLockwoodville,E.K.Moore.USNAPublicWorksMapVault-Roll
#r01.
1891 SanbornFirelnsuranceMap.LibraryofCongress.
1893 usNAGovernmentGroundsatAnnaporis,MD,-captainR.L.Phythian,Navy
Sop.rirrt rrd.tt. USNA Public Works Map Vault'
t23
1893 SubdivisionofPropertyBetongingtoDanielMed.ford.MarylandHallof
Records - CR46,947
J.w. Donn. usNA
1895 u.s. coast and Geodetic survey, usNATopographic 
survey, 
Public Works MaP Vault'
Hall of
1896 Map of 
Maryland 
C.W. Martin's Property on the City Dock' 
Records - CR40,717.
t897 SanbornFirelnsuranceMap,LibraryofCongress.
t902 USNAPIanofLotsPurchased'wtheGovernment,frUomSNPAo rtPWubolricd eWnoLrinkse tMoaap
Point 255 Feet Above Govenor Street, Annapolis, 
Vault - Roll #247.
1903 SanbomFirelnsuranceMap,LibraryofCongress.
194t BuitdingsandGroundsoftheunitedstatesNavalAcademyPublic Works M,Aanpn Vapauollti s-M RDoll
Demolition of the nittoni Street Area. USNA 
#213.
tg62 Properry Acquisitions Map' USNA Public Works Map Vault'
124
REFERENCES
Aiello, Elizabeth A.
tggs"ArchaeologicalsurveyoftheunitedStates"N avalAcademyShoreA;p"1il;"rvrarytano - stuto, Report. Department of Anthrop
linoleo/gByu, lkUhneivaedrssity
of Maryland, College Park'
Aiello, Elizabeth A. and John L. Seidel
1995
ArchaeologY in AnnaPolis, Department of AnthroPolo 
gY, University of Maryland,
College Park'
Alden, Carroll Storrs
lgt3 ,,The santee: An Appreciation." USNIP (Naval Institute Proceedings), June'
ott;tb-* Dicro*th 
of the New American Navy (1888-1898)." Naval Engineering and
Seapower. rtre Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of 
America,
American 
Inc. Baltimore, Maryland'
Anonymous
t976 of Civil Engineers'
Maryland Section 's Submission for the American Society 
Outstanding Civil Engineering Award of 1976'
Baker, NancY
1983 in Annapolis, Maryland: l67O-L776. Annapolis 
and Anne
Land DeveloPment 
Walsh (editor). N.E.H. Grant Number RS 20199-81-
Annapolis, Inc
Mar.vland Historical Magazine 8l:l9l-209
1986 ',Annapolis, Maryland 1695-1730. " 
Baldridge, Captain H.A. . r 
lg2g ,,wastrington's visits to colonial A^n na-,-p -o1li:s-.,"  N
rrcI\PrrD,  EFoelbrnrurqary'
BoardofVisitorsRepprts185l-1935.NimitzArchives,USNA.
and Kevin Etherton
Bodor, Thomas, Gilda Anroman, Jean Russo, Hannah 
JoPling 
1993
Marvland. ArchaeologY in Annapolis, University of Maryland 
College Park,
United States Naval AcademY'
t25
Bradford, James C.
1 Annapolis
1977
Braun, E. L York
t967 Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Hafner. New 
Breen, T. H. University
1980 Puritans and Adventures: Change and Persistence in 
Early America' 
of KentuckY Press. Irxington'
Brown, Lois
of paleo-Indian Projectile Points in Maryland. 
u Manuscript on
t979 ',The Distribution 
file, Maryland Geological Survey, Division of Archaeology, Baltimore'
Brugger, Robert J.
1988 Mar.vland: A Middle Temperment. 1634-1980. The Johns Hopkins university
Press. Baltimore, Maryland'
Brush, Grace S., Celia Irnke and Joanne Smith
t977
Mar.vland Prepared for the DePartment of GeograPhY and Environmental
Engineering The Johns HoPkins UniversitY Baltimore, MarYland
Coe, Joffre Lanning.
Lg64 ,,The of theFormative cultures of the carolina Piedmont' " Transactions 
American Philosophical Society' 54(5)'
Cox, Jane, John L' Seidel, CareY O'Reilly and Gild Anroman
t994
Cultural Resource Management' Archaeology in AnnaPolis, University of
Maryland College Park, U.S. Naval Academy.
Custer, Jay F.
t978 ,,Broadspears and Netsinkers: Late Archaic Adaptations Indicated 
by
Depositional Sequences from Four Middle Atlantic Archaeological 
Sites of the
Ridge and valley Province. " Paper presented at the 1978 Middle Atlantic
Arcf,aeological Conference, Rehobeth Beach, Del'
University of
1984
Delaware Press. Newark, Delaware
126
Duvall, RubY
t933 "FortSevern:TheBatteryatWindmillPoint'"USNIP'June'
,,The Naval Academy Cemetery on Strawberry Hill'" UN[P, August'1945
Fee, John J.
,,The of American Naval Power (1899-1913).". Naval Engineering and1989 Rise 
ih" Nautical & Aviation Publishing company of America,American Seapower. 
Inc. Baltimore, Maryland'
Fields, Barbara J.
1985
Century. Yale UniversitY Press' New Haven, Connecticut
Funk, Robert E. in the
LgT2 "Early Man in the Northeast and the Late-Glacial Environment' " Man 
Northeast, 4:7-39.
vol. 1-5 Handbook of 'North
t978 ,'post Pleistocene Adaptations." Northeast 
American Indians. i].e. irigger (editor). smithsonian Institution. washington'
D.c..
Gardner, William M.
1974,'TheFlintRunPaleo-IndianComplex:APreliminaryReportlgTI.T3Seasons.''
Publication No. 1. Archaeology Laboratory' Department ofoccasional 
er@niversity of America. washington, D'c'
Eastern North
t977 "Flint Run Paleo-Indian ComPlex and its ImPlications
for 
American Prehistory."
America. W.S. Newman and B. Salven (editors)' New York 
AcademY of
North 
Sciences. New York.
L979 "Paleo-IndiansettlementPatternsandSiteDistributionsintheM
version)." Paper presented at the January 1979 M
iededtliengA tolafn tthice
(preliminary 
X"ittt"p"f"lical Society of Washington' Washington' D'C'
r27
Gardner, William M. (cont'd)
1980 ,'settlement-subsistence Strategies in th9 Middle and south Atlantic Portions of
the Eastern United States Ouiing the Late Pleistocene and Early 
Holocene' "
pupo pr.rented at the igso A;.rican Anthropological Association Meetings,
Washington, D'C'
Goodwin and Associates
1993
Draft report prePared bY R. ChristoPher
Goodwin, Inc. for CitY of AnnaPolis.
Griffin, James B.
LITT,,ACommentaryonEarlyManStudies-intheNortheast
Pul.o.nuiro*n nt, in North.urt *.NotthAtttttitu' w's
.''' ANmewemriannd sanadn Bd't hSeailvren
(.Oito-). tt.*-y*t R"ademy of Sciences' New York'
Guilday, John E.
tg67 county'"The climatic significance of the Hosterman's Pit Local Fauna centre 
Pennsylvania' " American Antiquity ' 32:321-323 '
King, Rear Admiral Randolph W' (Editor)
1989 & AviationPublishingNaval Engineering and American seapowgt' The Nautical 
co.ffir e-oita, Inc" Baltimore' Maryland'
Kinsey, W. Fred III.
t972 Pennsylvania
Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg.
Kirby, Robert M. and Earl D. Matthews U. S. DePartment of
1973
Agriculture Soil Conservation Service. U. S. Government Printing
Office
Washington, D. C.
*l;tl'rt"* t',,r.u*"ntary 
Facies patterns and Geologic History .of a. Holocene 
Marine
rrunJg*,iol"'
Lavery, Brian Conway
t984
Maritime Press Ltd London.
t28
Irone, Mark P. and Paul A. Shackel
1986 "Final-nrpo.t to the National Geographic society: Archaeology of Town
Planning in Annapolis, Maryland N-cs crant Number 3116-85.'' Unpublished
*urrur.iipt on file with Archaeology in Annapolis'
Love, Robert W., Jr.
Stackpole Books. Harrisburg,
1992
PennsYlvania.
Magruder, P.H.
lg2g''AWalkThroughAnnapolisinBygoneDays.''USNIP.June.
lg32 "A Walk Through the Naval Academy in Bygone Days and Today' " USNIP
lg35 "The Colonial Government House of Maryland'" UNIP' October'
Maryland Gazette. L751.
McNamara, J . The MarYland
1981
Trust RePort No 1. Maryland Geological SurveY . Baltimore.Historical 
McWilliams, J. and E. PaPenfuse " NEH Grant H69-178.
1969
Ms. on file, Maryland Hall of Records.
Middleton, Arthur Pierce
lgs3 Toba;c; Coast: A Maritirne History colonial Era' Newport News' Virginia: The
Mariners' Museum.
Murphy, Larry
1-ti}4 "Phase I Remote Sensing Survey
Sanctuary. LanY Murphy (editor). National Park Service. Santa Fe, 
New Mexico'
tgg3 "Recommendations for Fort efferson National Monument: Future Research andJ
Resource Management."
Park Service' Santa
Resources Assessment . Larry E' Murphy (editor). National 
Fe, New Mexico
Murphy , L.E and A.R. Saltus
1990 Considerations of Remote Sensing Limitations to Submerged 
Historical Site
Toni
Survey. "
Carrel (editor). SocietY of Historical ArchaeologY
t29
Norris, Walter B.
tg25 Its Colonial and Naval Story. Thomas Y' Crowell Company' NewAnnapolis 
York.
Papenfuse, Edward C.
tg75 In Pursuit of Profit. Johns Hopkins University Press' Baltimore' Maryland'
Papenfuse, Edward C. and Joseph M' Coale III
Lggz Atlas of Historicai Maps of Maryland. 1608-1908. The Johns Hopkins University
Press. Baltimore, Maryland'
Reps, John w.
t965
States. Princeton UniversitY Press. Princeton, New JerseY
Ridgely , David
1841 Annals of Annapolis. cushing and Brother. Baltimore, 
Maryland'
Riley, Elihu S.
1887
Annapolis Record Printing Office. Annapolis, Maryland'
Ritchie, William A.
Lg57 "Traces of Early Man in the Northeast." New York state Museum and Science
Service Bulletin Number 358' Albany' New York'
Schaun, George
Lg77 ,,Maritime History." Anne Arundel county Mar-yrand a Bicentennial Histor.v
I64g-LgTT.JamesC.Bradford(editor).Annapolis.
Seidel, John L.
Lgg4 of work: "Archaeological Survey of the shoreline, united states NavalPlan 
ecaOemy, Annapolis, Maryiand. " Department of Anthropology' University of
Maryland.
Seidel, John L. and J. Cox
t994
Resource Management. ArchaeologY in Annapolis, UniversitY
of Maryland
College Park, U.S. Naval AcademY'
Seidel, John L., C. Jane Cox, Hannah Jopling, Jean Russo, Lyrur Jones 
and CareY O'ReillY
r994
Histories. ArchaeologY in Annapolis, UniversitY of Maryland
College Park, U.S
Naval AcademY
130
tflTfu' v Eih. ar.rbr. university of Iltinois Press" UrbanaE"orogy of Norrh 
Soley, James Russell Government Printing
r876
Office. Washington, D.c
Steponatis, Laurie c. Maryland' "
1980 uA Survey of Artifact Collections From the Patuxent 
River Drainage' 
1
Historicar
1gg3 ,,An Archaeol0gical study of the 
patuxent Drainage vol. I. " Mar.vland 
Trust Manuscript Series Number 24'
Sweetman, Jack Naval Institute Press'
t979
Annapolis, MarYland.
Todorich , Charles . Naval lnstitute
1984
Press. Annapolis, Maryland
Warnecke and Associates Warnecke and Associates
Lg65 United Siates Naval Academy Master Plan'
John Carl 
Architects'
Warren, Mame Time Exposures Limited' Annapolis'1990 
Maryland'
Warren, Mame, and Marion E. Warren
1981
1845-1915. Naval Institute Press. AnnaPolis,
Maryland.
Whitehead, P.R. of the Dismal swamp'" Ecological Monographs,lgT2 "Developmental History 
42:301-315.
Weissman, P.B.
1986
land Historical Trust, Department of Housing 
and
131
Willey , Gordon R.
1966
Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New JerseY.
Witthoft, John. EarlY Hunting Culture'"
lg52 "A Paleolndian Site in Eastern PennsYlvania: An 96(4):464-a95.
*i;?tt' "t*,,1; sequence in_the Middre chesapeake Region, Maryland'"Archaeologicar or Natural Resources' Maryland
Archaeological Studies \o. L, Department 
Geological SurveY
132
APPENDIX A
Status RePort
,Alchaaological Sr"rrvery of tlre
LTnitecl StJtes Naval AcadernY
Shore linerBr"r lkhes d s
Amrapolis, I\{aryland
STATUS REPT}RT
March 31, 1995
Subrnitted bY
Elirabe"th A.'Aiello
trepartrne'nt r: f AntluoPologl
f-rr',rirsity of Maryland, College' Park
pRrfJE(.lT NAh{E: Ar:c}raealogical Sr.rn'ey of the i-Inited State"s Naval Acadenry
Shorel ine.rBr"rl khea ds
pBqlr-IEr.)T Lr.l(I,.\II{lN: Seger:r River and (:lollege Creek Sharelines of the I-I.S' Naval
Acade"nry
STATE AGENCY ID'ENTIFIER N{l'. : I\{n p4tl81 L-8L2,4-3f:42fiL
lntwdwtfun
Tl.rel I-Iniversity of Maryland, rlollege Fark (IJh{tF,t and the Llmte"d Stales Naqal
Acaclegty are e..ngaged in a cacpe.rative a5peetnent for the pr"rq:ose" of condr.rcting it sl"uatey
of the Naval Acicle.nry's shoreline. 'Ihis sr.uvey will be" based upon historical re*ce.arch and
re"mote senxirg inuestigatiorrs. The projecl locaticn rrill inch.rde tlre area fl'clrr tlre
Acaclenty's Spi Cree.k boi"rndary near City llock, aroturd the cote. of tlre prope.rty, r-q:
r:)ollegei.)re.e.k {to the King Gecrge. Street Bridge,t, and aror.urd tlle slroreline of the
Naval Hospital t'r the old Seue"rn Rive.r Bridge.
