ABSTRACT
Title of Thesis: DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF THE
DYADIC RELIGIOUS ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE:
A MEASURE OF COUPLES? RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES,
THEIR IMPORTANCE, AND THEIR MEANINGS
Karen A. Cooper, Master of Science, 2003
Thesis directed by: Professor Norman B. Epstein
Department of Family Studies
This research involved development of a research instrument, the Dyadic 
Religious Assessment Questionnaire (DRAQ), and an initial evaluation of its reliability 
and validity in the examination of the nature, subjective meaning, and importance of 
couples? joint religious activities.  The study examined the frequencies of occurrence of 
various religious activities in couples? lives, how couples experience religious activities 
in a dyadic context, which facets of shared religious activities couples consider important 
and beneficial, and the degree to which these aspects of religious involvement are 
associated with relationship satisfaction and relationship stability.  Data were obtained 
from 175 individuals in couple relationships who completed the DRAQ, the Dyadic 
Adjustment Scale, and the Marital Status Inventory-Revised.  Results indicated that 
reliability and validity of the DRAQ were acceptable, and that frequency of joint 
religious activities, positive individual affect, and importance of joint religious activity 
benefits were significant predictors of relationship satisfaction.
DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF THE
DYADIC RELIGIOUS ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE:
A MEASURE OF COUPLES? RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES,
THEIR IMPORTANCE, AND THEIR MEANINGS
by
Karen A. Cooper
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the
University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
2003
Advisory Committee:
Professor Norman B. Epstein, Chair
Associate Professor Elaine A. Anderson
Associate Professor Roger H. Rubin
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables iii
Chapter I: Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 1
Purpose of Study 6
Chapter II: Review of Literature 10
Theoretical Framework 10
Historical Overview of Knowledge on Religion and Marriage 13
Church Attendance and Marital Quality 13
Religiosity 15
Religious Affiliation 16
Church Attendance 16
Religious Beliefs 17
Spiritual Well-Being 18
Religion and Behavior 19
Specificity of Religious Constructs 20
Religious Homogamy 21
Marital Conventionalization 22
The Meaning of Joint Religious Activities 23
Hypotheses 27
Research Question 28
Chapter III: Methodology 30
Sample 30
Measures 31
Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire 31
Dyadic Adjustment Scale 36
Marital Status Inventory-Revised 37
Operationalization of Specific Hypotheses 37
Procedure 39
Chapter IV: Results 44
Overview of Analyses 44
Demographic Data 44
Psychometric Characteristics of the Dyadic Religious
Assessment Questionnaire 44
Tests of the Hypotheses and Research Questions 45
Analysis of Qualitative Data on Perceived Benefits from
Religious and Non-Religious Activities 46
Demographic Characteristics 47
Associations Between Study Variables and Demographics 50
Psychometric Properties of the Dyadic Religious Assessment
Questionnaire 52
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Construct Subscales 52
Internal Consistency of DRAQ Construct Subscales 68
Tests of the Hypotheses 73
Multiple Regression Analysis Testing Joint Association of Aspects
of Joint Religious Activities and Relationship Quality 82
Qualitative Results 91
Chapter V: Discussion 93
Sample Demographics 93
Reliability and Validity of the DRAQ Instrument 94
Characteristics of Couples? Religious Activity Experiences 95
Tests of the Hypotheses 98
Combined Religious Activity Predictors of Relationship Satisfaction
and Stability 106
Predictors of Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious
Activities 109
Findings from Qualitative Data 109
Summary 111
Limitations 112
Future Research 113
Conclusion 116
Appendices
Appendix A:  Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire 118
Appendix B:  Dyadic Adjustment Scale 124
Appendix C:  Marital Status Inventory-Revised 130
Appendix D:  IRB Application 131
Appendix E:  DRAQ Qualitative Data 138
References 151
iii
LIST OF TABLES
1.  Demographic Characteristics of the Sample 48
2.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 1?Frequency of
Joint Religious Activities 53
3.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 7?Importance of
Joint Religious Activities 57
4.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 8?Frequency of
Joint Religious Activity Benefits 61
5.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 9?Importance
Ranking of Joint Religious Activity Benefit Subscales 65
6.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 10?Individual
Affect During Joint Religious Activities 66
7.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 2?Benefits
Experienced From Joint Religious Activities 68
8.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 3?Benefits
Experienced Exclusively From Joint Religious Activities 69
9.  Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 4?Benefits Common
to Both Joint Religious Activities and Other Joint Activities 71
10.  Cronbach alpha Coefficients of Dyadic Religious Assessment
Questionnaire Construct Subscales 72
11.  Pearson Correlations Among Study Variables for the Total Sample 74
12.  Pearson Correlations Among Study Variables for Male Participants 75
13.  Pearson Correlations Among Study Variables for Female Participants 76
14.  Correlational Relationships Between Frequency of Joint Religious
Activity Items and Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Stability 77
15.  Pearson Correlations in the Total Sample Between Positive Individual Affect
Associated with Joint Religious Activities Items and Relationship
Satisfaction and Relationship Stability 80
iv
LIST OF TABLES, continued
16.  Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Measures as Predictors of
Relationship Satisfaction (DAS) for Total Study Sample 83
17.  Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Measures as Predictors of
Relationship Satisfaction (DAS) for Male Study Participants 84
18.  Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Measures as Predictors of
Relationship Satisfaction (DAS) for Female Study Participants 85
19.  Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Question 7 Items as Predictors
of Males? Relationship Satisfaction 90
20.  Comparison of Mean Rankings for DRAQ Questions 7 & 9 97
21.  Correlational Relationships Among Frequency of Joint Religious
Activity Benefits and Ranked Religious Activity Benefit Items 106
1
Chapter I:  Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Throughout history, the social, political, and emotional roots of marriage and 
religion have been tightly intertwined in numerous societies.  Currently, researchers are 
working to discover how and why these two social institutions influence each other.  
Church attendance and affiliation were identified in early studies to be correlated with 
higher marital satisfaction (Burgess & Cottrell, 1939; Landis, 1946; Locke, 1951).  Later 
studies narrowed the duo of variables to church attendance as a consistent correlate of 
marital satisfaction (Filsinger & Wilson, 1984; Gruner, 1985; Hunt & King, 1978; Kunz 
& Albrecht, 1977; Larson & Goltz, 1989; Roth, 1988; Wilson & Filsinger, 1986; Wilson 
& Musick, 1996).  Recent empirical surveys suggest that religion continues to interact 
with and influence marital relationships (Blumel, 1992; Jenkins, 1992).  Call and Heaton 
(1997) have established that, of all aspects of religious experience, the frequency of 
church ?attendance has the greatest impact on marital stability? (p. 382).  Their research 
demonstrated that when the two spouses attend church together couples experience the 
lowest risk of divorce.  When spouses exhibit differences in church attendance, the risk of 
marital dissolution is greater.  Call and Heaton concluded that, ?shared participation in 
religious activities is a critical aspect of religious experience that can sustain marriages? 
(p. 382).  It is important to note that the studies linking religious participation and 
relationship stability are correlational, and the direction of causality cannot be 
determined; i.e., the correlation does not indicate whether church attendance produces
more stable relationships, whether more stable relationships lead to greater church 
attendance, or whether an unmeasured third variable contributes to both church 
2
attendance and relationship stability.  Nevertheless, many studies have established that 
there is a link between couples? religious participation and the quality of their 
relationships, so this association clearly warrants further investigation so that its 
characteristics can be understood.
Research has revealed that the strength of a marital relationship is not associated 
with denominational preference (Shrum, 1980).  Participation in religious activities has 
been shown to play a greater role in marital stability than the particular form of religious 
affiliation (Glenn & Supancic, 1984).  Additionally, similarity of religious affiliation, 
attendance, or beliefs within couples has been shown to be associated with greater marital 
stability (Heaton, 1984; Heaton & Pratt, 1990; Lehrer & Chiswick, 1993).  Further 
studies have established that attendance homogamy or similarity is more strongly linked 
to marital satisfaction than are affiliation or belief homogamy (Call & Heaton, 1997; 
Heaton, 1994; Heaton & Pratt, 1990).
In light of these findings, researchers have tried to explain how couples? religious
activity influences their relationship state.  Some have suggested that couples 
experiencing similar religious practices reap a wide range of relational benefits, including 
spending time together (Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshwar & Swank, 2001), a sense of
purpose (Shrumm, 1985; White, 1990), greater commitment to marriage (Larson & 
Goltz, 1989), bonding and emotional intimacy (Robinson, 1994; White & Booth, 1991), 
shared activities providing positive interactions which strengthen the relationship (Heaton 
& Pratt, 1990), shared interests (Argyle & Furnham, 1983), and value consensus and a 
shared belief system (Albrecht, Bahr, & Goodman, 1983; Fiese & Tomcho, 2001; 
Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshwar et al.).  Although attendance has been singled out as 
3
the most salient aspect of couples? religiosity that is associated with relationship quality, 
exactly which of the above facets of religious attendance and activity are influential is 
unknown.
Thomas and Cornwall (1990) believe that advances in conceptual models, 
identification of relevant variables, and measurement methods are needed to continue 
viable future research on marriage and religion.  Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshmar, and 
Swank (2001) and others have agreed that many questions and points of intersection 
between marriage and religious constructs remain unidentified and unexamined (Breault 
& Kposowa, 1987).  One researcher has suggested that ?lived-out spirituality,? or the 
observable behavioral manifestations of internal spiritual emotion and/or cognition, 
significantly affects one?s experience of marital happiness (Roth, 1988).  However, to 
date, research that specifically addresses the detailed facets of the religious behavior of 
couples is scant.  Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell, et al. (1999) describe marriage and 
religion as being ?studied primarily from a distance? (p. 323), and in a meta-analytic 
study of empirical literature of the 1980s and 1990s addressing religion and marital and 
parental functioning, Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshwar et al. conclude that most 
research has depended on global indices to measure religious variables, which fail to 
reveal how aspects of religion might affect marriage.  Call and Heaton (1997) rightly 
observed that researchers often suggest possible factors to explain the influences of 
religion on couples? relationships, but they rarely actually test them.