The Naval Acaclenry, e-rtalrli*hed at llrindmill Paint in 1845 ot: tlre gror.rnds of
Fort S6+'erq fins fiacl a -rigirificar* e.ffest Llpott tlre slrore.line. over the ye'ars L'arxls along
t6e wate.rfi-ont have be:.enlnecl for a variety of pr.rrposes includilrg defen*iue works,
basirx, clocks, ancl wharfage {tr,9,f ,*mtee'), ar:d lrainirg activitie*. Prior ta 184*{ t}re
shoreline. area$ were. ,r*eJbl civilian-r far sr"rch thing* as fe.rry b'oat landirrgs, slrpbuilding
activitie* arul docks. Pn*t iixlr,r-qtrial u-ce-q include tl:e one tinie cxistene- of lr,rnrber yards,
fisg*rie-q ancl cyster packirg plants. Trace.s of nrarry of these rf;$ourcerq rnay e.nist be.neath
tlre ,'reclainre.cli larrcls of the Acadenry and tlre wErte.r imrnediately fronting its shareline
Srdrnirs#n *f -ffurn ,4fW*rk
Rrork lregan on tlre pr'(}ject ip *stab*r of 1994. (Jne of the fir-rt tasks wa* tlre
preparation of a fran oJ' I+b* for sr.rbtnis-qion to tlre. Nacal Acadenry and EFA CHES.
tni* pt*t"t or.rtlilerl tlre..+tages of work im,olved in the" str.rdy, logistical reqldtenrents, and a
of e..te.lrts. Tlre.plan was submitted, as pe"r the. original proposal, on 3Ct-*clre<iule 
Novembe"r, 1g94. .A n:ee.iirrg was the.n sclredr.rled with repre"se"ntatives of tlre Acaderny
ancl EFA I:;5IE$ to clisclrss tlre ploiect, the plan of work, and the logistrcerl conce'rrl$.
T6is me.eting was heJd rrt tlre I,ISHA Fepartnre.nt of trr-rblic Works on 1! Demmber 1994.
fiel'i:w qf Jsgdtlcd: rlfeefgls'
prese.'t at tlre Decenrber r.gtrr i'clr-rcle.d 
ll'r. L'. seide'l
I*ciiv.icrr.rals {o}'r 
a1cl ll,r. hrlark F. L,eale (Ift'{{:}}, 
'ree"ti'g 
UC*'"nCuti* Price' Mr:'-i--''oniokos Ffujdo' and 
h{r'
L.awrence Earle. +#l;ri;;;ir-* ;r**"s l** ir .ri*"*-qs trre logistics 
in cond*ctirrg the
sluau.ey. se.ue"ral ;r;;;; !ilnre highlightecl as iisr'res which treeded 
to
shorelir"reJbr.rlklrea4 place' April 10
i:e acldresse.d pnqrto trre. commenffime*t sf tlre 
to,take 
-*.u.rey*s*r',eclr-rlecl 
ti're lneaslue$ take'* tc cotrtt.ol or
- 15, 1gqi. These.poi*ts are listecl ;;"b" ;i.ttg with 
elirnirttte ntry colrcerfl$'
Pri*r t* sllr'!'sy *ftrf*:n l-t il ntv';'tx"rrrry tr'"
1}Aclr.ise.thet.}astt.iuarrir:fprojectirrterrliorrstoassistin''trafficcontrol.''
{-rrr14h{arclr1!!5.te*leplrorrecorrvers.rtian-qtoBoakltpirlnaocree.' wbirtalrSeam;Jn|iec.oraarsdtfran"r
the .Arurapoli* *u*i,:.*ra; rJhierJingletgT 
nch of tlre 
n'*i*frnci*t*"ltle. oi ilr* nuy, *t Far'ell' of the h{arine Safe'ty 
Dftrce'
rir-nrcl; n'cl Ofrrm, 
btanch of the. TLS' Caa*t r-}rard'
AccorrlirgtaEruigrrFarreilitwillrrotbeneces.qfilYtgel{o1cefl''HcSafebrtoyaLdfrcnaest. ,a'
in tlre. area cl*ring trre. wee.k of tlre *.,**y. Tlre 
r.laast {ir-rarcl will, }rcrrueve"r, 
t}re work tnking
,,Notice tlrenr of to h{ari'ers,, ils a p'eca'ti;;i;*s.,r'e i',tornti'g 
place. in the wnters *""o'*'lit'tg the Nal'al Acaderriy'
Err*igrrFarrellreqr.reste.clthatc,frlrdtaiiurr pah{ari*e s-r-,;';jir;**.1. R*q*d; ir*
rtt.ic,atr*laar stro'rfet }cmlapteros jea*rutbl erolfocantriuoa* rcalfe t'hdeto
the 
u A*-**,li{i#;il;;."-;tif;"g **1r il*ut',u a clescriptio* 
of tha tnagnetonret+r
-*rurfey; 
(iirclr-rclir.,g t*,gth o; clep:t-hfrf:"f- t "'^fi, *rJ **-. -lil ulrone tlunbers 
ol'the "cotrtact
tl,;r'*l-.- i*6rrnation wa$ -"'"ttt ;; E'-sig* Fartell's 
atte'ti'an on the
pe.rso'{s,t,' fo, of this reporl
?Btg ctay ,ef h{arch 19'b5. A co1ry of t6i* }ette'r 
nppea's i' t}re A'ppendix 
2;:)AdvisetlreJlepartnrentofNatr-rralResoltrcesoftheplannedactivitie's'
of Natr-rral Re-qource"s wa* contactecl or:r 
l-4 March 1995 and
Ther.Feparturent 
info'ne, af the" i'te*t and pr.*po* .i ttr*. srrareri*ets,lklre.acls 
sr-rr'ey. Tlre attending
of t'e
rou** il*nru,.,i*otio* cj,n-o*t Ive**, roggerl a'cl 
tlre debils 
dispatche.r. 
the;J;iJ;ril ltl', ,A"?ollt'tr flt;t of con
'fe,grriis'atetricencl  was sent to t'e
-$Lurey for "p porice rl'rrnunicatiorx
atte'tion of Lie.r,rtenar* Fiitchi*g* -i tr-r. Natlrrar Resou'ce* 
tl,ffic* i* r+r'rrpcii-, ilf"wf-n6 i* t6e lflth of March iAppelduc]'
3}Cor.rtactLiettte.rrarrtr.]}uisCarrrpbeJl.att}:ecIlr-aI.nS'Natl* urrrl i,., trre 'er o
vfa tllArea rsdr-e+'lelr.rynr eRgivrerr'rd' ilrg
r? tr"aim'g *;;;**"J*ng rr.,rtr-,*"a 
atletqpts, mntacl was finally e*qtalrlished withLi*i-rtenantAtler nlune.rolLc of Midshipmen
tlrrypbelr ii";;;rcir ,nqs' ,t*.,"ri,u to it,u L.ilr-rtenant, 
r-p rraining 
"" 
ancl {Jffice.lx ip t.}rarge will L''e takin$ place dr.rrirg the week ol tlre *urey. Training
begin-s at T:*5-iam ancl continr.res in shifts r.u*il n1:1:rnximately 3:3Q:n:. Eight boats are
g-*gally ilvolve.cl and are sonretinres docked hruo abreir$t along the Dewey or Fartagltt
***ull. Tlre are;r* of tlre Se+ern Rir,er r-r-oe.d for 1? trainirq are linited to the watet* otT
the F*rragut se'awall sor-itheast i:f tlie Robert t'lror'rn Sailing t'knte"r' nortlreast cf Trident
Igagarile. ancl the wate.rs off the [,ewey sealrall narth of the Rol''ert (]rcrrun Sailing
llenter near the Hench'ix h{arine Lalraratory. Sclredr,rles for the trainirrg se*tsions are
macle one week in advat:ce.
At tlre tinre of tlre. tele4llrone comreltation with L.ier.rte.ilfll1t (:ktrqlbe.ll, tlre .qul'Iley
scherl-rle 6ncl g.ot yet been prepared for tlre we.ek of April ltlrtli, Itrryas agreed that the
I,II\{r:} tearn woplcl decicle ppon tlreir schedr.rle. aird relay tlre infomration la Lier.rtenant
r.)ampbeJl b,y the. week of April 3r:d. T}^ris sshedr.rle shor.rld include n b'reakdom of the
ur*o* to L''e slrl*yecl on a claily basis tlrrotglror.rt the wee"k as we.ll as tlre holirs during
wfiieh t]re vesse.l will be caixluctrrq tlre sr"ur,ey. It s]ror.rld be n.oted, lrorrue.ver, tlrat tlrc
sltlrJey scherJr-rle will be sr.rbject to change dr.re. ta r.urfote.seeu circr.ttn-ctance.s sttch ns
praL.,le..m* tvith tlre eqr,ril:me..nt or incle.tnent weathet'. Also, nornrnl pt'omdlue is to r-lqe
nroclerate larrc spa*ing r-rntit anonralie-q are" identified nld then uqe close-r lane. spacirg'
T6e inability to preclict which ilrea,q will re.qr.rir:e closer e.xatrdnatiou make*q it difficr.rlt to
aclhere to a-rigirl sclrech.rle. If nece-csary, re.r,isionq will be st4:plied to l-ieutenant
CanrpbeJl at flre clos* af e.ach clay or by T:45rrr:r tl.re. fallcrning nrarnirg. It was agr+ed
tkrt proc*e.clirg in this fashion wor"rld he\t to eliminste arry conflicts in schedr-rles and
avo i d 11111g-sf,u*sfl ry complications.
-&essr{ru.I?-&d1b11
As outliled i1 tlre Plan of l+'bd{ November 1994,1 this rrclueological suley i*{*1fi 
beirig r-rndertaken iu fotr stages.
'* Stage {Jrre - }ristr:rical re*qearc}r./csrrtographic analysi-*
* Stage' Two - t'etnate sen-titg $ua'ey
+ Stage Tlue.e - fie.ld che'cHscuba
* Stage Four - final re.pr:rt {nranage.ment recourrne.ndationsrl
The Archfleological Sr.uvey cf tl're T-I.S. Naval Acade-nry Shoreline.rBr.rlklreads
project will not inch,rcli. excavatiorr, It will irr-cte"ad irrl'olue a aotnprehensive e"valuatiou
tu*lng magne.tarnetry and L-atlryrne"try. The proje.ct al*o calls for intensiTe rrrchivnl
;neitigaton-q of geireral historie.-q of tlre Acadenry, NalY repotts, and_ott-lcial
h{op analy*is i.q a cn"rcial factor in the evalttction of the shoreline areas
"orr*u1ioncleflce". 
r.lare.ful revierru of hisiorical mnps and Ar.rtc{.iqfi gene.t'ated o$erlays is fl ne.ces$aly ste'p in
cletermipigg clanges to arrd u$age of the wale.rfrant tlt'or*rghror.rt tlre ye.ars. This historicai
resear4r *tig* of the project has L''e.e"n conrpleted. An oveli*'w of the stepn krke.n tc
nree"t thi-* goal are. desn'ib*d belcnr.
natorgat nttd. eMgWhE drgfui$ b kt'tg @Wg{}ne}
Stage {Jrre" of tlre project was iniliated in tJctober of 1!l!14 wit}r t}re. gathe.ring and
rligitirirg of rele.vant rnaps and the start of slrchil'al re*qe"erch. Ilocr.rrne.ntary
i#e.stiga'tiol.r$ costrntrated an the lroldings of the Nimitc L.iL''rary Alchites at the I-I.S.
Naval l{.caclenry arrd tl-re h{aryland Stater Archiues, althcugl'r the" library at t}:e h{arylafid
Hi*torical Society was al*qn luqe.d as a re'source.
Three $ase n:a1ls. which are be.ing r.rse.d for conh'ol irr tlre str.rdy, have beeu
digitize4: exixting concliticnq of tlre Naval Acadetry; IIS{iS '13 qr-ndrangle for t}ie area;
3frql N*rLq r;hart 1?Ig3. A vast ruunber of nraps L''eir? lused for this proje'ct lTi* bee.n
cligitire.d for pre:vior-n prajects conclr.rctirg by L&{[, for t]re Naval Academy {f for t}m
firit feg3ry ieport u"A ej" for the s*cat't l L.egary re1:ort]. Hyrue.ver, it was nece.ssaty and
very irn-pcrit*rtt to caretuily re-e.xarnine the.se rnnps to grin informstian perrtine-nt to the
goals of this partictilar prajercl.
The tallowirg historical rnaterial*, digiiize.d druirrg the fir*t Legary report, lfte're
c*re..fglly st64|ed cruI-r flre past .re..veral rnonths to gain in-tighl on the change.s to the
shoreline. of thc* Acade.nrY.