Call and Heaton (1997) also state that, ?religious experience is so diverse and 
multifaceted that a single measure of religion is inadequate? (p. 382).  Couples? 
participation in religious activities involves, at a minimum, factors of relational 
4
interaction, socialization with others, affect, affiliation, religious service participation, 
doctrinal beliefs, personal spirituality, and other experiential dimensions, according to 
Goldscheider and Goldscheider (1993).  Giblin (1996) concurs, stating that much more 
research is needed that examines more than just the main effect of one religious variable 
in relation to marital strength or quality.  Call and Heaton (1997) theorize that marital 
conflicts of couples regarding religion most likely occur over ?saliency of religion, 
religious activity, the priority they place on shared activities, and the significance they 
place on religious compatibility? (p. 383).  If this is the case, then conversely, would 
relationship strength be related to the presence of such dimensions of religious unity 
within couples?  Only one study to date has begun to explore these more specific aspects 
of religious experience within couple relationships, including subjective meanings that 
partners attach to religious behavior (Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell, et al. 1999).
Current research has also not yet thoroughly explored whether or not couples 
actually experience certain benefits in relation to their religious activities, which benefits 
are meaningful to them, and which aspects of religious experiences relate to these 
benefits that couples enjoy.  Only one documented study has begun to investigate 
whether or not couples experience benefits from participation in religious activities as 
part of their dyadic relationship rather than as an individual phenomenon for each partner 
(Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell, et al. 1999).  Mahoney et al. have been the first 
researchers to use questionnaire items that ask individuals about dyadic religious 
activities and experiences in relation to marital functioning, stating that ?individually 
based measures of religiousness do not address the extent to which couples integrate 
religion into their dyadic activities or perceptions of their marriage? (p. 322).
5
Call and Heaton (1997) posited two other deficits of previous research in 
adequately investigating religious influences on marital stability and satisfaction.  Along 
with citing the complex nature of religion that often goes unaddressed, and the lack of 
tests of relationships between specific aspects of religious activity and marital 
functioning, they also observed that studies typically rely on cross-sectional data that 
make it difficult to identify causal relations among variables.  Sullivan (2001) argues that 
the greatest impediment to pertinent research to date is that grounding in solid theory is 
either weak or absent.  Hood, Spilka, Hunsberger and Gorsuch (1996) put it succinctly 
when they said that, ?within the psychology of religion, the cry for a good theory has 
reached the level of cacophony? (p. 446).
In summary, previous researchers have shown definite links between religious 
activities and marital satisfaction, but have not yet fully explored and understood this 
relationship.  Although religious attendance and participation is shown to be associated 
with higher levels of marital satisfaction, and lower probability of separation or divorce 
(Call and Heaton, 1997; Larson & Munro, 1985), exactly which church attendance and 
participation factors contribute to these trends remains unknown.  Mahoney, Pargament, 
Jewell, et al. (1999) have stated that more extensive research is necessary to gain a 
clearer picture of how couples use religion.  Our understanding of how aspects of joint 
religious activities influence couples remains limited and unclear.
Because such a minimal amount of knowledge exists in the extant literature 
regarding experiential religious factors involved in couples? relationship quality, the 
present study was intended to examine this field of interest further.  The research was 
designed to (a) develop a more comprehensive assessment of couples? joint involvement 
6
in religious activities and the functions that the shared activities serve in their 
relationships, and (b) test the degrees to which particular aspects of partners? 
participation in religious activities together relate to greater relationship satisfaction and 
stability.
The present study was designed to overcome the weaknesses described above in 
existing research and to close some of the gaps recognized in the current knowledge of 
religious activities and relationship satisfaction and stability.  It assessed a more complex 
array of aspects of couples? religious involvement, and tested possible reasons for the 
association between religious activity and relationship satisfaction that have only been 
suggested in previous studies.  Although this study utilized cross-sectional data, it 
attended to both the religious affiliation homogamy and the religious activity homogamy
of the participant subjects.  Furthermore, the study investigated the meanings that shared 
religious activities have for members of couples, and how those meanings relate to 
partners? relationship quality.
Purpose of Study
The purposes of this study were to develop and initially validate a research 
instrument designed to obtain data on the frequencies of occurrence of various religious 
activities in couples? lives, to examine how couples experience these religious activities 
in a dyadic context, to assess which facets of shared religious activities couples consider 
important and experience as beneficial, and to determine the degree to which these 
aspects of religious involvement are associated with the degrees of relationship 
satisfaction and relationship stability that couples experience.  Specifically, this study 
examined
7
?the reliability of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire, a new research 
instrument designed to measure religious activities, their meanings, and their 
importance for couples;
?the frequency of joint religious activities that couples experience and how the 
partners feel individually as they participate as a couple in those activities;
?what benefits couples experience from joint religious activities, and to what 
degrees;
?how couples rank religious activity benefits in importance relative to one
another,
?how important members of couples believe these benefits are in their lives;
?how the degrees of relationship satisfaction and relationship stability that 
participant couples currently report in their relationship are related to (a) the 
frequency of their joint religious activities, (b) the benefits couples experience 
from their joint religious activities, (c) the importance that couples place on 
religious activity benefits, and (d) how members of couples individually feel 
as they participate in joint religious activities; and
?how couples qualitatively characterize the dyadic role that joint religious
activities play in their lives. 
This study adds to the limited number of extant studies that have explored the 
specifics of how relationship satisfaction is related to the dyadic phenomena that couples 
experience as they engage in religious activities together.  Findings provide important 
information about variables at work in couples? dyadic religious experiences, and foster 
future researchers? abilities to study these variables in finer detail.  Although the terms 
8
?couples? and ?partnerships? sometimes connote legally couples, this study did not limit 
research participants to that category of legally sanctioned relationships.  The topic of this 
study was relevant to couples currently in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian relationships.  
For this reason, the term ?relationship satisfaction? is used in this study to refer to the 
quality of all types of couples? relationships.  Future studies are needed to determine 
whether or not the findings of this study can be generalized to all types of couples.  
References to ?marital therapists,? ?couples,? ?partners,? or ?relationships? occurring in 
this text refer inclusively to any type of intimate couple.
Previous research has established that on the average marital therapists are less 
religiously oriented than the general population and are inadequately trained to 
understand and utilize aspects of their clients? religious lives for the clients? benefit 
(Shafranske, 1996; Shafranske & Malony, 1990).  Although Weaver, Samford, Morgan, 
Larson, Koenig and Flannelly (2002) conclude that marriage and family research journals 
are more sensitive to religious factors than journals in other disciplines, Weaver, Koenig, 
and Larson?s (1997) previous assertion that marriage and family therapists could benefit 
from greater mindfulness of the roles religion may play in marital dynamics probably still 
holds true.  Stander, Piercy, Mackinnon and Helmeke (1994) observed that failing to 
acknowledge the pervasive influence that religion wields in our society devalues an 
important portion of personal culture and personal moral perspective.  The findings of the 
present study serve to (a) help prevent clinicians from overlooking or neglecting religious 
activities as a pertinent issue in their practices, (b) provide mental health professionals 
with a greater understanding of how the behavior, affect, and cognitions of participation 
in religious activities influence the relationships of couples for whom religious activities 
9
are meaningful, and (c) encourage professionals to include couples? religious activities as 
a possible resource in their therapeutic work.
10
CHAPTER II:  REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The following three topics are discussed in the literature review of this study:  (a) 
the theoretical foundation for this research, (b) an historical overview of previous 
research on this topic, and (c) study hypotheses.  Definitions of terms used in this area of 
study are provided within this discussion, and the areas of focus included and excluded in 
this study are addressed.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical and conceptual framework guiding this study is symbolic 
interaction theory.  Symbolic interaction theory defines individual behavior as a function 
of how each person assesses and defines his or her world (Mead, 1934; Stryker, 1959, 
1967, 1972; Winton, 1995).  The theory posits that people choose certain behavior based 
on the meaning or significance that behavior holds for them.  Behavior is adopted, or 
constructed, according to the definitions or meanings that people assign to the different 
behaviors or elements in their environment (Winton, 1995).
These elements take into account all the different experiences that comprise our 
lives.  They include people, situations, activities, rituals, words, behavior, objects, 
conditions, memories, traits, opinions, ideas, etc.  In a symbolic interaction framework, 
each of these items can serve as a symbol, something that carries more than just one 
literal or pragmatic form of significance (Blumer, 1969).  Individuals then select certain 
items, or behaviors, to incorporate in their lives, based on the meaning(s) that the items 
symbolically provide them, that they desire to have in their lives.  For those who adhere 
to symbolic interaction theory, the meanings that people assign to the different symbols 
in their lives determine how those people will act, react, and interact in society.
11
For this reason, in symbolic interaction theory, rituals?repeated acts that usually 
carry strong significance for the participants, such as family dinners or holiday 
celebrations?often function as powerful and steadying activities, or symbols, for 
individuals.  Shared experiences may produce shared assumptions, mutual meanings, or 
shared symbols between individuals.  Using a symbolic interaction approach, personal 
meaning can result from either outer relational experiences, or from inner individual 
processes unrelated to social interactions.