PIar. of *e ft;rtrxl Jkftssl - JS{5
.D,*}varg *f the rV-dr.raj ,ft/iool sJ'J${T u'lrtr ["'tt!"4 $J'J935
1885 ,funt-:sm Fte -Srruronrce rHaP
'{f'tll i}fap ol i'ift!:'t Groffir]'e - r"er{a';'' Retsed Pkm of the N*"al Acwdetny
,$l*nrrug-Olcf rsrd -&r'rzlr,.',i{trun51rnttrrf *md -Er*m.tlfn fu Gwtfr,ds.
rJopied fi:om the.IJ.s. coast and tf'ea. sun*y lithograp! of
l8gfi and frorn the Archite.ct's Laynr"rt. 19frl rel.t'ised] 19(J3,
19u5 nnd 192n.
1fi9.? ,Ssrll-*:m f ite -*lsl*rlrnce ,1{rp
Pn W,* r4c'4n iul.rrns rtfrry
T'he lraps listed below were. digitiue.d dr"rring tlre. secorxl Legacy report. A^q was .
th*. ca*e with tke mater-iEris listecl above, the.se clacunrents Rere re-txatrrined ar"rd prol'nd
to be irwal,n6le resorucf;s far tlre Stage t"Jne historical re*qearch for tlre br.rlklread project
1718 Stsdi*rt PIat of "dnnr4:c{rs
1781 Capnate tlfap
184ti Coustal liw",'sy
PIan of'rlre t.,l't Na.val Acatt*ny - "I8J{7
Plan of t}re Gr,srmcfs rrrrd S*rldatEs cf the tftaHr{ Sta.tes t\a'ral k:hootr at
"4nnrP'cfts -185'I
Lstc hstla?en fIans,rcr ,9t, Tabtm*clr. St, I*'i6ner ,9L, crtrf. the .k.tsrn Riter
187i
,Ffu* aJ'f/ls l1..g. Partiirn of the {r.,S, lIa','al Acadxny Grsrs?rJ"e mc:IarJatg
rx: ently nt m"enats prcperlr J.9'/3-'I4
Srrm ':f 1J;e US, ,\llwrt/ -"{c;la/erny -Rulrn.re11 ,,SlEw*rnrndsnf --IrtfiJ
-FY*r r:f Lwlm'v*dvdJ4 -'{nnrtp*Jil\ ,tfl} r\":v. Jr$rt?
-ffrln r:f f$tl lfur$*i Sfctfr:r'-,\tcnxJ ,{sssderny crntl fi':rsrnrnetf f"}r:lrild't rcf
,{nnurpu/r\, ,1{I} - -IffJ5/fti
ttSf.:C,S,${uqq nrd$ f$u -Ffuryg,{tdflt*:ns urrd #lr: ,tlnr**nd*rg f}$ SJ,:*As ,:.f
,4nncqp*/i irwlu'led - c#uul' JffE
US, {i:clsfud snl G*r'detis Sl*n'ey *f ,{nnryrrlL{, ,UCI JrYlS/fl[
{.{-S, .,VulrwJ,4*,rr/enry ,fTuln *f L.:ff -Ptsu*rer',:d &y f*e {i,f,tsnrmrenf .11*rn P,:rf
IFsnlefi I.*l* fr ur p,:it f 355 Jirst sfun: (J,:vt:rn,:r -f'tr:ef - 19/.13
Burlfp1gs *ntJ ffr,:srnd'r {'I,S,\'4 -'{nnrp,rll', ,tfl} F:p:gnrp&d: ,lfiip '\t*'cr/
Acadsmy Ga.#'m - Mnt JJ' J93,7
-BudrJrlqs and. Grounrfs {.ItlV4 "4nlr*pcdq r-1{l} Iqpogtap&fi t}fap oJ'Coff
Linl,, Njr'ra'J ' cacilerr;r Garcle4 tffid' LtluT efic:e "Fis&f - J''J3S
.fiai.Te*h"q.s afirC Grsl*q?d* [IsiU{ Anna.p,ol$ iul} -&rr,sh/#n ih fjs{k*r'rd 'fFeet
Are{t - frec:. X, 1941
J8.9-T ,knhom Fire Insrpanc:e rHrrp (ne'w overiay,l
1.8*1 funl-\crn frre lnswttnce Mc4'
18F7 ,fu'nhsm Fire Insrr.a.nce Map {2 nerru overlays,t
19i.J3 funfxrfl .Frre ftsm'mce jl'fqq
I\,{ore t}ran a dose..n ffrru mirp- }ral,e l,''ee..n gat}rered sinc*. tlie" initiation of the
historical re*search for this project last Octobe.r. {Jf tlrese, $rrren have been digitired
i.nirig Ar.rfo{lA|,. A* with pr*io.t* praje.cls, t}u'or-rg}rortt t}re drgitieilg proffi-q$ eac}r map
*ou*u**oe.cl for integrity anrt re.liabiliry. All of the*qe nrap.q have be.e-n scrlrtinired arrd
l6ve assistecl in icle"rrtiffing changes tr: tlre **hore.line-q (inch.rdirrg "ntade or fast-iaruls"
cre.aterl by filling-in oour*o witli soil,r. There docr.unenbs nlso have provided information
slrc6 as tlre panie*q af property curune.ris and br-Lcinesse.-q losate.d alorg tlre wErterfronl
The foll6wir:g list refle.cts tlre nral:s tnost resetrtly digitiued and studied.
l-ulnd ,Re*fiumrrf*n, F*rnrglrf e Ilewey - ,5:rifee Fill {First -slunrntmfr} fted5fug
Pkm - Jan. ,l:-, lt]5;1 Revised most t'ece'trtly Mar. 1:1, 1958'
i*mtCffJ Sr.IrfrtJ;artr;rrl r,& ,$11e Impntvxyte,nfi ,F,r*'rri'rg F:p:gnqqfiy r&
It1dwgr,ryfiY -,*zPf' 3J, Jq75
Lrvnd.-Rtrcl$rildr$i:ti Fg*rglrt&. Ilewey' -,SnilFe F{l Fst -#rrnemrznf"l ,5'ife JT.is!
Jan. .If58. Revised "A.r-rg' 14' 19S
i*gnr{#I Sf*sdi:rtf#n r& S#tz hnprx,vente'llh'Frud Gn*d*rg - Sryf- 35. J9flT
stake troc:*.tbn rt .cFecfSe fiorrst+, Area. -"4rg. Itl, {year nct givent' Re'uised
Nov. 1958
ftfi44 C.hart 12278 Anna'1nlis Haitsr - lgW
Figr.ue* 1. 2 ancl 3 hal'e bee.n inch-Kled iu this statuq report a-q fit1 
e'xample of a
cligitize.d histaric *-p--"a the. infornraiian wtrich can be gleane.cl frotn sr'wh cnrtographic
recorcls. Tlre 18gi- *u'bor.: Fire hxr.trauce Map {Figu'e 1} shcrrus 
tlre se'ctio. of t5e
Naval Acacle"nry p*G;t frotn the. *ry no*t r-p to F{anouer Streel' Frorn t}ris
map rlre location-q oi ot i*.uut t3 wrranle* are ic
!irtde:'t1if"iteyi . Fu-qi'esses lxese"nt along the
slroreline inclr.*red n*ty;*L.r.unber R,rrarf, tr.rBois &. 
pete.rson 
!h,, &. co. I\tlanufactr-tre'rsyarcl' The 1!]tl3
of lfol*clers &. Drerlge.s,''r, steanl bcat w6ar[ arxl a coal ntrd wood t3eorye'
sa'born h{ap frigure 2,1 prov-icles even more cletsil 
on the whan'e-c betruee'n Kirq 
(:}. 
stre.e.t a'cl Fri'ce. &;r.;J sfi.eet. h{eyers Lr-*nbe.r co..{l.Fl R,-qqe"ll &. 
t}vste'r
p;rckilg, llrlEiois *. ,}.',:y-te.r Facking, ancl Jollr-qnn Cyster f.utHtq ate all indicat's.d 
on
the nrap. goat buital,rg n'ul*o astive iiong tlre raalerfront and, 
iu close pnxinrity' are. 3
L.oarcling hous*, a ste'air larurdry, and a livery stable'
The 1pfi2 Froperty Acqr"risition* I\rlap (ccnrpile.d frorn variolL\ 
sotuffi$) {Figure 3'}
is a goarl **orrrpr* of rr"* trr*L drgitire"cr rnap.t can provide i'iornration 
on the changes
obnriously has undergone
to the wrrte"rfl-ront ihr..g6 tirne. fhe -*horeline of the Acaclerny 
samiden{hl* *h*r-,g;;iil" ii- .-tablishrnerrt in 1845 As can hee'n **'en 
frorn Fignre' -1'
both the" siate and private'
this ha* be.en ch,* ta the p**.rr*.**rt of blo"k* of rand from the
ran. r:wner*, and G o*.ution of "made or fast-ranil" hy recrairnirrg gr:o*nd from 
Setern River.
h{arry fflaps fr.rrni*lrecl nal]les! clafa.s, ancl locations which 
wefe tlren futt}rer
or'ta tr't*. h{arylarrd state Archives t'}e"fleral historie's're-qearclre.d at ilie Nin{tE Are}.rive.s 
Naval Acaclenry Prace.e'4iqgs, nncl Boarcl of Visitr:r Repart* 
far 
TTI'c, ,flxalt*red 'ele'r'a't
infirrnratiorr, De.ecls, plars,*chan4e.ry ft:1rrt Froce'eclirig*, otld 
br'nine"ut t'ecord* were
rer.r,ieiruecl r.ning *i.* irr"irr.a by thi e*.altrate.cl rr'rps f--?e abova)- Pholognrph collectiorxfor
were alsr: pe*lse<l. Thirty-tl,e.e photagraphs rek:t'attf to tl'* projec'L 
w*r* reprnd'rrc*'c1 
sir.rcly ancl lossible inch-nion in the final re'port'
,All ol tle histsrical doclunents gathe.recl for thi* pr:o'iect we're' coilrbined 
with tlre
inforrnation obtairiJ t y *t*t3*irig tlre ?rrrtograp6ic. *oluce'q in 
order to identiff
pote'tially u,g*f;;irt ur*u* Tllf i,ta,,,a*u ,ii*o* with tesotuces whiclt were ala4g 
the
lie
earriest *lrcrelire ancl are cr.*re"ntly teneath rn'dfril as werl as 
tluse which rnay 'ur 
offshr:re in tlre Severn River'
l,hrdetwa&n Reffists knsing {SnSe TuT i
Th*re.'rote sensing for r.urde.rwater re.sources will be condlrct*d lry flrc]raeologists
from the Llniversity of M[ryl*ncl, college Park irr union with specialists-from the
sr.rbnrergerl cr:rt*ril Reso,.rire {-rnit of ih* N*tionar park se.rvile- Dr. Jahn L.' seidel will
rr* f -"ailrg T-IMCF archne.ologist* Elizabeth r{, Aie.llo arld {.1 -Tane" 
t'}ox dr"rririg the
will be
i*r..estigatia'-q. Ar.chaeologisil.arry Murphry, fi'oT the Natio'al Park sen'ice., susan
as*iste.cl by h{ott Rr-Lcsell Jra ,qariine A*qkiiu. Tlle h{aryland state.Archaeclogist, 
-tra g;h Neylelncl of the Naual Flistarical Center, have bee'n irwited toI-.argley {I1{FITI 
ob**ro* fie.lcl aclivities during the" wee-k af the sufire.y.
A Park Serviceconrpre"he.lrqive" sluvfty ancl e.vclllzitinn system (cle.l-elcpedly the tSobal
S(:]I{LI teafir) ir-*irg magne,.tonre.try ancl batlrynretry link;d to a Differe'rrtial 
positionirg systenT wiii b* enrllk:yed. The are;rs sr-uve.yecl will refle"ct tlrose inrre-*tigated
cluri4g $tnge t"J'e - historical rese.archlie present slroreline to rnid-chalxf:l].. 
LrIr{(F,li*s
anangerl for tlre u;se of a 27 fsot $ea Ray boat which-will be e.qr"rippe.d with tlre tracking
equip'r*nt, ,*rrroi* se.n-rirrg clevi.ce-1 ltr.l ; conrl;rtter. The vessel will be rr'ur 
alorlg a set'ie'q
oi tutr**, spaced at applox.irnateJy 1-0 tnetett, col'e'ri1g t6e project a'ea'
\Uldle mn'i.rq alang the-se lanes, the suvey t'e-qse.l will to'ru a rnagneloureter whish
by
wiil recor6 fluctr,ralion* in the eart'r-r''s rnagnetic neta. This includes atrotniilies indr-rced 
ferorn nretals. The protone"cil.riprnent userl will be an Et]. &. G Ge"ornetri* 8f,fi or 8flT 
frt.**i"" filll-fielcl rnagnetorne.ter, The lengih of the tcnru will be -1Ct to 4Ll nreters
behincl the ver*el ot u i"prf.r clf 2 to lcr rnetert. r-rata frorn the rnagnerlorneter will 
be
by nreans of the conrpr-rter ancr pasiti*n'oted via rJ(iF$. Froce-qsirrg of the-recnrclecl 
will yiekl Xy coordinate"$'in a Trirnble Fathfincler file whish will allor* for precise6ata 
mappirg of ansmalies onto a digital rnap of th* project are'a'
fr:llowing tentative sche.dule has b,e"en ckvelopecl for the sllnte'y' 'd'q nated The" . .
it mny be necessary to acljust this plan cluring. the week' As per discru*ions helde.irrlier, 
in the lF ;;ece.rnu*r rgp+ me.eting, srur,ey activity rilill b,e *hifted to 
t*}:e"e.nbr'uy Foint at
the encl of the wee"kn if the"re i* .qlrlTrcient time'
April lt} l\{anclrty Fick up b'oat/se"t r'rp equiprnenilmohiliratir:n
April 1.1-13 Tueslay Sun'ey r:f rnain b'lock+
Wedne.-sday
Thursday
April t4 Friclay proble.rns/po-*sible. shift !o tlreenl'r'try
F:iljt" 
AFril 15 s;rtprclny tiree"nbgry PointJpack e'qr-riprne'ni
'* Main blr:ck exterrrds fi'om n?r# .Acadenry bridge dcrtrvn to ceute.r line. of
harbor, fiam I-ISNA br.rlkherrcl to mrd-channel {a 2 km long by 35il nrete.rx}. (-Jther hro
blockc rr.n: a.,r up rJolle.ge t.lreek ta Kirrg t.ie.orge" Stre.et Bridge; and b,l in the harL''or area
in to Halsey FieJd Hor.ne.