Change does not hold as prominent a position in this theoretical framework as 
does constancy.  To maintain a foundation of meaning in one?s life, a person must 
continue to value and repeat those behaviors, conditions, etc., that are meaningful for him 
or her.  Change occurs in symbolic interaction theory when a shift of perception creates a 
change in meaning or significance, which may then trigger an individual or relational 
change of behavior.
Human cognition and choice are the driving forces fueling symbolic interaction 
theory.  Unlike structural functional theory, conflict theory, or social exchange theory, 
this theory does not impose or apply any societal expectations or parameters as 
determining forces of behavior.  Instead, adherents to symbolic interaction theory 
recognize the powers of action and constraint as residing within individuals, rather than 
in external forces or influences.  In symbolic interaction theory, predetermined personal 
meaning always precedes and determines behavior.  Symbolic interactionism does not 
specify how or where meaning originates, other than describing a personal a priori
source.  The theory does not argue against the possibility of forces of socialization, such 
as experiences with family, friends, and the broader culture, influencing how a person 
12
determines meaning in his or her life.  Meaning could arise from what one observes and 
learns through socialization, or from a purely intuitive, internal process exclusive of 
outside factors.
As a framework for understanding couples? behavior, symbolic interaction theory 
proposes that partners determine their behavior in the same way that individuals do; 
namely, based on meaning.  A couple builds their relationship through choosing 
behaviors that have shared meaning for them.  Certain dialogue, actions, situations, 
settings, activities, etc., carry certain meanings for the couple?meanings chosen through 
their mutual interpretation and analysis of their world.  These symbolic meanings dictate 
how partners choose to interact as a couple and with the rest of the world.
For instance, a couple that believes religious activities carry significance and 
benefit for them will most likely seek out religious activities and engage in them 
frequently.  However, partners who believe that religious activities are restrictive or 
meaningless will most likely fail to incorporate them in their life together.  According to 
symbolic interaction theory, a couple?s relationship is of their own making, a unit 
interacting in accordance with the symbolic meanings they interpret and assign to the 
elements of the world around them.
In this study, understanding the relationship between relationship functioning and 
religious activity using symbolic interaction theory is a function of understanding what 
meanings couples have adopted for the behavior being studied.   Symbolic interaction 
theory embraces the idea that couples choose behavior based on their assignment of 
meaning or importance to that behavior.  This theory allows researchers to examine 
13
couples? actions in a value-neutral way, linking them to the meanings that the partners 
have attached to their actions, rather than categorizing the behavior as good or bad.
Historical Overview of Knowledge on Religion and Marriage
Church Attendance and Marital Quality
The issue of religion and its influence on married couples was first examined by 
Kirkpatrick (1937).  Using what he described as a ?somewhat novel sampling method,? 
(p. 270) Kirkpatrick asked students to select married couples they knew well that they 
considered to be either well-adjusted or poorly adjusted to participate in his study.  He 
reported that religious preference or affiliation seemed to play no influential part in the 
quality of marital relationships, due to the absence of any correlation between religious 
affiliation and marital functioning.  Eighty-three percent of his sample population 
indicated similar religious affiliation between the couples.  Terman (1938) examined the 
relationship between the level of religious training received at home and marital 
happiness.  His results showed that moderate amounts of religious training, defined as the 
degree of spiritual strictness perceived from one?s parents during childhood, were more 
often associated with marital happiness, whereas large or small amounts of religious 
training were associated with less marital happiness.  Burgess and Cottrell (1939) 
reported in their seminal book, Predicting Success or Failure in Marriage, that studies 
dealing with religiosity showed regular church attendance to be associated with success 
in marriage.
Burchinal (1957) tested the hypothesis that husbands and wives who are church 
members or church attenders would show greater marital satisfaction than couples who 
14
are not
1
.  Although his results were not statistically significant, the direction of the effect 
was in the hypothesized direction.  Gurin, Veroff, and Fell (1960) found a positive 
relationship between church attendance and marital happiness.  Their findings indicated 
that church attendance was more strongly related to individual marital happiness than 
general happiness with life, which led them to suggest that church attendance carries 
some type of ?special relevance? to marital stability (p. 241).
Gurin et al. also reported that the Protestant survey participants who were 
frequent church attenders were more likely to identify the source of their marital 
happiness as their marital relationship than were infrequent Protestant church attenders, 
or church attenders of the Catholic faith.  Therefore, along with verifying a relationship 
between church attendance and marital happiness, Gurin et al.?s study also suggests that 
the nature of marital happiness may differ by degree of religious activity or by 
denomination.  Although denominational affiliation did not appear to mediate the 
relationship between church attendance and marital stability, Gurin et al.?s findings imply 
that the perceived nature of marital happiness may not be uniform for all faiths.  
Carey (1966) also found support for Burchinal?s hypothesis about the link 
between church involvement and marital quality.  Using a sample of 1,617 Catholic 
couples surveyed by the National Opinion Research Center, he found a positive linear 
relationship between religious orientation and general happiness of the participants.   
Carey defined religious orientation using five indices:  devotional index (measuring 
church attendance frequency), ethical attitudes index (measuring affect regarding moral 
1
 Specific denominational breakdowns of each study sample are not included in this review, because of 
research findings (mentioned later) that indicate type of religious affiliation is not related to marital 
satisfaction.
15
choices), doctrinal attitudes index (measuring attitudes toward church teachings), 
religious knowledge index (measuring knowledge of church teachings), and Catholic 
schooling index (measuring degree of Catholic schooling received).  The first three of 
these indices showed significant linear relationships with the general happiness of 
married Catholic men and women.  These relationships remained when demographic 
factors such as age, gender, educational level, and income were controlled statistically.
Kunz and Albrecht (1977), using a sample of participants from Utah, and 
therefore of probable low generalizability, showed church attendance and marital 
satisfaction to be strongly related.  Hunt and King (1978) also reported religious 
participation to be linked with marital success.  Sixty-four married couples, ranging in 
age from 19 to 33, were invited by university students to participate in the study and 
complete the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test and two scales measuring 
religiosity.  Hunt and King concluded that ?certain types of religiosity and marriage
success are related,? noting both that items dealing with belief, effort, and participation 
were especially salient, and that details about the relationship aspects of religious 
involvement were only partially clear.  They stated that ?something about the more 
complex, symbolic approach to religion? is related to marital happiness.  In an 
unpublished study, Gruner (1982) reported ?both the conversion experience and 
emotional participation in religious practices? to be correlated with marital adjustment 
(Gruner, 1985, p. 48).
Religiosity
Religiosity is a concept commonly used in this area of study, yet current research 
does not embrace an entirely uniform definition of the term.  The definition and measures 
16
that researchers use to operationalize religiosity, while usually similar, vary specifically 
from study to study.  At present, religiosity is most commonly defined as a composite of 
three elements?church affiliation, church attendance, and religious beliefs (Call & 
Heaton, 1997).
Religious affiliation.
Shrum (1980) examined the relationship between religious affiliation (i.e., 
religious denomination) and marital stability.  His sample of 3,143 adults participating in 
the General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center from 
1972 to 1977 showed no relationship between the two variables.  His findings, later 
affirmed by others (Glenn & Supancic, 1984; Heaton, 1984; Larson & Goltz, 1989), 
supported the hypothesis that marital instability is not a function of denominational 
preference.  For this reason, religious affiliation was not a major focus of this study.  
Church attendance.
Using a random sample of 179 couples (358 individuals), Larson and Goltz 
(1989) reported church attendance to be a major predictor of marital commitment
2
.  They 
speculated that church attenders may feel that they have stronger marriages because 
religious beliefs tend to uphold and validate the institution of marriage and function as a 
barrier to divorce.  Larson and Goltz suggested that, ?among non-religious couples there 
are simply fewer barriers to leaving their marriages and they likely sense fewer 
constraints to stay? (p. 396).  Twelve years earlier, Kunz and Albrecht (1977) had already 
broached the concept that, for couples who hold conservative religious beliefs, the 
2
 The term ?church attendance? is used in this study to encompass any degree of attendance at a religious 
organization (e.g., church, synagogue, mosque).  A couple?s religious service attendance or abstinence does 
not solely determine whether a couple characterizes themselves as ?religious.?   Other behaviors, 
cognitions, and affect may determine how a couple classifies themselves.
17
doctrinal inconsistency of separation or divorce may appear more distasteful than the idea 
of weathering a less than ideal partnership.
Religious beliefs.
Research findings do suggest that couples? doctrinal beliefs are related in some 
way to their cognitions about their relationship.  Although one aspect of experiencing 
religious activities together is certainly shared doctrinal beliefs, examining this element 
of religion in detail covers such a spectrum of subject matter that its vastness would 
overwhelm a study attempting to address any other issues.  A thorough examination of 
specific similarities and differences of doctrinal beliefs between partners was beyond the 
scope of this research, and was not prominently addressed in this study.  For this study, it 
was sufficient to examine whether couples share common doctrinal beliefs, as opposed to 
examining what those beliefs are, and how they might match or differ.
It is possible that church attending couples are more motivated to work to 
maintain or endure their relationships than non-church attending couples because of the 
values and beliefs that the couples embrace from their religious doctrine.  Consequently, 
the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire, a new instrument designed for this study 
(see Appendix A), asked couples to indicate the degree to which ?religious activities 
provide common values and beliefs [they] share together? and the degree to which 
?religious activities provide [them] with a moral compass that guides [their] choices as a
couple.?  Study participants were also asked to rank how important the common values 
and beliefs inherent in church activities are for them as a couple, as compared to other 
benefits that they receive from participating in church activities together.  These 
questionnaire items were designed to identify the priority couples place on the guidance 
18
and common values and beliefs that religious activities generate for them when they 
engage in religious activities together.  The results of these items shed new light on 
Larson?s and Goltz?s speculations regarding the importance that religious beliefs play in 
acting as a protective barrier against separation or divorce.
Spiritual Well-Being
Roth (1988) examined the relationship between spiritual well-being and marital 
adjustment.  She defined spiritual well-being as ?an internal?religious and existential 
orientation which has been well integrated into the inner fiber of the person, that is, a way 
of being in the world that matches one?s religious beliefs about the world? (p. 153).  
Spiritual well-being was measured using scores obtained on Paloutzian?s and Ellison?s 
(1982) Spiritual Well-Being Scale.  Marital adjustment was measured using Spanier?s 
(1976) Dyadic Adjustment Scale.  Her research indicated that the spiritual well-being of 
147 married individuals attending church in California correlated highly with their 
perception of marital adjustment, which led Roth to believe that the actual practice of 
religious acts, as opposed to religious membership or professed beliefs, contributes 
significantly to perceived states of marital well-being.  Roth?s stance lends support to the 
major focus of this study?to examine couples? specific forms of religious practices and 
the subjective meanings that those activities have for them.  
An examination of the nature of couples? or individuals? spiritual well-being or 
spiritual orientation, however, was beyond the scope of the present study.  Spirituality is 
often characterized in the research literature as an ?internal orientation? of subjects, 
whereas religious practices are thought of as participants? external behaviors.  Giblin 
(1996) describes characteristics of spirituality as ?inner [oriented], individual, affective, 
19
immediate, and flexible,? while describing qualities of religion as ?outer [oriented], 
relational, cognitive, distant, and rigid.?  Sullivan (2001) categorizes two areas in which 
religion may influence marital quality: attitudinal and behavioral.  Although this study 
examined attitudinal and behavioral aspects of partners? shared religious activities, the 
inclusion of an assessment of spiritual well-being was beyond the scope of this research.  
This study examined individuals? internal religious characteristics and phenomena as they 
related to couples? relational, or dyadic, experiences, rather than the religious experiences 
that each person engaged in by himself or herself.
Religion and Behavior
Attending church is shown to be associated with a lower probability of separation 
or divorce.  This study examined the degree to which certain religious factors are 
associated with individuals? relationship satisfaction.  The focus of this study was on an 
investigation of the elements involved in couples? beneficial experiences of involvement 
in religious activity.
Thornton and Camburn (1989) comment that some researchers, using cross-
sectional data, assume that religion causes positive functioning in couple relationships.  
Thornton and Camburn suggested, and Booth, Johnson, Branaman and Sica (1995) 
concurred, that the causal relationship between religion and constructive behavior 
between partners could possibly be reciprocal.  The present study was not intended to 
discover causal or chronological aspects of the relationship between religious behavior 
and relationship quality and stability, but was designed to broaden knowledge about the 
aspects of religious involvement that are associated with more successful relationships.
20
Specificity of Religious Constructs
Some studies have shown moderate, mixed, or contradictory levels of support for 
the hypothesized relationship between religion and marital quality (Booth, et al, 1995; 
Jenkins, 1991; Schumm, Obiorah, & Silliman, 1989; Thornes & Collard, 1979).  Sullivan 
(2001) reports that from her study?s analysis of immediate and longitudinal effects of 
religiosity on marriage, ?the relationship [between religiosity and marriage] appears to be 
weak and inconsistent? (p. 623).  There are several factors that contribute to this 
assessment of the situation.  First, Sullivan admits that her instrument for measuring 
religiosity is ?brief? and possibly weak.  Many studies still use global items that 
imprecisely and superficially address specifics of couples? involvement in religion.  
Second, Sullivan and other researchers continue to use measures that assess individual 
qualities rather than dyadic qualities, creating a mismatch between the relational variables 
that they intend to study and the individually-oriented measures they use to assess them.  
Third, researchers including Sullivan fail to discriminate among the multiple components 
of religiosity, as if it were accurate to assume that religious affiliation, attendance, and 
belief all are synchronized aspects of the same construct.  Baucom (2001) terms religious 
constructs ?soft [and] fuzzy? (p. 652), emphasizing that specificity of concepts and 
operational definitions are needed in current research.  Astute researchers must now 
recognize that different dimensions of religiosity must be separated and researched 
distinctly to obtain accurate and robust results.  In sum, Sullivan?s study is typical of 
most research on religion and relationships in that it does not assess the types of people?s 
religious involvement that involve couple interaction and that are most likely to be 
related to relationship quality.  The present study was designed to avoid these limitations 
21
that most likely have interfered with the ability of many previous studies to accurately 
assess the relationship between religion and relationship functioning.
Studies have shown that spousal intimacy is a significant predictor of marital 
satisfaction (Koehne, 2000; Robinson, 1994; White & Booth, 1991).  This study 
examined whether or not religious ?intimacy,? or religious activities shared by a couple 
through joint outward behavior, experience, and dialogue, also functions as a significant 
predictor of relationship satisfaction.  Few studies specifically delineate between 
individual and joint experiences of religious activities.  In this study, this distinction and 
definition of the variables examined was a key focus.
Religious Homogamy
A number of researchers have explored the issue of denominational homogamy 
and its counterpart, denominational heterogamy.  Religious homogamy refers to partners 
who identify themselves as members of the same faith, whereas religious heterogamy 
describes partners who have different religious affiliations.  Research indicates that 
individuals in religiously heterogamous partnerships report lower marital satisfaction or 
adjustment (Glenn, 1982; Heaton, 1984; Ortega, Whitt, & Williams, 1988) and exhibit an 
increased likelihood of divorce than individuals in religiously homogamous relationships 
(Bahr, 1981; Bumpass & Sweet, 1972; Heaton, Albrecht & Martin, 1985).  Heaton noted 
that heterogamous partners have a lower frequency of church attendance than 
homogamous partners, and proposed that lower marital satisfaction in heterogamous 
couples could be more attributable to lower church activity than to the partners? different 
religious affiliations.  Greenberg (1997) found evidence similar to Heaton?s, that 
interfaith (heterogamous) couples were less religious in their beliefs than intrafaith 
22
(homogamous) couples.  Heaton suggested that because religiously active individuals 
tend to marry homogamously (Peterson, 1986), the marital quality of religiously active 
couples may be a function of both homogamy and religiosity.  Petersen found, however, 
that marital satisfaction for heterogamous Catholics was no lower than for homogamous 
Catholics.  Call and Heaton (1997) found that not only religious affiliation homogamy, 
but also religious activities spouses jointly engage in, or ?religious activity homogamy,? 
was associated with a lower likelihood of marital dissolution.  This study provided more 
information relevant to the issue of what aspects of couples? religious activity homogamy 
are related to relationship quality and stability, because it examined (a) homogamy in 
partners? religious affiliation, (b) homogamy in couples? religious activity, and (c) 
couples? religious activity frequency.
Call and Heaton (1997) postulated that mixed-faith, or heterogamous, marriages 
exhibit higher risks of divorce that could be as much due to the differences in partners? 
demographic characteristics as to their differences in religious affiliation.  They stated 
that, even after controlling for differing demographics and strong beliefs against non-
marital sex in their analyses, religious attendance heterogamy (couples exhibiting 
different patterns of religious activity) was still positively related to marital dissolution.
Marital Conventionalization
Schumm, Bollman, and Jurich (1982) addressed the issue of ?marital 
conventionalization,? defined by Chamberlain and Hall (2000) as ?the tendency for 
people to inflate their level of marital adjustment by reporting that their marriages are 
better and happier than they actually are? (p. 161).  Schumm et al. felt that such behavior 
would skew the results of studies investigating marital satisfaction levels, especially 
23
studies in which researchers ask the respondents to report on both their religious norms 
and their marital condition.   Research in the field of psychology has verified that 
subjects? needs for consistency, or lower cognitive dissonance, does sometimes influence 
subjects? responses.  
Schumm, Bollman, and Jurich (1982) proposed that the link between religiosity 
and marital satisfaction found in various studies may be a function of both variables 
being correlated with marital conventionalization, or the tendency to describe one?s 
marriage in socially desirable terms rather than acknowledging problems.  However, 
Schumm et al.?s study of these variables produced inconclusive findings, and the 
researchers concluded that, ?association between religiosity and marital adjustment 
should not be automatically dismissed as mere artifacts of marital conventionalization? 
(p. 240).  Filsinger and Wilson?s (1984, 1986) studies showed strong correlations 
between religiosity and marital adjustment, while controlling for marital 
conventionalization.  Their later study demonstrated that the greater the degree of 
religious experiences such as rituals in couples? lives, and the more conservative the 
couples? religious beliefs, the greater the reported degree of marital adjustment.
The Meaning of Joint Religious Activities
Identifying a need to refine the understanding of the impact of religion on 
marriage, Gruner (1985) hypothesized that the greater the number of private religious 
practices individuals engaged in, the greater their reported marital adjustment would be, 
because the private religious practices were assumed to serve as means for coping with 
marital problems.  Private religious practices were defined as individual prayer and 
individual Bible reading, and Gruner measured marital adjustment using the Locke-
24
Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (Locke & Wallace, 1959).  Gruner found a positive 
relationship between prayer and marital adjustment across the four categories of religious 
affiliation used in the study.  However, although Bible reading was strongly correlated 
with marital adjustment for the evangelical and sect groups, it was not for the Catholic 
and liberal groups.  Gruner suggested that this difference may have occurred because 
certain denominational doctrines emphasize certain religious practices, while other 
denominational doctrines do not.  Gruner?s suggestion highlights the fact that, consistent 
with symbolic interaction theory, knowing the degree to which couples value specific 
religious activities and specific religious payoffs or benefits is important in evaluating 
whether or not such activities and benefits are related to couples? experience of 
relationship satisfaction.  As described in the Method chapter, this study was designed to 
elicit such information from participants.