Follorruirrg tlre conrlrletion of the remote sen-rirg $tlla''ey' tlre NPS-S(lTil-f wif
retlun to tlre.ir oma* i1Siinta Fe" to ptuce.ss the. data. A comple*e repott, irich-rding
rnagnetic annlysis and aorrectiorr-q for dilnral ilr.rctr.ratiorrs will Lle sr.tLruritted to Dr. Seide.l
at iire Llnive.rsity of h{rrryland, Cr:liege Park, for inrorpotation into t}"re overall proje.ct
repr:rt.
Trage.l analge"rnenLc and acconurrcdatiorx ate. crtrte.ntly Lreing irrade for tlre
nrenrl.,erx of the mpS-SCRt-t. Provisiorr-q have be.en uade to daek tlre project ve.ssel,
fio..kf fih,3fl, at tlre Pie.r 4 h{arirrs{ at 3{.r1 4t}r Street in '4.rrnapolis trr"relirq of the ve-qse.l
will take place at the Pier 4 Marirra.
E &jd.f-hr:r:* d duglzudes- {sf.sg.: T'hwe )
After re"vietr of renrote. se.n*ing dnta, anomalies targeted lbr fi.u'tlrer im'e-qtigation-q
will be e.xarninerl lry cliue rs o1 SI.JJBA Each atrournly will L.e lccate.d, de.scribe.d,
rrurppecl ancl photographecl. Atl *igni.ficant site-q will be recr:t'ded on site firtrns pr:ol'ided
by ilie Maritinre Archae.ok:ry Frogrrm of tlre.I\{aryland Historical Trr.ust.
-FnaJ &jul[ (Sta.ge &rdd
A exte.rnive report will be generated Llpon conrpletion of resenr:ch and field
astirities {stages 1-3,,r. This report will cove"r both the historical re.search and the filed
$uraiey u*it *fi **** or *r.r*e*d the gr-ridelines fur h{aryland archa*olopgt as de*ignaterl by
tlre lt{aryland Historical Trtlqt.
A drail r:epnrt will be subrnitted on 15 Augr,nt 1!'195 in order that cornments rrury
$n reeive.d ancl incorporai*cl into a lirral report to be sr.rbrrrrtted by 3t1 September 1995.
C.,*wl,usi:,n
The",Arcfiaeclogical Sr-uvey of the IJnited State-q Naval Acade.'nry
Slorelinetsr,rlklre;rcls Prr:ject is proe.e.clirg a* plarured and on schedr-rla Tlre hi*torical
L-,ackgrolmcl rese.arch ancf cartofraphic arralysis hsve. be.en complcted for t]re project. T]re
logi*iics of mxlusting the $rurrey have been addr:e*qsed and tlre fieldwork shor.rld begin a*
an:ticiprted on tlre l0th clf April. The re"rnaining stage-r of the project shor.rld continrte
accordirrg to tlre tentative sclredr.rle belc*t.
Frcject Sslre.dule
ltl April - 15 April Field Sluvey
1?April-5May Analysis of retnote sen-ting data by NPS-SCRI-I
May S{lLIBrt field check of re.rnst* se.n-*itrg
anarnalie.s
June - 1.5 Ar.rgr.r.ct Analysiq pre"paration of draft rel ort
15 Ar.rgr,r*t Submission of draft relrort
15 Augtr-rt - 15 $eptetnber Contnent pertod on draft repart
3t3 Se"pte"rnL-er Sr.rbrnission of firial report
Elizabeth A. AielLo
UniversitY of MarYland
AnthropologY DePartment
1111 Woods Hall
CoIlege Park, MarYland 20742
March 24, 1995
Ensign l'lichael Farrell
Marine SafetY 0ffice, USCG
40 S. Gay Street
Custom House
Baltimore, Maryland 21202- 4022
Ensign Farrel1,
As per our telephone conversation of March 14th, I am forwarding to you
the requeste{ information concerning the of the-archaeological survey 
shoreline of the United States lta"ai Academy to be conducted by the University
of Maryland, coirul"-put[ iuyrip) in coniunction with the National Park
Service, At the time of our conversati;n, it had not yet been determined as
to whether or not a Safety Zone" would be necessary' I understand'"No 
however, through conversationi ifrit you had with Dr' John Seidel' that aII-
that is needed is for the Coast Guard to issue a "Notice to Mariners'"
If your require information other than what I have enclosed, please do
not hesitate to contact me (30r-aor-iaza). Thank you for your cooperation and
valuable assistance in this matter '
Sincerely,
8.orr*W A 0*eI
Elizabeth A' AielIo
Archaeologist, UMCP
Ensign Michael Farrell March ?4, 1995
Attachment
Pro^iect - Archaeologicat Survey of the United States Naval Academy
Stroief ine/Bulkheads
l,r/hen - April 10th through the 15th, 1995
Hours - Beginning at 8:ooam and ccntinuing until possibly as late as 8:00pm'
- project location wilt inctude the area from the Academy's spahthere The 
tft.E nouniuiv-iear citv Dock, around the core of the Academy property' up
Cotlege Creek to the King George Street Bridge, and around the shoreline of
it,e-l;i"ai Hospital to the old severn River Bridge.
Vessel to be Used - uMCp has arranged for the use of a 21 foot (10' beam),
ffiffi-.#* iffirolo;;;";;a sea siy (name-.Rocky Knoll), Drart - 3 reet.
Eouipment - The equipment used will be an BG & G Geometrics 866 or 867 proton
;fi#ffi,, f;ii-rield *agneto*eiet. rhe length of the tow will be 30 to 40
meters behind the vessel at a depth of 2 to 10 meters '
Pro.iect Contact - Dr. John L' Seidel Elizabeth A. Aiello
UniversitY of MarYland UniversitY of MarYland
AnthropologY DePartment Anthropology DePartment
1111 Woods HaIl 1111 Woods Hall
college Park, MD 20742 College Park, llD 2A742
(301) 405-1422 {301) 405-1428
Home: (410) 612-0969
Elizabeth A. Aiello
University of Maryland
Anthropology DePartment
L11L Woods Hall
College Park, MD 20742
March 15, 1995
Lieutenant Hitchings
Natural Resources
PoIice Conmunications
580 Taylor Avenue
Annapolis, MD 21403
Lieutenant Hitchings,
I am sending this letter to confirm my conversation with P.C.O. Ives on
the 14th of t"tarch"concerning the Bulkhead Survey Project. As i stated during
this telephone call, the University will be working with the_National Park
Service from Rprif iOttr through th; 14th surveying the shoreline around the
Naval Academy from CitV Dock, around the core of the Academy, up Dorsey Creek
to the King Georg; iirl.t bridge, then to the old Severn River bridge. P.C.O'
i.1ru, ,..orded the information and assured me that it would be logged and
registered as of then.
If you have any questi-ons concerning other details of the project'
please do not hesitate to contact me at my office (301) 405-1428. Thank you
for your asslstance.
Sincerely,
Er.u +\Co^Jl^
Elizabeth A. Aiel1o
Archaeologist, UMCP
APPENDIX B
Staff Qualifications
CURRICTJLT]M VITAE
John L Seidel
(410) 267-0263
Deparment of AntbroPologY Home telephme: (1Ql) 40rl4n
Universitv of Marvland OfEce t
College Fark, Ma*land 2W A Iabor
ealetoihryo ne: (301) 405-1418
Cunent Position
Assistant Professor,Deparment of Antbropology, University of Marylad' College Park
Research Interests
Historical ArcbaeologY
ffistoric Preservation-& Culunal Resouce Management
Ldili"; Applfidons in Analysls, Interpretation & Collections Management^lrcbaeological 
Marilime ArbhaeologY
Education
BA r976 Drew University, Madiso' New Je'rsey.
MA 1980 Deparment of Antbropology, University of Pennsylvania'
ldA 1981 Deparment of American Civilizatim, University of Pe'msylvania'
PhD 1987 Historical Archaeology, Deparment of American Civilization' Univenity of
Pennsylvania.
Teachine Pcitions
1989 - As sistart Profe s s o r, Deparment of Anthropolo gy, University of lvlarylan4Present
College Park
t994 - 7995 Associate Director, Field School in Pub_lic Archaeology, Archaeology in
AnnapoG, Univer6ity of Maryland College Park
New
1987-1989 Assist/rtt Professor, Deparment of Anthropology, Rutge$ university, 
Bnmswich New Je'rseY.
1985-1987 Instnrctor,Deparment of Classics & Arcbaeology, Douglass College, Rutgers
University.
1985 Spring Lcctu.rer, Deparment of Anthropology, Dtew University.
1984-1985 kctwer,Deparment of Classics & Archaeology, Douglass College, Rutge$
University.
1984-1989 Director,Field School in Archaeology, lte Srmner Session' Rutgers
University.
Courses Taueht
Rutgers University
Innoduction to
m
of North America
Science &
Data
of North Ame,rica
Courses Taueht (cont'd)
* 
University of MarYland denotes cotrse oferedfor graduatc credit
Introduction to ArchaeologY
Ini"ddd* to pboicat iithropology & Arcbaeology
Method & Theorv-in ArchaeologY-Maryland
Cte."peal", An i\rchaeology of 
: 
. Hi#igttffi$:g"e Methods in Hisorical 
Arcbaeolosv
ifi;;ti;"I .a.rchaeology of Anonymous Peoples* 
- AutoCAD for AnthroPologistsiiuidiu"rvlaod,. paic Arcbaeology & Historic heservation* Field -Scnool . in Urban Arcbaeologyiriii*r"a"iiSnrai-ana rUA SA5il in Underwater Arcbaeology* 
* Gra&rate Inte'rnship Preparation
* Gmduate IntemshiPGraduate Internshif AnalYsis
Research & Field Positions
tss4 -present ##9",#trr'a#ffitrtfffiHffi#e;rfiff Hl,"r""FoHlffi#*t"rt
lgg2 -p'resent ,ffi."mffit1il:'Park Archaeology Program, Balthnore. Canoll Park
le8o-presentRf *-f,ffi#tgffl*#-MHilitaigry '#,#fl *rffdthf"^-*-l;?itffi ';f ^Contiiental Artillery, Stores Deparment "*,ff 
tss4 - tsss 
if;f;f-f#i#"jj"'f.tf i#f,*t 'i"Xffffi'ffi#f6$iffiffiffi*,i,y#. S, ifffi,llgtid;rtrcado"'of sub'me,rEld cultural res6ucei and CAD
l',s *ti"gruphiA analysis of shuelines.n##'68il'#fl#6sTH"iglmrrHdh".nffi$:ffi-
HF"ff"f"f#ff""u"tt, National Park service, santa Fe-l
tss4 FffiH"#g#g:fkH#i,:sfl#i#hrsrffi,#Htrli"tsffiHHi^
,ss4 
ffi###ffi-nffii'ffi"ffil*ift3##ry'#:,#Tt'*'
tss3 ',,Wr?E#ffifffi*ffl*':iliJ'ffifl18:ffisf1?o;s#P
Ingacy grant for Phase I cultural resource survey and database desryn-
tsss g*{.-;ffi{Y#'{:#".3[:#ffd'HHffint%ni;fri'B?ntr#o#*o*
In4S Fofty (17+8). e:oosed by Hrnicane An&-ew. tCoPrincipal Imestigator larry
Mrnph:y; Sribiergeif Cult'ral Rbso'rce Unit, National Park Service.l
tsss ?:i{,T##,1fl"f{f#f{*1?l1r1"!"0ffi#8f,#tr'*#-'if;"r":";,Yt?y
Marvland. 6e Maryland l{istorical Tmst, and the Unive'rsiry of Marylan<t [Co-P1
Bnrie Thbmpsonq tvtaryland Historical Trust.l
Research & Field Positions (cont'd)
tssz - Lss3'ffi'Jffiii:fffi,8tr";H#s,ffiHfr"'ff',trt#,#"f; Anne5**o1**' 
1990 Director,Maritime Archaeological & Historical Society Field School in Underwater
Arcbaeology.
lggg - 1990 Principal lrwestigator, cpryputpr_Ard4 Yrppi"g-P Phoographic Analysis, Fort
Noosense, Morristown National Hlstoncal Park' New Jersey'
1e8e fr1?#iffbi"gol"3iffi:,"3Pfr?ffr#ffi:11#-iff#'T';fnnAf-
et"l""olohial ald A$torical Society and the National Park Service.)
1e8e'#xtr'J#:1ilHiffftm*iK:s',?ff"t'i'qil::"'ffei%1k::t3:""'
Depardnent of Agriculnne. (Underwater & tenestnal renarts')
1e8e ffi#%d5,ffirffiffi"$'#s#:::u:rB3ffi,srfficarPa*'
1e8e ffffi,3iJlfiK"fJ;#:fifrgffiLrg#f,5t#r#:ocilifd'*Jffi,
Cranbrry, NJ.