As mentioned earlier, Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell, et al. (1999) were the first 
researchers to document specific dyadic religious behaviors that couples engage in, and 
perceptions of religious aspects of their marriages.  They distinguished a religious 
construct called joint religious activities to more precisely examine religion and marriage.  
Joint religious activities refers to both formal and informal religious or spiritual 
experiences that a couple shares together, such as attending religious services together, 
praying together, discussing spiritual issues together, or celebrating religious holidays 
together.  Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell et al. also drew a distinction between ?proximal? 
and ?distal? religious factors.  Proximal factors are those that are closely related to 
couples? relationship daily subjective experiences, such as daily prayer or talking about 
spiritual issues together.  Distal factors are those less immediately tied to a relationship, 
25
such as religious affiliation or individual religious service attendance.  They found better 
marital functioning to be associated with couples? greater levels of proximal factors (joint 
religious activities), but that distal variables, such as affiliation homogamy, were not 
related to marital satisfaction.   Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell, et al. urged further research 
to examine why joint religious activities are related to marital functioning.  They 
suggested that measures be developed that can assess ways in which religious activities 
enhance or inhibit marital functioning.
Fiese and Tomcho (2001) proposed that, ?religion is related to marital satisfaction 
through the meaning created in shared rituals? (p. 600).  Their view is consistent with 
symbolic interaction theory and the premise of this study that it is the meaning that 
couples give to the ?doing? of their religious activities that strengthens their relationships.  
Fiese and Tomcho?s focus on the impact of couples? ritual behaviors being a function of 
the meaning created between partners appears to be an example of a productive proximal 
variable.  These researchers explain that while an individual partner?s connection to 
religious beliefs or feelings is distal, the meaning that couples derive from a joint 
religious activity is proximal, and has a greater effect on relationship satisfaction. The 
theory and research in the present study extend this area of Fiese and Tomcho?s work 
further.
  Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell et al. (1999) also recommend that future research 
examine whether or not other joint non-religious activities provide similar influences on 
marital relationships as do religious activities.  The present study investigated this 
question as well.
26
This study was designed to capitalize on all of the above suggestions offered by 
previous researchers.  In summary, from the three components comprising the construct 
of religiosity?church affiliation, church attendance, and beliefs?this study examined 
couples? attendance at formal religious ceremonies and other institutionalized activities, 
and its relationship to couples? relationship satisfaction.  This study utilized an expanded 
perspective on the component ?church attendance,? encompassing a wide spectrum of 
religious activities that members of couples engage in together.  As suggested by 
Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell et al. and others, joint religious activities can comprise any 
of the follow items done together as a couple:  attending religious services together, 
celebrating religious holidays together at home or elsewhere, attending religious events 
together, having spiritual conversations, praying together, participating in religious rituals 
together, religious planning or goal setting, etc.  Such a definition of ?religious activities? 
was used for this study.
Baucom (2001) states that not only should proximal variable definitions be used 
in marriage and religion studies, but they also should be linked clearly to specific 
dimensions of marital functioning.  For instance, Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshwar, et 
al. (2001) use verbal conflict as a variable to examine marital functioning.  The present 
study followed that recommendation, relating proximal religious variables, such as 
practicing religious rituals together or studying scriptures together, to specific 
relationship functioning such as feelings of intimacy, feeling connected, or having a sense 
of spiritual meaning and purpose.  Baucom (2001) also speculates whether or not other 
activities besides religious activities might afford couples similar benefits, suggesting that 
researchers attempt to clarify the degree to which religious influences on relationships are 
27
unique.  As noted above, this study examined the degree to which partners perceive that 
particular non-religious activities serve similar functions in their relationships as religious 
activities.
Hypotheses
The variables used in this study included frequency of joint religious activities, 
importance of joint religious activity benefits, frequency of joint religious activity 
benefits, affect associated with joint religious activities, relationship satisfaction, and 
relationship stability.  The operational definitions of these variables and methods of 
assessment for these variables used in this study are described in the Method chapter.  
The following were the hypotheses of this study:
Hypothesis 1:  Members of couples who engage in more religious activities 
together will report greater relationship satisfaction.
Hypothesis 2:  Members of couples who engage in more religious activities 
together will report greater relationship stability.
Hypothesis 3:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities will report greater relationship satisfaction.
Hypothesis 4:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities more will report greater relationship stability.
Hypothesis 5:  Members of couples who experience more benefits from joint 
participation in religious activities will report greater relationship satisfaction.
Hypothesis 6:  Members of couples who experience more benefits from joint 
participation in religious activities will report greater relationship stability.
28
Hypothesis 7:  Individuals who indicate that they experience a higher degree of 
positive individual affect while engaging in religious activities as a couple will report a 
greater degree of relationship satisfaction.
Hypothesis 8:  Individuals who indicate that they experience a higher degree of 
positive individual affect while engaging in religious activities as a couple will report a 
greater degree of relationship stability.
Hypothesis 9:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities will report engaging in a higher frequency of joint religious activities.
Hypothesis 10:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation 
in religious activities will report experiencing more religious activity benefits from joint 
religious activities.
Hypothesis 11:  Members of couples who experience more benefits from joint 
religious activities will experience more positive individual affect associated with joint 
religious activities.
Research Question
In addition to the above set of hypotheses, this study examined three research 
questions:
(1) What is the combined effect of frequency of engagement in joint religious 
activities, valuing of benefits from joint participation in religious activities, experience of 
benefits from joint participation, and experience of positive individual affect from joint 
participation on relationship satisfaction and on relationship stability?
29
(2) To what degree does each of the above characteristics of couples? joint 
participation in religious activities make a unique contribution to relationship satisfaction 
and to relationship stability?
(3) To what degree are the 14 individual items comprising the importance of 
particular types of benefits from joint religious activities associated with individuals? 
levels of relationship satisfaction, in combination with the frequency with which couples 
engage in joint religious activities?
30
CHAPTER II:  METHODOLOGY
Sample
The sample selected for this study was purposive, rather than a convenience or 
random probability sampling of the target population.  Because the purpose of this study 
was to focus on dyadic religious experiences of couples, a sampling technique that would 
yield a source of couple respondents who engage in degrees of religious activities was 
necessary.  The choice of subject selection was also influenced by the logistical, 
financial, and scheduling factors involved in obtaining a sample that would be willing to 
complete a seven page written questionnaire regarding relationship quality and religious 
practices.  For this reason, purposive sampling was chosen for this study.
Two source groups of survey participants were selected for this study.  A 
parenting training organization known as the Parent Encouragement Program (PEP) in 
the metropolitan Washington, D.C. community was chosen, along with local Rotary 
Clubs selected from Rotary International District 7620 of the greater Washington, D.C. 
area, for their willingness to grant permission to gain access to their members and request 
their study involvement.  A third source of participants, University of Maryland 
University College (i.e., adult education) undergraduate and graduate students, was 
explored and rejected, due to the unwieldy nature of securing permission to request 
participant involvement.  The two initial groups were suitable sources of participants for 
this study, because their composition includes significant numbers of established couples, 
and membership is not tied to any religious group.  Thus, it would be likely that the 
attendees would vary considerably in religious affiliation and involvement in religious 
activities.
31
Survey volunteers self-selected for participation in this study after hearing a short 
verbal explanation of the study and a description of participants needed, given by the 
principal researcher, who attended class sessions or meetings of the groups.  Prospective 
study participants were informed that the study dealt with issues of relationship strength 
and religious influences, that their participation would be voluntary, that data would be 
compiled anonymously, and that they must be involved in a couple relationship of at least 
six months duration to participate.  No incentives to participate in the study were offered 
to prospective participants.  The study sample sought was not restricted to 
church/synagogue-going couples only, because such a sample population might be biased 
toward particular forms of church activity.  Further specifics of recruitment are discussed 
in the Procedures section of this thesis.
A sample size of 175 respondents was obtained.  This sample size was used on the 
one hand to insure sufficient statistical power for the analyses and on the other hand to 
insure that the study would be feasible.  Specifically, the sample included 95 male and 80 
female participants.   One hundred twenty-six questionnaires were received from both 
members of 63 couples; 49 questionnaires were returned by only one member of a 
couple.  Questionnaire responses were received from 129 Rotarians and 46 members of 
the Parent Encouragement Program.
Measures
Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire
This study utilized a non-experimental one-time survey research design.  Butler, 
Stout and Gardner (2002) are but one example of researchers who have created new 
instruments to address this developing area of research, because measures in earlier 
32
studies were imprecise in defining and operationalizing important aspects of couples? 
religious involvement.  This research utilized a new research instrument, developed by 
the principal researcher, to assess couples? religious involvement, entitled the Dyadic 
Religious Assessment Questionnaire, in addition to the Dyadic Assessment Scale (DAS; 
Spanier, 1976), the most widely used self-report measure of overall relationship 
satisfaction, and the Marital Status Inventory-Revised (Weiss & Cerreto, 1980), a self-
report questionnaire widely used to assess the degree to which a member of a couple 
relationship has acted to dissolve a relationship.  Copies of the DRAQ, DAS, and MSI-R 
are included in the Appendix.
The Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire (DRAQ) was designed to assess 
aspects of couples? joint religious activities that previous studies have suggested may 
account for the observed association between joint religious activities and relationship 
quality.  Specific items of this instrument ask respondents to indicate either the frequency 
of occurrence, the degree of importance, or the relative rankings of importance for each 
of the following aspects of joint religious activities mentioned by previous researchers.  