19g7 prhwiWt hwestigator, ArchaegloSical_4ssessment of the Grand Parade, Io"k"yMonistown' New 
$llm#n"n*rrsi*1ffi:"Hm*rb 'ersev'
lgg1 principal lrwestigatar, Geophysical Qgyty of the New Jeney-B-ng1de Encampmeng
hTf#$*"f ,:rr*resn**i*#rcarpark'Monistown.NewJersev-
LggT principal lrwestigator,Archaeolo-gicaJ-Survey of Section 2, Block 2,lnt 9, Town ofii;-frddd;dd;; c"*ry;n&1eh riuntff Research, Trenton, NJ. s'rvey of
portion of Nei' Winisor Canionment, t782-1783'
lggT principat hwestigatar,_Eoff.Homestead hoject, lsdminstel Township, Somerset
County, New Je'rsey. S'mmis Corporauon-
re85 New Jersev. Rutgers3tr#fffl:g:tr"\\ffiH""H:f:ffi.iltrflffwick, 
19g5 Director,WallaceHolseExcavations-,_Wallaq>_House,Somerville,NewJersey.
Wasningion's Headquarters, winter of 1778- L779.
19g1-1982 Rcsearch Assistant, American Historical Archaeology Sectim, Universiry.\19ryu1,^-,
University of Pennsvlvania- Research and collections management material frorl Uhh'
Pennsylvinia, New iersey, and Massachrsetb.
lgTg Arctwzologisf, Drew Institute for Arcbaeological Research, Drew University, Madison'
New Jersiy. Iistiurte projects in New Jersey, Jordan, and Israel
tn'-rs.s supervisory-Arcq.f#9,3'irl,1E:T"lii*"BH$.tfl?*or5J$i.o&ffi'"*:L*
Hffi.-tfitLflbilt"ut New Je,rsev.
ts78 gff#fuffi,"rltHrifflr*#ffi#if;tr*?lr;"'gH*ffi'l"'u
1976 Team Membel Prelininary Urrderwater Harbor Survey, Caesarea Maritima, the Joint
Eryedition to Caesarea Maritima.
Research & Field Positions (cont'd)
1976 Area Supenisar, field insrructor, qi.tj E:gedition to CaesarcaBu1ll,.h""1, 
the Joint 
Maridnfi, Israel Director: Robert J. 
Monosraphs * dcnotes refereed or peer revizwed publication
L979 "Historicd , lll &.
Resornces
fiwnsffi
1980 ffi ffiffi"*rffi"B#uffi mm,l#."m*'h
t nesearcb Madisoq New 
JerseY.
1981-1989
ffi '-y,%'ffi Hfr iffi*"'*ffi Hff :ffi i*#i3;h"i'HbHil#"Sffif"m
New Jersey.
1983 ffi "*ffi"#H#o##$s;'TM;%l##"d-
1989
ffi:#,"$ft ffi #"#j""?#"ffi ffi#*:*'
* 1989 Sffi lffi ffi ffi :*ffic$##I'ffi H.4'"'?*AH:glce*".
33 pp.
* 1989 Senrice,
pp.
* 1990
Office, N Park Service, U.S
83 pp.
* 1990 ffiffi#Rffiffi"ffi yetrRr'Jf #*SST:1,'
Depi of Interim, Boston 103 PP.
* Marvland1993
at
fi pp.
* L994 ffiP##"H[*.#"ffi ;#"*wf ffi"ffi
Co-authored Monoempbs * detntes refereed or peer raizwed publicatian
* 1989 &
[Named as best CRM
of New JerseY Heriage.l
* t99L ffiffiffio*,#o*offi,
XilriUi"ftF""t-Oiii"", U"do*t part Service, U.S.'Depr of lnterior, Bcton 146
pp.
Co-authored Monoerapbs (cont'd)
* rss2-tss4 
* rss4 ffieffiffivohmesl-Iv.withceorge#"*9,ffi.ff6d*_;inuiaff6i r-yu-fo"iuHetr.ity#-o"-r*u'"W.ylao.ds "@_ryH.t31p*d;: fib^*I"'gy , colle ge parli u. S. Naval
Academy, Annapolis.
* 1994 Naval
Anroman in Annapolis,
University of U Naval Academy,
* r994 ffif;ryt##ffi #$ffiffi 'o?,f,"a*n"Hiffi trt'T:
tlafi;h Joolins. Lyin Jones, Carey OT.eilly. Archaeology in Annapolis, Unive$ity ot
Maryland eo[Ele ?uk U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis.
* 1994 clare' canoll Park with George c' Iogan'ffijfier#ffiffiffi*d"#* 
* t995 Mount Claret Kitc.he,$ 1916. Arclagqlogical Research at Canoll Park With George C.
lngan. Caroll Park FomdaE@, ttalumore.
* 1995 ffi_ffi' #Hffi,ffi".ffi,
@
Monosraphs in heparation
ND tuFMS-roYeu' ffif*H##"S*t#"r*H#rHHoXSr?'?
!:HH ##fffi iieo, ue,,ico.ND ml3ff"ff'wo,ffiffiffi
ND ffiffi'ffiffi*,#,fr#o#*'*Y'*ffiH'*P*!b'
Jonrnal Articles & Book Cbapters * derntes refereed or Peer revicwed publication
* 1983 ,,Arcbaeological Research at the 1778-1779 Winter Cantonment of the Continenal
Ard6t, pfugkemin, New Jersey'', @! Historical Arcbaeolosv,YoL 12:7'14.
* 1990 "China Glaze'Wares on Sites ftom tbe Anerican Revolution: Pearlware Befote
Wedgwood?", in Historical Arcbaeolosv Vol. 24, No. 1:82-95.
tryz ,,Fort Nonsense: Fact or Fiction?", in hoceedines of the Wnshington Association of
New Jersey: W. n-47. Monistown' New Jersey.
t993 "The Winrer of L778-1779 at Pluckemin", in Flintlock and Powderhorn Vol. 11, No.
1:4-1 1.
* 1995 'Military Indutry in the New Natim", in Amedcaq I:ndscapes. ed by Mark Irone &
Neil Silbernan Henry Holt & Company, New York
* 1995 "'Class Warfare': lte American Militia System", in American knCscaees. ed- by
Mark Leone & Neil Silberman Henry Holt & Company, New York
Jorrnal Aticles & Book Chapters (mnt'O
In press ,Tlell poinr Discove,ring a Neighborhood Beneath the United State Narral Academy."
Arcbaeolow. With f,ds {dqms'
Articles Submitted for Publication
ND ,,Fort Nonsense Revisite& A New Analysis of a Missing ForL" To No,rtheast Historical
Arc.baeoloey.
ND ,,Understanding Miliary Cmmrmity:.Archaeology, Documents and Cmtemporary
Ethnography." To Eb!@, ArcbaeoloqL.
Newsletter Articles. Book Reviews & Other Publications
1990 ,Res-eea$rchy  at tbe Fort Jeffersq National Montment", in YeH$I'IErySi-rNySor' ystetter 9feg lag -" Arcbaeoloeical & Historical Sociew. VoL 2, 6'
1990 "public Television and the Treasne Hrm1e1', in-!,[$I=IS=NEYS: Newsletter of the
r"ruiti-e Arcbaeoloeical & Historical Sociew. Vol. 2, No. 6'
1990 ,,Francis Drake's Cannos?", in VAH$J,lHs=:.Nejvsletter of the Maritime
Arcbaeoloeical & Historical Sociew. VoL 2, No. 7.
1990 ,"1\e Gallcga: Searching for Coh:mbud-Caravef in^I={AHSNEWS: Newsletter of 6e
MaridnC iichaeoloeicdl & Historical Sociew. Vol. 2, No. 7'
1990 ,,Survey of the Chesapeake Bay's pee-p-Tr-ougb,"_in Newsletter of fte
Maritirire Archaeoloeical & Hibtorical Sociew. Vol. 2-I'{ 4N'oH' INE'EWS: leer tr'r*'"tl:,"ffiffiY1iffffiffiffiuffiffi#;f,*g,
Number 1.
1991 "'lAe Maritime Archaeological & Histmical Socieqn Support- for Maritime Research &
Preseryation", in ASM Ink Newsletter of the Arcbaeolosical Sociew of Marvland"
VoL XVII, No. 4.
1991 "iinforcement of Maritime Cuhral Resource Protectioq laws," gv Lo4AHSNews:N"T*;ffi;t il"'ffiilffi'"-ac@d@-& Hi",*i".t Sociew. IFEr t.
,,Revisions 
1991 to Maryland's hoposed Regulations for Sub'merged Sites," in VABSNgws:
b,i;rl"i; d 09 !&tid-" .elcbaeoloiical & Historical Sociew. Vol. 3, Number 2.
1993 the
hesented Palrers
1983 "lg8t-L982 Arcbaeoloeicat Research at Kno/s Artillery Parh Pluckernin, New
Jersey." Society for Hiitorical Archaeology, Denver. January.
,,Current 
1983 Research at the 17?8-1779 Winter Cantmment of the Continenql 44ltty,
PGkemnL New Jersey." Council of Northeast Historical Archaeology, New Windsot,
NY. October.
1985 'New Approacbes to Overhead Site Photography." Society for Historical Archaeology,
Boston January.
hesented Paners (cmt'd)
1988 "China-Glaze Wares on Historic Sites from the American Revolution:.PearlwareBffi itA;da?" 3-*i.ry f; ttistoricat Arcbaeolory, Reno, Nevada January'
,Making 
1989 tbe Most of DevelopmenF W-orking with Develope,rs at Artillerv Park
ptuckemin, New Jersey.;'ffilil f*'i#t i'gai At"hdiGt& Joint Anfuaeot<igical
Congess, Baltimore. January'
Historical
1990 "Revisiting the Revolution: A View ftom Northern New Jersey'" Society for 
Archaeology, Tucson January.
,,Site 
1990 Srrvey & Unde,rwater Mapping in Undenrate,r Archaeology'" Maritime
eld""JoEi"at &' Historical SocieqL Arlington' March'
1992 I::,':ffi/;#i;[f ff fi Ht;,lT"ff $trtu*f#aTi" j"ffi ffi 
Jamaica. 's{"
rwz ,casf in t#Hsf a wid
Re gional 
fi##eyr N:ehc . ;Hr#;;: :hxfri:;y,#rx"^f#i:tr#
wirri Robin M. Seidel. Society for Historicai'ar"L?ot,igv,
Kingstm Jamaica.
1992 "A Photographic and Computer-Aided Assessment of an Obliterated Revo-lutig-nary*;-Filff&!;,Cou*it f* Nortneat Uistoricat Archaeology, Glenn Falls, New
York October.
,,,lhe 
1993 Steward Shipyard Site.'Wi6 Bnrce Thomnson Wckshop in Arcbaeology, .
;"d;d by tb" ?hd;;llogic"t Society of Vtaryland and the Marvland Historical
insr Februry.
t993 "The 1993 Field Session of the fuc.baeological- Society of Maryland"' Archaeological
So"i"ty of Maryland Spdng Slmpcium. lvtarch-
,Maooins 
1993 the HMS Fowey: Underwater Arcbaeology- at BFcaFe National Park,
Rorida."-tvtaritime ARcbieological & Historical Society. October.
r994 ,'Understandi.g MiliEry Comnrmity by.E-thnographic AnalogJl." Society for HisOrical
Archaeology, Vancouvdr, British Cohmbia. January'
t994 "HMS Fowey (1748): Srnvey & D-ocumentation at Biscalne National Park' Flo.rida''
Fiil;-A;ua(Ii"dd{;;;#cb"eotogy Cooference, Univ'ersity of Maryland College
Park April.
Invited Paners & Ad&esses
t987 "IJnearthins the Revolutio,E An Archaeological Perspective on the War'" Archaeology
Colloquiud, Montclair State College, New Jersey. FalL
,T(no/s 
1990 Artillerv Cantonmen$ A Case SUrdy in hesenration N@ds." Symposium on
\t;dea Archa;btogical Site Preseqi,ation National Park Service, Deparment of- 
lnteric, Monistowi, New Je,rsey. September-
1992 ,Tort Nonsense: Fact or Fiction?" Ad&ess to the Anrual Meeting of the Washington
Association of New Jersey. February'
twz ,Methodoloeical Aporoaches to Revolutionary Y/ar Archaqology: A Case SUrdy from
li;-J"rsetT InviteT lecture, Ilisoric Sites Cbmmission of Vermont' Mqmt
Independeice Sate Historic Site.
rwz "Arcbaeolosical PersOectives of the American Revolution". Invited lecftre at the
fraunces Tivern Muieum, New Yck October.
Invited Papen & Addresses (cont'O
,,An 
1992 Archaeoloeical Consutirm ftr'm the Unive,rsity Perspective". lvlaryland Annual.
heservation C&ference and Ccmme,rcial Revitalization.Training Prggam (Maryland
Histmical Trust and Commrnity Assist4nce Administration). November.
1992 lte Frederick M. Stiner Me,morial Lecnne: 'Archaeology.of a RevolWiq,nar$?r
Atdttety Camp in New Jerse/'. 29th Anrual Meeting of tbe Archamlogical Soclety ot
Maryland-
,,Canhtrins 
LWz the Pasr the Arcbaeological Search for Eadier Peoples." Invited lecture at
G-'Arlhrf t"f. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institutim, Washington, D.C.
1993 "Disital Mauoine & AutoCAD: A Tool for Research and Resource Manage.menl"
r"rri"t""d Aifioof, *eservation Conference and Commercial Revitalization Training
i""d"!q (lrf"tyt-d tt"toricat Trust and Community Assistance Administration).
November.
Cbaired Meetines. Sessims
Conference Clwir 4 Organizer, Cormcil for Nontheast Historical Archaeology, 1989 Annual Meeting,
Monisown" New JerseY.
Eastern
$ht%i#q,t'#*r,JiftHfitHilgffiT*trfJa-,#'#'tr'i:B':gvof 
Claia Sympcium on,tlistorical Arcbagglo-gy on Miliary Sit?s." Society fu Historical Archaeology,
washingionl DC. Prepared for January, 1995.
Ireislative Testimonv
Federal
1991 Tt$ Suhommittce on Natiotwl Parks & Pttblic LanA, House Commiqt"" p,o Interior &ffiffi ;iihli";1fiti"t * ianA ncqui"i"tions, Monisown National Historical Park
Maryland
798.2 )n< House Committee on Corctittttionat &. Adninistrative Lottx 'EiE 1081 - Transfe'r of
f^tHm;a;niip Rre"mpaaio"st i-Hieruld  bv 6e Maryland Historical Trust."
316 io^^{tii:'"HB 391 - Creation of a Sate Debr Canoll Park
Restoration"
412 iiliifi**e Committee: "IIB 1081 - Transfer of Human Renains Held by the
-Mi;ain;lwan;d H istorical Trust."
1993 312 Mians Committze:'lJB 452 - Maryland Historical Tnrsr
A'nrci^ba, eolol'ical Ilistorical hoperty."
316 Iiii"iri,"i;,s Co^nftteei 'I{l 742 - Cretfron of a Sate Debr canoll Park
Restoation"
3lt7 iiiiErrasrt Committce: "SB 484 - Creation of a State Debt Canoll Park
Restoration"
3130 Sinatz-firwnce Committee:'lJB 452 - Maryland Historical Trust".
t994 3l15 S;:*i Cii^itt"i on Jud.iciat Proceedings:-"SB 764 - Budal Site, Cemetery, and
Gravevard Desecratim-"
3124 iint-'Coinittze on A&ninistrative, Executive & Izgislative ^R4ldelaa."COMAR
6:d-8.0i':'il-;adnC'on negutaCo*'for the Transferbf Hrman Remains & Associated
Frmerary Objects."
Editorial Work
: w;ifrli#":"7,ffifuw"*ffiffiE"ftL.n ut Society, 1ee0
to presenl
Review of Articles
* Historical Archaeoloev. Society for Histoical Archaeology
* iffifi iffiott:fficnaeolo'w . Cormcil for Northe -Hisffi ast i cal a.rc'baeolory
Activiw in hofessional Societies
Council f*or Nortbeast 
Historical ArchaeologY
F,recutive Vtce Clwir, t9V2 a L98,4
* Etzcwive Boar41988 to 1994
* Clwir. Membership Committee, L992 tD 1994
* Conference Clair'& Organizei.,1989 Annual Meeting, Mmistown, New Jersey
Sociew'  fo*r  Hisorical Archaeology
* Gwernment Afritin Committce,1990 n t9,4Amir, Miharj sites Roundtabh,lgg0.
Maritime Archaeoloeical & Historical Society
"*  Bobrd of Directars, 1992'L994-
* Presifunt,l99l.
* Vice-Presidcnt,l99O.
* Clair, Mrcation Committee, L992 to 
presenL
r, Mitorial Advisorv Committee,199G1993.
* Ctair. West & Phodc River Rcsearch Consortiwn Commi.free. 
1991 to-pr-esenf
IrcnieJ to annual Maritime Arcbaeology and Field School courses, 19i90-1994.
Archaeo*lo*w  Sociew of Marvland
), Ffiwnce Committee, L993 to presenl
* Ficld Sessdon Committze,t993.
* Co-Directar.1993 Field Sessio-IJchrres to various Society 16[ chnptef meetings.
Activiw in State Aeencies. Foundations. Public Oreanizations
Marv' land*  Historical Trust Ordarvland Deparment of Housing & Commrmity 
Development)
* Advisory Committze oi MaryIard Arclweology, 1991 to 
pr?sent.
* Dive Safen Board IW2 tD Present.Vtatr, iiirni, irclwcology Subcommittee, Advisory Committee on Arcbaeology,
* IWZ to Dresent.Search Aommiftee fo State Underwater Archaeologist, 199T1994.
The Natio*n al Ao'Auadrvirismo ryin  BaftimoreBoard 1991 to 195.
Canoll P*a rk Restoration Foundation, Inc. (Baltimore)Board of Direcnrs, 1990 to 1995.
1Xs plusk*e min Archaeological Project, Inc. (B?dminster, New Jersey)Board of Directors, 1980 to PrcsenL
Anne Aru*n del Cormty Public Schools.
* Lec-unes to elemenarv school classes.ArcUaeolosy s&iUits, d?monstratims for "Grcek Day'', Severna Park Middle School,
* 1994.C.lO & surveying demonstratims, 'Math E)q)o", Severna Park Middle School, 194.
Activiry in Sae Asencies. Foundations. Public Oreanizatim,s (cont'd)
Other assistance to:
Washington Associatio of New Je,rsey (Moristown, New Je,rsey).
Morristown National Historical Park (Mmistown, New Je.rsey).
Townshio of Befuinster (Smerset Cormtv. New Jersev).
Srmberged Cultuml Reso'hce Unit, Natioriil Park Servitie (Santa Fe, New Mexico).
Denve,r Service Cente,r, National Park Service.
Hunte,r Research (Tfenm4 New Jersey).
Historic Conservation & Interpretationq Inc. (Newtm, New Jersey).
Monmouth Battlefield State Park (Monmoutl! New Je,rsey).
Office of New Jersey Heriage (Arc,haeology), Deparment of Environmental Protection
(Trentm).
* Division for Historic Preservation (Arcbaeology), New York Sate Parls & Recreation
(Waterfor4 NY).
* Anne fuundel County Archaeologist, Deparhent of Planning &7nnmg (Parole,
Maryland).
* Sr lvfar/s City Commission (Archaeology), Sr Maqy's City, Maryland.* History (Archaeology) Division, Marylanil-National Capital Park & Planning
Commission @ladensbug, Maryland).
Awards
* At+vrd of Rccognitioz, 1984. New Jersey Histcical Commission, fu research with the Pluckemin
Archaeological Pmject
* Heringe Award, 1984. Raritrn Valley Sons of 6e American Revolution For accomplishmens with the
Phrckemin Arcbaeological Projecr
* Service Award, 1985. New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. For research on the
American Revolution.
* Achia)ement Avnrd for Contribwiotts ta tlu llistory of thc American Rnolution, 1988. Morgaa's Rifle
Conpany and l-amb's Artillery.
* AUy Teaching Felbw,1990199l. University of l{aryland, College Park
* Atwrd of Recognition, 199L. Monistown National Histmical Park, National Park Service.
* Achievement Award, L992. Archaeological Society of New Jersey.
* Nominated for Ows,anding ,Teacher of the Year aurar:d by the College Park Association of Parenb,
University of lvlarylan4 College Park, 1992.
. llence Awar4 1994. college of Behavioral & social sciences, unive,rsity of Maryland,
tffi!;:t k 
* Atstunding Citkenship At+vr41994. For distinguisbed acheivementin both citizenship and sdolarship.
The Nationral Society of the Sons of the Anerican Revolutionr, Jobn Paul Jones Chapt6r, Annapolis.
. 
iiKffiWdflHlt t;{ce to Rcturnins studcnts,l995. university counseling center, university
* lhi lfuppa_Phi Distinguished Factdry Mentor Awar4 1995. Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, University of
I4aryland Systen-
Research Grants
t994 $ 35,000 Principal Investigator of l-egacy Grant, Deparment of Defense, fc
Undenvater Sunrey of tbe United Saes Naval Academy.
$ 50,000 Co-hincipal Investigator of I*gacy Grant, Deparment of Defense, for
Archaeological Survey of Providence (17th C. Puritan settlement m
Greenbury Poin|.
$ 111,874 Principal Invesf,igator, Anne Arundel Cornty Cornt House Arcbaeological
Investigation ftom Anne Anndel County.
$ 35,000 Principal Investigator, Non-Capital Grant ftm the Maryland Ilistuical Trust
to Canoll Park Restoratim Formdatioq Inc.: $ 15,000. Additional $ 20,000
match raised from otber sources.
$ 5,540 Principal Investigator, grant ftom City of Baltimore for arcbaeological survey
at Caroll Park
$ 2,500 Principal Investigator, Non-Capital Grant from the Maryland Hisffiical Trwt -
Analysis of Materials frm the Steward Shipyard-
1993 $ 5,000 Co-hincipal Investigator, HMS Fowey Documenation hoject, National Park
Service.
$ 300,000 Principal Investigatm for Research & Development in Carroll Parh fimded by
bod issue from3ate of Marylend Not avaihbb rmtil frrtly marchid ftom
othe.r souces.
$ 5,000 Principal lnvestigator, Non-Capital Grant from the Maryland Ilistorical Trust -
Analysis of Materials from 6e Steward Shipyard.
1992 $ 35,500 Principal Investigator, Nm-Capial Grant ftom the Nfaryland Historical Tnrst
to Carroll Park Restoration Foturdation, Inc.: $ 17,500. Additional $ 17,500
matched from various other soruces.
$ 5,000 hincinal Investisator. Survev f,a plnnninq Grant ftom Marvland llistorical
frust^to the Mafitine ArcbaAobgical &-Historical Society.
$ 5,000 Principal Investigator, Research Grant from Maritime Arcbaeological &
Historical Society.
1990 $ 5,000 Gen?ral Research Board Grant, University of Maryland.
$ 11,000 Computer Fnhancement Grant, College of Bebavical & Social Sciences,
Unive,rsity of Maryland
$ 5,485 Washington Association of New Je,rsey, researd grant.
1989 $ 600 Society of Colonial Wars, research grant, PAP.
$ 6,811 Washing@n Association of New Je.rsey, research grant.
1989 $ 35,000 Hills Development Company, research grant to Pluckemin Arcbaeological
hoject (PAP).
1988 $ 7,4?3 US Deoarment of Interior. National Park Service.
$ 105,000 Hills Diwelopment Co., reiearch grant, PAP.
$ 1,000 Johnson & Jobnson Companies, research grant, PAP.
$ 18,800 Environmental Dispmal eorp., research grant, PAP.
$ 600 Society of Colonial Wars, research grang PAP.
t987 $ 7,500 Brady Foundatio,n, research grant
$ 4,750 Hills Development Co., research grant
$ 14,500 Sammis Corporation, research grant
$ 600 Society of Colonial Wars, research granl
r986 $ 7,500 Brady Foundation, research grant
$ 1,000 Ethicon- Inc.. tesearch sranl
$ 2,500 Forbes FounrJation, res&rrch grant.
$ 15,000 Hills Development Co., research grant.
Resesrch Crants (cont'd)
1980-1985 Rgsealch gants totalling $ 159,650 from:
Alan Deane Corporation Hills Develooment Co.
Beneficial Com. Kirby Foundfuion
Bmdy Foundatlon Leland Schubet Foundation
Geruldine R. Dodee Foundation Lindberg Forurdation
Ethicon,Inc.
Membership !g Societies
American Antluopolosical Association
Society for Histoiical fuchaeolosv
Sociew for American fuchaeoloii
Council for Nomheastern Histori6al Archaeolosv
Maritirne fuchaoological & Historical Society-"
fuohaeolosical Societv of Marvland
Council foi tvtarvland Archaeolopv
Fellow, Royal Aiiatic Society
$CUBA Certifioatioils
Divernastern Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
$erpt g Diver, PADI, ryAU,I (Natio.nal Associafron of Undennater'Insrructors)
SLAM (Scuba Lifesavine & Accidenr lvlanasement). YMCA
Memb?f: hofessionsl As-sociation of Divins-hstruiiors
Divey's Alert Network (DAN)
Elizabeth A. Aiello
4432 Pat:riot C'arth
Belcamp, IvlD 2LOI7
(4r.0) 612-096e
EDUCATION
John Carroll High School, Bel Air, Maryland
1975 - 1979
Catonsville Community College, Catonsville, Maryland
Falt 198f - Teaching Methods
The Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society, Arlington, Virginia
February 1-991 to May 1991 - Underwater Archaeology
P.A.D.I. Certified: Advanced Diver
Specialty Certifications - Wreck Diver, Deep Diver, Night Diver, Boat Diver
EXPERIENCE
1/1995-Present Project Archagologist, University of Maryland, College
@1 Academy - Archaeological Survey ofthe united states Naval Academy shoreline. Historic
background study, remote sensing survey' underwater
investigations.
9/1994-1/1995 Assistant Site Srlpervisor, Unlversity of Maryland, College Park
ffiions of the Anne Arundel County
Courthouse t-8AP63.
9/L993-4/L994 The Baltimore City Life
Museums' Center for Ur (BCUA), 802 E.
Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 2L202 -(410) 396-3156.
The Carroll Mansion Courtyard Site 188C6.
7/1s93-9/19e3 Laboratory Supervisor, BCUA - The Lakewood Drain Project
Phase II, 188C56.
6/1993-7/1ee3 Chief BCUA Phase II
excavations Ter Building, L609-1611
Thames Street, LBBC99.
4/1_9e3-5/1e93 Field Supervisor, Phase II excavations at Clover Hilt
@rk, Howard County, Maryland. 18HO207
Rockburn 4, 1BHOZ6g Patrick Kyne/DeVan Farm, LBHO209 RP-I,
LL/L992-3/L993 Project l{storian, NPlrl Consultants, Inc. National Pike West, RD
ffitown, PA 15401". Archival lnvestigations of
"Point Patience", 18CV316, Calvert County, Maryland.
LA/L992 Research S-uperviso.T, BCUA - Archival investigations of the
ffiuilding, 1601-1611- Thames Street, Fells
Point, Maryland.
s/L992 Field *supervisor, Phase I- excavations at Clover Hilt
@k, Howard County, MarYland . 18HO201
Rockburn Branch 3, 18HO202 Clover Hill Farm.