Call and Heaton (1997) suggested that joint religious activities increase couple solidarity 
through the partners? exposure to religious teachings that affirm the importance of 
marriage, and through the couple?s participation in social networks that build positive 
couple interactions.  Two related items used in the DRAQ were, ?Religious activities 
provide a spiritual orientation that enriches our lives,? and ?Religious activities provide 
us with social support structures, such as time with friends or relatives.?  Albrecht et al. 
(1983) offered religious value consensus as a characteristic that strengthens relationships.  
Questions seven, eight, and nine of the DRAQ include the item, ?Religious activities 
33
provide common values and beliefs we share together.?  Argyle and Furnham (1983) 
found shared interests to be a source of relationship satisfaction, although they did not 
relate it to religious practices.  A related item in both questions seven and eight of the 
DRAQ was, ?Religious activities allow us to enjoy common tasks together.?  Fiese and 
Tomcho  (2001) concluded that rituals affirm relationships and connect values and 
beliefs.  Questions seven, eight, and nine of the DRAQ used the item, ?Religious 
activities provide rituals and traditions that give continuity to our life together.?  
Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshwar, et al. (2001) stated that joint religious activities 
allow couples to enjoy rituals together, develop shared values together, and support each 
other.  They believed that joint religious activities might foster intimacy and social 
support to help couples cope with conflict better.  The DRAQ addressed these aspects of 
religion using the following items in questions seven, eight, and nine:  ?Religious 
activities promote healthy ways to interact with each other, such as forgiving each other 
or managing our disagreements better,? and ?Religious activities increase our feelings of 
intimacy with each other.?  Mahoney, Pargament, Jewell, et al. (1999) were the first 
researchers to utilize a religious construct labeled ?joint religious activities? as a more in-
depth approach to measuring dyadic religious behavior.  A number of DRAQ items were 
modeled after their research efforts to include specific inquiries about couples? shared 
religious practices.  For instance, a sample DRAQ item reads, ?Religious activities give 
us time to spend together as a couple.?  Responses were obtained using Likert scales of 
frequency and intensity, such as ?regularly, often, sometimes, rarely, never? or ?very 
important, somewhat important, neutral, not very important, and unimportant.?  
Frequency of joint religious activities, importance of joint religious activity benefits, 
34
frequency of joint religious activity benefits, and positive individual affect associated 
with joint religious activities were the four constructs used in the DRAQ.  They are 
defined as follows.
Frequency of joint religious activities was defined as the total score that a study 
participant received on the fifteen items of question one of the Dyadic Religious 
Assessment Questionnaire.   Question one of the DRAQ reads, ?Please rate how 
frequently the following religious activities occur in your life together as a couple.?  
Responses include regularly, often, sometimes, rarely, and never.  Participants indicated 
their responses numerically, ranging from one as the lowest frequency response (never) 
to five as the highest frequency response (regularly).  Total scores for question one 
ranged from 15 to 75.  See Appendix A for the individual religious activity items.
Importance of joint religious activity benefits was defined as the total score that a 
study participant received on the fourteen items of question seven of the Dyadic 
Religious Assessment Questionnaire.  Question seven of the DRAQ reads, ?Please rate 
the following aspects of religious activities according to how important each one is for 
you as a couple.?  Responses included very important, somewhat important, neutral, not 
very important, and unimportant.  Participants indicated their responses numerically, 
ranging from one (unimportant) to five (very important).  Thus, total scores for question 
seven can range from 14 to 70.  See Appendix A for the individual items rated.
Frequency of joint religious activity benefits was defined as the total score that a 
study participant received on the fourteen items of question eight of the Dyadic Religious 
Assessment Questionnaire.  Question eight of the DRAQ reads, ?Please rate these same 
aspects of religious activities according to how frequently they actually occur in your 
35
relationship.?  Responses included occur regularly, occur often, occur sometimes, occur 
rarely, and never occur.  Participants indicated their responses numerically, ranging from 
one (never occur) to five (occur regularly).  Total scores for question eight can range 
from 14 to 70.  See Appendix A for the individual items of this construct subscale.
Positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities was defined as 
the total score that a study participant received on the six items of question ten of the 
Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire.  Question ten of the DRAQ reads, ?When 
we participate in religious activities together as a couple, I personally feel:? followed by 
six affective conditions.  Response options include regularly, often, sometimes, rarely, 
never, and not applicable.  Participants indicate their responses numerically, ranging from 
zero (not applicable) to five (regularly).  Total scores for question ten can range from 
zero to 30.  See Appendix A for the individual items ranked for this item.
Total scores on the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire were calculated 
as the sum of scores received on each of the four constructs used in the DRAQ?
frequency of joint religious activities, importance of joint religious activity benefits, 
frequency of joint religious activity benefits, and positive individual affect associated 
with joint religious activities.  DRAQ scores ranged from 43 to 245.  Respondents? total 
scores represented a composite measuring, or amalgam, of the degree of joint religious 
activity occurrence, the degree of desired meaning of joint religious activity benefits, the 
degree of occurrence of joint religious activity benefits, and the degree of positive 
individual affect experienced during joint religious activities in a respondent?s life.
Questions two through six of the DRAQ were open-ended inquiries designed to 
obtain qualitative data to aid in further understanding the field of religion and 
36
relationships (see copy of the DRAQ Appendix A).  For example, question two asks, 
?The benefits we enjoy as a couple from participating in ?religious activities? together 
are:??  Question three asks, ?Please describe any benefits you gain as a couple from 
?religious activities? that you do not receive from any other activity.?  In a content 
analysis, participants? responses to these questions were categorized, using categories 
defined in question nine of the DRAQ.  These categories comprise the seven subscales 
used in questions seven and eight of the DRAQ, which consist of cohesion, meaning, 
positive relating, value consensus, ritual, social support, and intimacy.  These subscales 
are the items listed in question nine, labeled as a, b, c, d, e, f, and g.
Dyadic Adjustment Scale
The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976) is a 32-item questionnaire 
used to assess partners? overall relationship satisfaction.  The instrument is scored by 
totaling the sum of responses to all items.  A score of 100 is considered the dividing line 
between a distressed and a non-distressed relationship.  Spanier (1976) reported that a 
factor analysis indicated four highly correlated DAS subscales?dyadic satisfaction, 
dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus, and affectional expression.  The DAS is an 
established and commonly used instrument that consistently demonstrates strong 
reliability and validity in couples? research.  Cronbach?s alpha ranges from .73 to .94 for 
the four subscales, and is .96 for the DAS overall.  The content validity of all items has 
been judged to be appropriate.  Twenty-five percent of studies examining religion and 
marital functioning in the last two decades have utilized the DAS as an assessment tool 
(Mahoney, Pargament, Tarakeshwar, et al., 2001).  In this study, relationship satisfaction 
37
is operationalized as the total score that a participant receives on the Dyadic Assessment 
Scale.
Marital Status Inventory-Revised
The Marital Status Inventory (Weiss & Cerreto, 1980) is a 14-item questionnaire 
that measures the degree to which an individual is in the process of ending his or her 
relationship.  Items are answered in a true-false format.  A sample item reads, ?I have 
occasionally thought of divorce or wished that we were separated, usually after an 
argument or other incident.?  The coefficient of reproducibility is reported to be .90, and 
Crane, Newfield, and Armstrong (1984) found the split-half reliability for the MSI to be 
approximately .86.  Epstein and Werlinich (2001) modified the MSI to include language 
that applies to all intimate couples rather than only legally married heterosexual couples, 
resulting in the MSI-Revised (MSI-R).  Possible scores on the MSI-R range from zero to 
18.  Given that the MSI-R has not been used in research before, normative data are not 
yet available on mean scores in clinical or community samples.  In this study, relationship 
stability is operationalized as the total score that a participant receives on the Marital 
Status Inventory-Revised.  Higher scores indicate lower relationship stability (i.e., more 
thoughts and actions toward ending one?s relationship).
Operationalization of Specific Hypotheses
The four independent variables of this study included frequency of joint religious 
activities, importance of joint religious activity benefits, frequency of joint religious 
activity benefits, and positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities.  
The two dependent variables of this study included relationship satisfaction and
relationship stability.  The following hypotheses are operationalizations of the conceptual 
38
hypotheses listed in the Introduction, defined in terms of the individual operational 
variables that were measured in this study.   
 (1)  It was hypothesized that frequency of joint religious activities assessed by DRAQ 
question one would be positively related to relationship satisfaction assessed by the DAS.
(2)  It was hypothesized that frequency of joint religious activities assessed by DRAQ 
question one would be positively related to relationship stability assessed by the MSI-R.
(3)  It was hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question seven would be positively related to relationship satisfaction assessed by the 
DAS.
(4)  It was hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question seven would be positively related to relationship stability assessed by the MSI-R.
(5)  It was hypothesized that frequency of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question eight would be positively related to relationship satisfaction assessed by the 
DAS.
(6)  It was hypothesized that frequency of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question eight would be positively related to relationship stability assessed by the MSI-R.
(7)  It was hypothesized that positive individual affect associated with joint religious 
activities, as assessed by DRAQ question ten, would be positively related to relationship 
satisfaction assessed by the DAS.
(8)  It was hypothesized that positive individual affect associated with joint religious 
activities, as assessed by DRAQ question ten, would be positively related to relationship 
stability assessed by the MSI-R.
39
(9)  It was hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question seven would be positively related to frequency of joint religious activities 
assessed by DRAQ question one.
(10) It was hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question seven would be positively related to frequency of religious activity benefits 
assessed by DRAQ question eight.