4/L992-6/te92 Field Sqpervisor, Edward .Qtte1, Archaeologist, 111" West
@e, Rockville, MD 20850 - (301) 340-287L.
Howaid's Inheritance, Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
L2/L99L-2/L9s2 Researctr Superviso.r, BCUA - Lot 202 Paca Street, archival
@ 202 South Paca Street Baltimore, MD.
11l1991-12/199L nteer tor Edward Otter,
11L West MontgomerY Avenue, Rockville, MD
20850 - (301 ) 340 - 2871'. Phase II Survey of portions of the
Little Neck Site, 188436, located in Baltimore County.
9/L99r-12/LggL BCUA - Responsible for dailY
operations the Center' s working gallery including
conducting tours, working with volunteers and interns,
designing and installlng exhibits, and processing artifacts.
8/1991-9/199l" Re _search S.upervi{pr, BCUA - Archival investigations for the
n'etfeiat Hill Stabilization Project.
5/19e1-8/1e91 Research Supervisor, BCUA - Archival investigations of Lots
6A & 7R located in Baltimore CitY.
r"/1991-5/1991 Resc'arch Supervisor, BCUA - Archival investigations of the
ffihe site had been excavated in the spring
of 1990 as an emergency salvage project.
5/L990-L2/L990 Project llistorian, BCUA - Archival investigations of Port
ffiry fort used during the War of 1812.
2/t990-4/1990 BCUA - Mount
Clare and Restoration Project,
responsibilities included artifact processing_ and artifact data
processing (Minark); word processing (WordPerfect).
t2/ts89-2l1990 Administrative Asslstant, BCUA - Harrison's Pier 5 ProJect,
ffi word processing; archival research;
conrpiling and analyzing artifact data for both the 1987 and
l-988 projects.
L1l1989 Archqeologist, BCUA - Excavations at the Bayview Asylum in
naftlmore-Ti{V (188C?3). Emergency salvage excavation
involving three graves disturbed by modern construction.
4/r"989-1"1/1989 Education , TheNational Society
of the Dames of America in State of Maryland,
Mount Clare Mansion Excavation and Restoration Project
(188C10).
3/1989 Administrative Assistant, BCUA - conducted archival research
for and produced a Phase III project proposal and Budget.
1/1989-2/1989 , BCUA - Post excavation
processlng of artifacts identification, coding,
cataloging and computer entry (Minark); supervision of
volunteers and interns.
L2/1988 Archaeologist, BcuA - Phase Ir excavations of the Baltimore
City_ Life Gallery, 188C6, testing of an area surrounding the
garden wall associated with Carroll Mansion.
Archaeologist, BCUA - Phase II excavations for the Columbus
Plaza Development Project, IBBCOZ. Testing of an urban
block area including a local iron foundry.
e/L988-11/L988 ArchaeoloFist/Public coordinator, BCUA - phase rrl excavations
of the Harrison's Pier 5 Project, 18BC6z-63. rnvestigations of
a late nineteenth century pier/wharf.
5/1988-e/1988 Volunteer Arctraeologist, BCUA and NSCDA - Mount Clare
Mansion, historic and prehistoric excavations.
PUBLICATIONS
Aiello, Elizabeth A. and John L. Seidel
In Press Three Hundred III
In of the Anne 1.8AP63
M . Archaeology Departmaent of
University of Maryland College park
Aiello, Elizabeth A.
1992 'rArchival Investigations of Point Patlence, Calvert County, Maryland."
NPW Consultants, fnc., Uniontown, pennsylvania.
Bailey, Charlene, Elizabeth A. Aiello and Louise E. Akerson
r"991 ical
w and 7A of the I l,Vest r
Urban
Report No. 40.
Civello, Christina J. and Elizabeth A. Aiello
1991 and Investi Bernstein
Baltimore for Urban
No. 39.
Sanphilipo, Mary A., Elizabeth A. Aiello, Stephen P. Austin and Kristen 
1990 StevensAn of ted
the of the Port
The Baltimore for Urban , Research
Series Report No. 33.
C. Jane Cox
Education
Bachelor of Arts, Anthropology, University of Maryland College Park, May 1gg4
Associate of Arts, General Studies, Anne Arundel Community College, l-992.
Expgl:ience
June 1995 to August 1995 - National Park Service - Submerged Cultural
Resource Unit. Biscayne National Park, Florida.
January to June 1995 - Analyzed data and drafted final report for the
archaeological investigations at the Jonas Green House (1-8AP2g)
November L9{13 to January 1995 - Developed a digital database of historical
and predictive archaeological maps of the United States Naval Academy using
AutoCAD. Legacy Resource Management Project/U.5. Naval Academy.
May to November 1994 - Excavator/AutoCAD technician for the Courthouse
Site (L8AP63) Annapolis, Maryland.
January to May lS)4 - Developed and implemented the first annual
Maryland Underwater Archaeology Conference for the Maritime Archaeological and
Historical Society. Developed the program of speakers, organized publicity and
logistics.
September to November LS)3 - Office support staff for the Department of
Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park.
September to Present - Volunteer with the Maryland Historical Trust
Underwater Archaeology Program.
July to August 1993 - Natlonal Park Service Submerged Cultural Resource
Unit/University of Maryland. Biscayne National Park, Florida - 1748 shipwreck,
June to July 19{13 - Field School, Archaeology in Annapolis/University of
Maryland, College Park.
May L993 - Field crew on the Steward Shipyard, West River, Maryland.
December to June 1993 - Volunteer with the Anne Arundel County
Archaeology Office under the direction of Dr. Al Luckenbach.
July L99I- to July 1993 - Assistant Manager at f'It's a Breeze" Annapolis,
Maryland.
January to June 199L - Barn Manager, SayBrook Farm, Red Lion, PA.
May 1988 to Deoenber 1990 - Assistant Manager at "Saddle-Up'r tack shop,
Millersville, MD.
September 1987 to present- Freelance horseback riding instructor.
Membershin and Positions Held
* Society for Historical Archaeology
+ Anthropology student Association. president sept. lgg3 to May lgg4.
* Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society. Coordinator for the first
annual Maryland Underwater Archaeology Conference.
160
Retoining Vo.l.t Pr-ofite, Unit RV III to fost Ving
I I I I
I I I I I II I I I I
I I I I
I 99
9
o o o o o
o o B o
o o
o o o ooo oooooo o o E o o o o o o
oooooBoo
o o o oo ooo oooooo o o o o o o E
gooogooo g o
o o oo o o o
o oo oo D B o o ooD ooEoooooooo
o o E o o o o oo o D B o E o
ooo o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
g o o o o o o ooE oooooo o o o o o
o o o E, o E o o o o o
o o o o o o o oDoog
o o o o o o o Bo o o o o o o oo
o D o B o
Unit RV III Stoins Unit RV IV
pocket of oYster llyr 5/6 vPttorish brown
ffi toyr 4/4- dork y-eno,ish VZ verrovish brorn ffi shell.s ffi nottted ritn loy. 4/3 brotnbrorn Sitty sond I loJj;ro1l.ootu sitty sond
ffi 10yr 4/6 dork Yettouish Nl ffi
Lens of lOYr 4/4 dYb
sitty sond rodent hole
broun ctoy loon I A 
rF -!-l 7.5yc 6/6 reddish Yettof, ;:;:;:; lgvr 3/6 to 10Yr 
4/4 do?k
lsvel sitty ydttorisn brown silty sondsond r--rl
ffi y3or".rish broun lK F-Nl brown:t{ 7.,:.fl':Jish 0 I 2 3Feet
N l}yr 6/8 brornish Yetlow ooot 10y? 5/6 Yettouish brownsondy sitt cloy loon
Locotion oF old door
o
o A
o U
a
Bs
0
o N
o
o
,3 r-I
0 1 2feet
CAD by Cotin Beoven
ot/99
oF old door
trD Oo'
o$n o
0 d
o^sa fl0 oo
6o D o 0
as o Nto D
0 oo< o
o s"o r--I$ 0 1 2feet
CAD by Cotin Beoven
ot/99
ocing North) Retoining Votl. Pnofil'e, Unit RV Iil to Eost Ving
ooooooooooooo
ooooo00000000
DOOOOOOOOOOOO
ooooooooooooo
Unit RV III Stoirs Unit R\,'/ IV
E Y;"t1tt.f* r'ttoai'^ v- lly? 
111 brk y"tlorilh bda o'stc' ffi lo$*:i6,#'iffj y;"+-"
rodry tlt tgisit n:l:'or 3lty sotd
Nl I :iS or roYF d'bEGu g;"'11"filJ'ltori5h '/4 O rod?^t bl.
f'T? Y'r'or m tov? 3/6 to lW. 1f1 &"kh?;,Yi"cc'h yjtta;rfr frcn sitiy sotrd
M b'oFN toy. 5/6 
y.tldish b.@^
:KY'L'rrdirh .lty fh toaC
Y"no' loyr 5/6 t"tlotish brdnNS :?5y6'3."odi'h cloy 106
/of; t
Retoining Vott Pnofile, End of Unit RV il to Beginning of Unit RV IIi (Focing Nor-th) Retoining Votl. Profite, U
uait ? BockFitl
tlrit I Eockftl N
LEg3EEEEE
Unit RV III Stoirs
Gener-aI stnotignophy:
Eith brti m tx*r-t:r:"?k ycr.o'i5h b.d^ loy. a/a dc.k ycllorBh bda K P;"'i1.f":J;u** V- lW 111 dark lEltdiih b.omsand]r l6a tordy stt
nish bryn F -l llJ'ii'.illtlll  loer 316 lo lW" 1f1 .ttky.tl6irh b.or; rilty ed - ffi y;".f.rrkr,.*dish N]
N,\l P;s4','1';* -'- ffil :ffff,i'"d'h Y'rrd m loy. 3/6 to l0r" ara &.kytu@i3h b?d^ rliy taid
bG!-El 
loyr 5/6 y.llo'ith 
!d b.oral*a m vo6 Yertdirh b'dnNl loy. 5/6 y.ltor'Eh ctoy K b.dattty fit $tiC
N t1t.*@nish v.ttdll-l-l-i loy. 5/5 y.ltorbh b.da:tJ-r" cloy ldh
lot3
Retoining Vott Profite, Vest Ving Through fnd of Unit RV 1I (Focing North) Retoining Vol.t Pnofite, I
o
PP.
ooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooo
Unit RV I Stains Unit RV II
GenenoI strotignophyr Genenol stnotigno
m t0r. aA b?k t"trwiih b.om lot'/ 5/a y.ttwirh b.ora ffi l0y? a/6 do?k yetlorieh b.da E t0y" 4/6 &.k ycuorish b.D'a ,-772 lot 4/a da.k v.tldH komtordy stt rordy sitt so^Cy rlt sliy lZ-4 s{tny s1t
m loy" 3/6 lo t0t" 1/a .b"k toy? 6/6 b.orfsh yeltd oyit!. ond b.kk Frooent lens lot? a/1 b"k yrttorish For. F:IFI l0r 3/5 to l0r a/4 &Fktnltdigh b?dr sltt rcrd iilty ioad (pira t.anch) ffi tondy rilt liLi,M yeito;rn b.dd ratr ro d
N !Oye 5/6 y"lldith b.om loyF 5/6 y"ltdi3h b.o'n oyrtr. f?oga"^t t"as l0y? 1/6 &"k y?tlorish b?d^ ({lsl loy" 5/6 y"tto'ith b.dnritty fiE soad silty rod m W cloy l6h N 3lty Fi! road
EfiEI l0y. 5/6 y.ttdirh b.wa 74? 5f6 rtFone b.orn loy. 5/6 ycltorish b.or^ ffiEEl loyr 5/5 yPttdirh b'da
h!!d cloy lsh fh rord I qtoy looh b!@J cloy l6h
o ro&nt Ma rFQCgF G lov? 5/6 siltv $ad rith m xottled loy. a/1 n d loyr af6odnos oF tot; at3 voa^ do.k ycllotish b.@n slty loqF
iltv sand (6ir t.dh)
tion of old door
s
4
N
o
4c
t---r
0 1 2feet
CAII by Cotin Beoven
01/99
tion of old door
o
o
>o
N
t---r
0 I 2feet
CAD by Cotin Beoven
0t/99
oF old door
N
l--r
0 I 2feet
CAD by Cotin Beoven
o1/99
.,, Prehistoric Point
of old door
Nl
t---r
0 I 2feet
CAD by Cotin Beoven
0t/99
it
Locotion oF otd door
-T
T--I
0 1 2feet
CAL by Cotin Beoven
ot/?9
oF otd doo.
U it ?8 Unit 1,9 Unit ?3
-l
T-I
U it 30 U 0 1 ?feet
CAD by Cotin Beoven
ot/99
Unit ?4 Unit ?? Unit 25
rrne  trec &lft I !,tfth Profile c nt
thb?-ttr 4.thltrbA 
f-:l thb t - 9r. .6 s Ftr.d tu
g.Fbx-Hff8hbl
l-l lhb.-w.68'6Fu 6b6ru'd
@A? Zl tdbJ'VqnffituNq@
]i!l-i!f tbba-avn@a @ dtdrb dl'F
thbt-E?4q-l@F
rr -t -rd uffryUlsbot H?.si,r
lo3xta l!.E C.s ht
ltttE@b
Unit 5 North Profite
r,%tg tffieg
% "&Ye;Ir,?f*
ffi{ttcbtb
W 36va-t&," 
v7 bsaU :,36v.-LtcY. f',dlfiFdtcbt@
t- 5 - lo' .4 l-Jl  e3rhdr t e4tabt @ -* 
shb6-1''r.rua'tca'u{d tdffitsml-l n d' &t Ffr
- Sbbt-EtGSDfNStttud S l0r 6a? t WaPt*,.Nrld A hq'd
.drhfr r.I htiE br LtCa! brr !E4rls Itd Fh - df
l$lta Gsr cs h)
l9 EEonb Units3&4EostProfite
r ,995 xffi
t ots E!3 hta E Sl5
C& von
^4
Froh 3 (tHD
UVZ| ShbZ - lW? 3t6 ed F- lffi !6 f- Shrh lO - ?Sr? fr sndv cbt dd
@ ir-iry7e'.rnee> E-5
m sv^b 3 tk 2A u.ck tl b.
ru @ ur-d ?h. bo E (rt &,
tL--tJt shb 
7 - lw .n ro I0r n sdy Sod@ / shu fqdb
 cby Eri tre6o t.oln 6 l1g6x.i 
torr' (vod
l"qiiiliiil lf,'Sl.',o,,:"J#ii"?gi;l'i S.ff lE ?" 
E :FH"";;'S':l lfr,"3dto"ttt l-r S3y"Sl#?
0 5 ladt
l6t5a (sl!{ CoEi }.c,
l9A7 Ercovotba
Unitsl&2VestProfite
x 79*t
,98s
fart r.tt ttlt ? 8Gn5auil5 Udt ? I
cdh Ecbb Dofroy l
m st?.t6t - tw" ?A uock 'rr rs W :X[?9.}l$ffi,ff j:lll1'J;J"3*
E so'd'td / ftrr 
rdtb
lF';ei.;:H 
ffi s?ot6 - 'if 
?Arlilg*"H*'ffi1 
3 lw? 3a? ffv d.k ffi cxrrull+Ill r"F; im--irt ctiy ' s
r.l y.ll?.ili##f:g"Ir-""" r-r fiEi"'?*;i"3"?5"
O .3 lfot
t6r3{ &f Eab hd
1ry5 f...6b
N7995 E8015 Eost Profite
.t-
rdE
a
lqd / @t iltc
N 
shM ff otts fIt
E 
lZ *'* 
s6b. r--rml 0 5 lf@i
EEI e.dr6 &.ft b tx lulE
sd sn .i tt @t99E=| 
I rdi.d br
l6f5a (Sf.v. Cobh 4.6,
t9ilt Erco6tb^
N7980, E8035 & E8030 South ProFite
IDtd - St.ot6 I ffi St"ci6 6W 
Sirot6 e M RoC.^t &t@t - Sbot6 6NS
ffi srctF al % strotF I
t-...-l Sfot6 3 @ ET I-I
ffi Strct6 a (t St4 Otti."9r.r 0 5 
lf@t
P.tcilt! Ycll P.on?, Y.tt gng Th'ot Ch E d of l,.lt Fv ll (Fochg btD
@ffi wffist*3 trit PV !!
5"il.o1 tttotiUdphY
a*:--- Erllir" E!a?-F-
s-'_a- a*g=t? I*--F-r-c:- ave-- IF?-
E!93-- I -3F-
r 
--DtD
ffi Intoc-t Sait
rn Unovollabte on"a
[n "1
0l23Feet ryFsU ttffife9ss
CAD by Cotin Beoven 0ll99 ts
f
:cl
LoHT JO (Jr ll U t rr I Lgrl\Jr w Ll(t
ffi Mor^to.n
m Pto.ster
10yn 4/6 cl.oy subsoit
= 
fite = u4iw.dwg
0 ,5 l foot by cFb
1BAP3B Bnice House Units 4, 5 & 6 Nonth Profite
trlt 4 unit 5 Unit 6
hfrth@ldl*.ltaw
Ntbh''& ' d$at
2A. ltbl*;geac wffib
El !r'$ridibd HE  lfhfEyE.-nd'Efflib b.*o+ue,ld E 
I E*.tcfufr, En  Stvdy@. [r?./.-A@t'El!6@b fum  clEld, H
tsr$rr4hb -Eb I @ r+v, PbtuFd E Ere$ffibtd
I l!rs@te-,tb EI l*Y. ffibF 8A DrU-A!.FqrFE bhd.bt
El rsf arhrh?b Un &4-n'Mb Er$Fhdb- ryb@ fl 
t lbtaffih F l!'.a. 
Nl lr id-Eb O ltb6E -Ari$b *.Ht :t*
El t5r6rtabb
'td
E lqru-Ar@hdtl.. Q'** =I
1BAP3B Bnice House Units 6, 9, I? & 14 fost Pr-ofi[e
Unit 6 Unit 9 Unit l? Unit 14
75t .t. lsid n
Z 
rto* rtqtsFril,dtrtd
l 
6 ZsF9attjqFsE .arr d S d.tr d Ek kh
tort.riErdlo66d
E 
Fl bcr4 d ffi, E 75r'6 tlqbl-. tor.*edFlldhltdctU .lo6dcEH E 04fl 6fr ry btt CE|E Ud W 074.4d !r @ h.r. OA
92 lWVa tdldh I turk.rtt U dt, lf.il l0rr.r. *d Fl|d 
L,F
u sdEultd @ cFb / 5kb {Fl
Dr.n8 rdl*F6cbrd 3 r.*.r ?5r.Y.etu3 "qh 2 E
bF/u*tlot uffr I tha/a 4dlM'5 o 5 ltotI I riosi;Fffi E,or'*6Atrlffibll.d .'.cw lr#abb:td
N lkya dldoh l0rr v. rdm h st 6 ?2
N;,i-'Ed El -A 'rEEf 

l8AP38 Unit 4 South Profite
t*-* o- *.-
<-rotdrto?
m 75 yc 1f6 sondy cloy
ffi toy? ate *ttt ctcy rlioa
Aort?t 
"o'h'
r--I 913 uarp.drgC^D by CF
0 5 !f@t
sondstone cobble
?oundotion
(foced)
sondstone
cobbte foundotion
(unfoced)
: l9yr 5/4 yetlowish bnown m 10yr 5/4 yetlowish brownt- (tonge nortor chunks) fine grovel
m l0yr 5/6 yettowish brown m loyr 5/6 yettowish brownsond subsoil
ffi 10yr 5/4 yettowish brown 10yr 5/4 yettowish brown(sr.rotI nortor ftecks) ffi chunky dirt
7.5yr 4/6 strong brown nortor
Ioon rnix
10yr 6/? light brownish
groy (Feoture 1) ffi sondstone
18AP38 Unit 2 North Profite
$yr 313 nediun cohpoct
sohdy looi Gevet a)
sohd lens -- rhite, g.qy
loyr 1/6 FiE tooiy 
(Feotre so^d3)
ffi loy. 1/4 girE sondy loohGevet 5)
t-r File = u?np.dro
by sfb
0 5 lFoot
18AP3B Unit 2 Eost Profite
!(0Ly.v. .3] /3 co.k br@^ tosl)
loy" 3/3.brk b.or^ sorrdy 16i
0!wl D
lW" 316 &,"k y"lt@ish br&^
soidy lsh tL.Y.l a)
m l'r. af6 6?(kF .oyatrl.l o'ish b.dnlooitr 3ond 3)
l0y" 3rA &"k yettoriih brdn
30 dt looi (F@tFe 4)
ffi l0r" 1/1 b"k yellorish brd^sotrdy lsi (L"ypt 5)
T-r f1.! = u?ep.drg
0 5 lFoot by cfb
l()Hr JO \Jril u t wY> u I r (Jt [Y
0 .5 1 foot
loyr 3/3 dqrk brown loor.r
(Topsoit)
sub- 10yr 4/6 dank yel.lowish br-own
soiI
1,0yr 3/? veny donk groyish bnown
(Feqtur-e 1)
10yr 4/4 dork yel.towish brown
(Feoture 3)
10 yr- 3/6 dork yettowish lorown
(Feotune 4)
file = ulwp.dwg 10yr 3/? very dork groyish brown
by cfb (Feo.tune 1)
18AP38 Vest Ving Trench North Profile
I*"
[iF] loy' .2 &k rltt $d rayih 
bom
f-f iryr.n h ro'dy dt
sPi ity 16 a/a tuk y.llebh bo
lV W. 1t3 *n rrty iond
Fffi vu"
m 1g; i;tHr:sf" *
loy. a/a &L y.ll6ith l@
r-rcby 16A
0 5 lrFl
fi1. r drct^
bt cfb
Vest Ving Tnench Pnofite
Focing Eost
c
D
Iq I 9oot to
I .etq;dn9
rotl
) (open
trPnch)
Io
t
.c
L
ffi tor. 3/z very dork g.oyish bro'n sondy tooh @ffi  tor" 3/l very do.k groy Fottted rith 7.5y. 5/8 strong b.or^Coor5p sond rith b.ick ond oyster shelt ?roeuents
7@7  t\r. 3/l ve"y dork 
grqy aottled rith 75y" 5/8 s't.@9 brorn ffi ror. 4/1 do?k yettorish b.orn sqnd rith coorse sqhd rith b.iqk qnd oyste. shett ft"cking 'hole 
oyster shetts
E_
E tOy. 3/l very do.k g.oy hottted rith 75yr 5/a 5trong brorn 7.3y. 1/6 st.ong b.orn hediuh coorse SondE Corse sond rith saott brick froguents
VV7.tr t\r" 3/l ve"y dork groy hottted 'ith 75y" 3rg strong b.orn 19,13 Fite = rrtp.oFe.d'p@ + = Coorse sqnd rith high d"^sity of oyster Shell f.ogDents r]r ^icket 
2 feet
West Wing Trench Profile
Focing West
Areo Excovoted os Unit 3
Exposed West Wing Erposed Exposed West Wing
l{est Wing
Eirlri:-:-:l
L'.a .'.'.'.'.1. .r. .1 lOyr 3/2 very dork groyish brown sondy loom ffi loyr 4/4 dork yellowish brown sondtjjjjjjjjjjjij with whole oyster shells
m 7.5yr 5/8 strong brown coorse sond lOyr a/4 dork yellowish brown sondwith brick ond mortor frogments
LF+--r=-----l-Jl lOyr 3/2 very dork groyish brown sond 7.5yr a/6 strong brown medium coorse sond
m l}yr 3/a dork yellowish brown sond t--------rwith brick teelfrogments 0 2 
l8AP38 Unit 5 Eost Vott Portion of
In Situ Ptoster Deposits ond Floor
Ed
lrSatGn
'ff
thdl try..d ryb.
ffi lW ala b* Fudith b.6 c6.r. $d. l6tCfrrl ? .4
ffi l0rr Sll cwso .od tElurb! (!a[l 6, 'ith Rk d eto.
m Ioy? 5/a crr. ron L lGa (.[l 8,
I Itf" aR e (d !.c!drh F@ rltt rdI -- carng..trad aa.tia^ flr)
---r n.' u5.@fi9
0 5 !f&t CAD bt CFI
18AP38 Bnice House Northenn fdge oF Units ?5, ??, ?4
Pnofite Reveoted by Pipe Trench (Focing South)
Unit a5 Unit 2a Unit 24
ll
llllllllllll llllllnlllll llllllllllllllllllt
lOyr 5/3 brorn Disturbed soil fron 74 plqster / nortor rubtSoit surou^ding b.ick f loor Floa. joist trench
no.tor / ptoster floo. lovr 5/3 brorn brickEI -b =J (U^it 44, Feotu.e l) ffi 
E i,::ii .'ii',1"'i51"'n, ffi 5/a g.qyish b.orn ts 7.5yr 4/6 strono brorn subsoitl3li. a4, Feotu.e e)
H Drorino by So.o Kolish ond7.5Vr 4/6 st.ong bror^ 6'0l-| 7-5yc 3/6 st.ohg b.orn! U |,lq.ity^ Sklo.. 7-?4-98CAD by Cotin Beovenot/99
E l0yr 5/1 
yeltorish bror^ E 7-5yr 5/8 strohg broan post hote
0 .5 lfoot
4 5 6
7 B 9
1 0 11 n
13 T4
rI N
0 I 2 2.5feet
Bnick Stqirs
in Units 11 &12
P Mortar N1
S Ptoster
I.IAIN HTIUSE
u{tr ta
EEAVAT6'
Il TEH
3
:)cAvAlED ?tfrtH
6A6-6tr7 :xlt
LS{T A
BV-l
StrUTH YAR!
/1.
ri I I t"j'jllrrt
Unit 3, Featunes ? & 3
Feo.ture 3 Levet 4
O
pr a
V' e
t3O p"(
Feo.tune ?
0 .5 1 foot
Feoture ? Feoture 3
1) Stonewore 4> Pin
e) Corroded noit with Pin 5) Tortoise coropice scute
3) 6loss (connoded) 6) Possibte corved bone
Atso, 3 pins directly underneoth #?
Units 19 & ?3 Nonth Vo.l.l,, Nor'th Voll of Roon
Unit 19 Unit 23
v17
open
O e spoceD O Unexcovoted creoted
a Portion of byO Unit ?3 doorwoy
ond pipe
tnench
Vhite ptoster on wotl tlotneot colored wott Ptoster T__I
ffi Door frone extending into unit Ftoor motding spoce
0 .5 I foot
w
ffi Votl Poper 0otneol cotored nortor
dnowing by
Anielte Fishnon
between bricks CAD by
Cotin BPOVE N
N Poper with ptoster Vhite nortor between bricks 0t/99
Brick I Vood Pegs stuck in wott
Retoining vott Profil.e, End of unit Rv II to Beginning of unit RV III (Focing North)
6enerol strotigrophy,
@n;ii ffi* : k@d'eh
lf:fliu  >i'bu.5Fd$r- -r*b----r
Nr tcx,g* a r r ttd
ffi Fs'sb