(11) It was hypothesized that frequency of religious activity benefits assessed by DRAQ 
question eight would be positively related to positive individual affect associated with 
joint religious activities, as assessed by DRAQ question ten.
The research questions concerning the combined association of frequency of 
engagement in joint religious activities, valuing of benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities, experience of benefits from joint participation, and experience of 
positive individual affect from joint participation with relationship satisfaction and with 
relationship stability were assessed with scores from the DRAQ construct subscales and 
with the criterion variables of the DAS and MSI-R.
Procedure
Telephone contact was made with a board member of the Parents Encouragement 
Program in Kensington, Maryland during the formulation of this study effort.  A formal 
letter of request signed by the researchers was submitted to the PEP Board of Directors, 
and permission was granted at their next scheduled meeting for PEP members to be 
canvassed for participation in the study.  A PEP staff member prepared a schedule of 
appearances, with locations of classes and instructor contact information, for use by the 
40
principal researcher.  Access was provided by PEP to all of their courses currently in 
session during the recruitment period of this study.
Telephone contact was also made with both the Club President and Program 
Chairperson of the College Park Rotary Club during the formulation of this study effort.  
The College Park Program Chairperson agreed to serve as an introductory sponsor for 
contacts made by the principal researcher with other local Rotary Clubs.  Using a Rotary 
district directory, contacts were made with 27 area Rotary Club officers.  Rotary Clubs 
were initially selected for contact on the basis of their proximity to the local Washington, 
DC area.  Subsequent contact was pursued with those club presidents who responded 
favorably to the principal researcher?s initial verbal request for club participation in the 
study.
A pilot version of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire was circulated 
to 25 potential reviewers during the formulation of this study.  Sixteen pilot 
questionnaires were completed and returned.  The choice to pilot the draft study 
questionnaire proved to be productive and refining.  Written instructions were clarified, 
demographic options were refined, category options were adjusted, and the wording of 
several DRAQ questions was improved.
Following the approval of the study proposal, application was made to the 
University of Maryland?s Institutional Review Board to conduct human subjects research 
(see Appendix D).  After permission was obtained from the IRB, requests for study 
participants were made by the principal researcher at 13 PEP classes and 22 Rotary Club 
meetings.  The written content of the verbal announcement presented by the principal 
researcher appears in Appendix D.  A total of 894 surveys were distributed.
41
Members of couples who wished to participate in the study were given a set of 
two questionnaires, each with an information and instruction sheet and return addressed 
mailing envelope attached to each partner?s form.  (Copies of the Information and 
Instruction Sheet and study questionnaire appear in Appendix A.)   Although the surveys 
used in this study were completed anonymously, the questionnaires distributed were 
numerically coded in advance to identify which questionnaires corresponded to members 
of the same couple.  If only one partner was present at the moment of questionnaire 
distribution and wished to participate, he or she received a set of questionnaires on the 
verbal assurance that both partners would complete and return their surveys.  Verbal 
instructions were given directing participants to complete questionnaires independently, 
and to seal completed questionnaires in the addressed envelope provided and return it to 
the researchers by mail.  The information and instructions sheet contained these same 
written instructions.
Study questionnaires were received by mail at the primary researcher?s university 
address, until a sufficient sample size was obtained.  Data received were filed and stored 
in the graduate assistant suite, which is a limited access office, under the care of the 
principal investigator.  Data were collected over a six-month period, from March to 
September of 2003.
Data entry was performed solely by the principal researcher using SPSS software.  
Category codes were established for demographic data not already numerically 
designated.  For gender, male was coded as one and female coded as zero.  With regard to 
source of participant, Rotarians were coded as one and PEP members as two.  Occupation 
and Country of Origin were not entered as part of the data tabulation.  For the question 
42
assessing previous marriage, Yes was coded as one and No was coded as two.  Religious 
Affiliation was a self-described, fill-in-the-blank item, and was coded as Baptist-one, 
Catholic-two, Episcopal-three, Jewish-four, Latter-Day Saint-five, Lutheran-six, 
Methodist-seven, Presbyterian-eight, Protestant-nine, Seventh Day Adventist-ten, Other-
eleven, None-twelve, and Interfaith-thirteen.  Affiliations categorized as other included 
the following 13 responses:  Christian (7 responses), Eastern Orthodox (2 responses),  
Disciples of Christ, Greek Orthodox, Humanist, Unitarian.  Affiliations categorized as 
Interfaith encompassed the following three responses:  Interfaith Protestant/Jewish, 
Methodist/Jewish, and United Methodist/Presbyterian.  A ?Same Religion? category was 
created to code religious homogamy for those surveys received by both members of a 
couple.  Participants whose partner indicated the same religious affiliation as the 
respondent were coded as one for Yes; participants whose partner indicated differing 
religious affiliation from the respondent were coded as two, for No.
A few questionnaires were received with values missing on certain measures of 
the study instruments.  If entire sections or measures of information were incomplete, the 
data for that entire questionnaire were not used.  If an occasional, single item was omitted 
from a participant?s survey, mid-point values of the appropriate response scale for that 
question were ?pro-rated,? or added, to complete the data for that individual survey.  Four 
surveys were received missing a value on one item of question one of the DRAQ, the 
frequency of joint religious activities measure.  Scores of ?three? were inserted for those 
items.  Out of 15 items scored for question one on 175 survey responses, four missing 
values represent 0.15 percent of the 2,625 responses received.  One missing response was 
prorated for question ten of the DRAQ, representing 0.1 percent of a total of 1,050 
43
responses for that measure.  Forty-four missing responses were prorated for the DAS, 
representing 0.78 percent of a total of 5,600 responses for that instrument.  One missing 
response was prorated for the MSI-R, representing 0.03 percent of a total of 3,150 
responses received on that instrument.
During data entry, it was realized that a zero response received on any item of 
question ten of the DRAQ, in conjunction with any other values given as responses to 
question ten items, indicated a misinterpretation of scoring on the part of the respondent.  
If the respondent indicated affective values other than zero for any of the six items of the 
measure, then, because the respondent indicated some level of affective experience, 
?zero? responses in fact must be coded as ?one,? never, rather than ?zero?, not applicable 
(does not occur).  Twenty responses of ?zero? were transformed into responses of ?one? 
for question ten of the DRAQ, representing 1.9 percent of the 1,050 total responses 
received for that measure.
It was similarly realized during coding that a mismatch of numerical sequencing 
occurred for question nine of the DRAQ.  The ?not important at all? category, while 
falling sequentially immediately after the ?seventh most important? category, was coded 
as ?zero? instead of ?eight.?  Computation of data analyses would be skewed using 
?zero? values for this category.  Therefore, SPSS software features were used to treat 
zero values as missing values during data analysis.
44
CHAPTER IV:  RESULTS
Overview of Analyses
This study elicited both qualitative and quantitative responses from participants.   
This chapter presents four areas of data analyses?(a) demographic data regarding study 
participants, (b) data concerning the psychometric characteristics of the DRAQ, (c) tests 
of hypotheses, using quantitative responses to DRAQ items assessing aspects of 
participants? religious activities and relationship quality, and (d) qualitative data from 
participants? responses to open-ended DRAQ questions about their religious activities 
and relationship quality.
Demographic Data
The descriptive characteristics of the sample population demographic data, such 
as minimums, maximums, means, frequencies, and percents, were obtained using SPSS 
software.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire
The psychometric properties of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire 
(DRAQ) as a newly created research instrument were calculated using SPSS software.  
Calculations of Cronbach?s alpha (an inspection of item-total correlations for 
identification of potentially weak items) were used to indicate the degree of internal 
consistency displayed by the construct subscales of the DRAQ.  Initial evaluation of the 
construct validity of the DRAQ involved the tests of the study?s hypotheses regarding the 
degrees to which the variables assessed by the DRAQ construct subscales were 
associated with the degrees of relationship satisfaction and relationship stability assessed 
by the participants? DAS and MSI-R scores (see section on tests of hypotheses below).  
45
Tests of the Hypotheses and Research Questions
The quantitative data obtained in this research to test the study?s hypotheses were 
analyzed using SPSS software. Data analyses of study variables included:  (i) descriptive 
statistics, such as range, means, medians, modes, standard deviations, and frequency 
distributions, (ii) Pearson correlation coefficients describing the strength of relationships 
between pairs of the study variables (for example, correlations of the DAS and MSI-R 
with frequency of joint religious activities, importance of religious activity benefits, 
occurrence of religious activity benefits, and positive individual affect), and (iii) multiple 
regression analyses to test the combined association of predictor variables (e.g., 
frequency of joint religious activities and occurrence of religious activity benefits) with 
the criterion of relationship satisfaction, and to test whether or not subjective experiences 
of joint religious activities (e.g., importance of religious activity benefits and positive 
individual affect) are mediators of the relationship between religious participation and 
relationship satisfaction and stability.
In addition to the above tests of the hypotheses, analyses were conducted to 
examine another research question pertinent to the theoretical base of this study.  It was 
considered to be of empirical and theoretical interest to examine whether or not any 
relationship existed between actual frequencies of religious activity benefits experienced 
by couples (assessed by question eight of the DRAQ) and couples? forced relative 
rankings of importance of benefits (assessed by question nine of the DRAQ).  An 
exploratory analysis was conducted to determine whether or not the reality of couples? 
religious experiences, as measured by the degree of occurrence of benefits, was 
congruent with the couples? prioritizing of benefits accrued from religious activities (i.e., 
46
their cognitive ideals).  This analysis addressed the theoretical foundation of this study?
how the meaning or import of religious activity is associated with couples? actual lived 
experience.
Analysis of Qualitative Data on Perceived Benefits from Religious and Non-Religious 
Activities
The qualitative responses to open-ended questions two, three, and four of the 
DRAQ, listing benefits participants receive from engaging in religious activities or other 
activities, were numerically categorized by the principal researcher according to the 
subscales used in question nine of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire, with 
the inclusion of two additional categories.  For example, question two reads, ?As a 
couple, we enjoy the following benefits from participating in religious activities 
together.?  Written responses were classified numerically using the subscale categories of 
question nine?cohesion (1), meaning (2), positive relating (3), value consensus (4), 
ritual (5), social support (6), and intimacy (7)?with the addition of an ?other? category 
(8) and a ?family cohesion? category (9).  Special care was taken to insure that consistent 
criteria were used to classify each written response into the proper category.  The 
categorized qualitative responses of questions two, three, and four were then tabulated as 
nominal data, and analyses of frequency of occurrence were performed.  Comparisons of 
qualitative responses by gender and other demographic characteristics were calculated.  
Categorized qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Question four of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire asked 
participants to list joint activities, other than religious activities, from which they also 
gain benefits.  Question five of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire requested 
47
participants to itemize benefits they personally feel they derive from participating as a 
couple in joint religious activities.  Question six of the Dyadic Religious Assessment 
Questionnaire asked participants to record topics they personally think about while 
engaging in religious activities with their partner.  Responses for each of the qualitative 
questions were tallied in list format, grouped by similar subject themes, and appear in 
Appendix E.
Demographic Characteristics
The demographic characteristics of the study sample population are presented in 
Table 1.  The study sample consisted of 175 adults, each of whom was a member of a 
couple for at least six months.  Ninety-five respondents were male and 80 were female.  
Using the questionnaire code numbers, 126 questionnaires were identified as received 
from 63 couples, whereas 49 questionnaires were received from individuals singly, 
without a matching questionnaire from their partner.  One hundred and twenty-nine 
participants were from Rotary Clubs and 46 questionnaires were PEP members.  The 
mean participant age was 54.61 years old.  One hundred sixty-six respondents, or 94.9% 
of the study sample, indicated that they were married.  The average level of education fell 
between having received a bachelor?s degree and completing some graduate education.  
Fifty percent of the study participants were employed full-time, 16% were employed 
part-time, and 21.7% were retired.  Data revealed that study participants? household 
income averaged $138,710 per year.  As Table 1 indicates, racial data revealed that 
90.9% of the study sample were Caucasian, 2.9% Hispanic, 2.3% African American, 
1.7% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1.1% Native American.  With respect to marital 
longevity, study participants indicated they had been married an average of 26.27 years; 
48
Table 1
Demographic Characteristics of the Sample
Demographic                                              Mean          Frequency         Percent
Characteristic
Age 54.61 -- --
Gender
     Female -- 80 45.7
     Male -- 95 54.3
Educational Level
     High School Diploma -- 7 4.0
     Some College -- 21 12.0
     Associates Degree -- 4 2.3
     Bachelors Degree -- 37 21.1
     Some Graduate Education -- 30 17.1
     Masters Degree -- 41 23.4
     Doctoral Degree -- 32 18.3
     Trade School -- 3 1.7
Employment Status
     Employed Full-time -- 88 50.3
     Employed Part-time -- 28 16.0
     Not Employed Outside the
          Home/Unemployed -- 20 11.4
     Retired -- 38 21.7
     Disabled/Unable to be Employed -- 1 0.6
Race
     African American -- 4 2.3
     Asian/Pacific Islander -- 3 1.7
     Caucasian -- 159 90.9
     Hispanic/Latino -- 5 2.9
     Native American -- 2 1.1
     Other --  1  0.6
     Missing -- 1 0.6
Number of Children in Household            1.22 -- --
          0 -- 72 41.1
          1 -- 21 12.0
          2 -- 44 25.1
49
Table 1, continued
Demographic Characteristics of the Sample
Demographic                                              Mean          Frequency         Percent
Characteristic
Number of Children in Household, continued
          3 -- 22 12.6
          4 -- 7 4.0
          Missing -- 9 5.1
Total Years in Relationship 27.30 -- --
Years Married 26.27 -- --
Married Previously
     Yes -- 33 18.9
     No -- 141 80.6
     Missing -- 1 0.6
Religious Affiliation  (self-described)
     Baptist -- 5 2.9
     Catholic -- 38 21.7
     Episcopal -- 13 7.4
     Jewish -- 16 9.1
     Latter-day Saint -- 4 2.3
     Lutheran -- 6 3.4
     Methodist -- 16 9.1
     Presbyterian -- 16 9.1
     Protestant* -- 14 8.0
     Seventh Day Adventist -- 5 2.9
     Interfaith -- 3 1.7
     None -- 25 14.3
     Other -- 13 7.4
     Missing -- 1 0.6
Partner Same Religion
     Yes -- 88 50.3
     No -- 38 21.7
     Missing -- 49 28.0
*The term Protestant can be used to refer to a category of religious affiliations, or to a specific 
denominational faith.  Because of the self-descriptive nature of the reporting of this demographic 
characteristic, the exact meaning of participants reporting their religious affiliation as Protestant is unclear.
50
Table 1, continued
Demographic Characteristics of the Sample
Demographic                                              Mean          Frequency         Percent
Characteristic
Personal Income 85.77 -- --
     (in thousands)
Household Income 138.71 -- --
     (in thousands)
Source of Participant
     Rotarians -- 129 73.7
     PEP Members -- 46 26.3
N=175
18.9% indicated they had been married previously.  With regard to religious affiliation, 
50.3 percent of participants indicated they were the same religion as their partner; 21.7% 
indicated they were not.  Subject demographic characteristics varied little in terms of 
gender.  Only personal annual income and educational level revealed statistically 
significant variations by gender.  Possible gender differences in means for demographic 
characteristics were tested with t-tests.  The results indicated that the t-value for 
educational level was 2.24, p<.05, and the t-value for personal income was 6.16, p<.001.  
Thus, the sample tended to be highly educated (with males more highly educated), 
financially successful, middle-aged, white, and involved in stable long-term marriages.  
Males averaged $112,230 and females averaged $43,990 in personal annual income.
Associations Between Study Variables and Demographics
Because certain demographic characteristics have been shown to be correlates of 
relationship satisfaction or religiousness in past research, an examination of the 
51
relationship between the demographic variables of this study and the rankings of joint 
religious activity benefit items was performed.  For instance, in past studies females have 
been found to be more ?religious? than males, in both beliefs and practice.  Women also 
have been found to be less satisfied with their relationships than men.  Individuals with 
higher levels of education have been shown to be less likely to hold religious beliefs 
(Petersen, 1986) and to report higher levels of marital satisfaction (Locksley, 1982).  Age 
has also been shown to correlate with religiosity and/or marital happiness (Shehan & 
Bock, 1990).  Because of these past research results, a correlational analysis was 
computed between six of the demographic variables?gender, age, personal income, 
household income, years married, and educational level?and the seven religious activity 
benefit subscales of question nine.  Findings indicated that very few, if any, relationships 
of import exist between couples? religious benefit priorities and the sample population 
characteristics.  Only two relationships of statistical significance appeared.  ?Importance 
of time spent together? was ranked higher by females than by males (correlated with 
gender at r = .162, significant at p = .038), and ?importance of rituals and traditions? was 
negatively correlated with level of education (r =-.156, p = .040).  These findings suggest 
some consistency with the current literature indicating that those of higher education are 
less likely to hold religious beliefs than those of lesser education, and that females tend to 
value couple intimacy that involves spending time together with their spouses in 
intimacy-enhancing activities such as religion.  However, the correlations were of low 
magnitude, and this analysis suggested that it was not necessary to control statistically for 
demographic characteristics in the tests of the hypotheses.
52
The relationships between study participants? indicating the same versus different 
religious affiliations as their partner and frequency of joint religious activities, degree of 
relationship satisfaction, and degree of relationship stability also were examined.  As 
noted earlier, researchers have begun to distinguish between affiliation homogamy and 
activity homogamy.  Whereas couples? indications of religious affiliation similarity are 
not indications of whether they jointly participate in religious activities together, it is 
interesting to note that similarity of religious affiliation was significantly correlated with 
both relationship satisfaction (r = -.211 ; p = .009) and with frequency of religious 
activities (r = -.404 ; p < .001).   These correlational findings are consistent with Heaton?s 
(1984) suggestion that the marital quality of religiously active couples may be a function 
of both affiliation homogamy and religiosity, or activity homogamy.
Psychometric Properties of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Construct Subscales
Tables 2 through 9 display the descriptive statistics for participants? responses to 
questions one, two, three, four, seven, eight, nine, and ten of the Dyadic Religious 
Assessment Questionnaire (DRAQ).  Each table provides means and frequencies 
computed for the individual items of each question.
Table 2 indicates that the three joint religious activities couples reported engaging 
in most frequently were 1
st
-celebrating holidays religiously, 2
nd
-attending worship 
services, and 3
rd
-planning religious celebrations.  These were followed in descending 
order of frequency by: 4
th
-expressing feelings during holidays, 5
th
-talking about religious 
or spiritual issues, 6
th
-religious social activities, 7
th
-religious rituals, 8
th
-discussing 
religious practices, 9
th
-volunteering for religious activities, 10
th
-prayer together, 11
th
-
53
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 1?Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
a) Attending worship services 3.29  (2
nd
) -- --
     Never -- 33 18.9
     Rarely -- 35 20.0
     Sometimes -- 25 14.3
     Often -- 11 6.3
     Regularly -- 70 40.0
     Missing -- 1 0.6
b) Attending religious classes 1.90  (13
th
) -- --
     Never -- 101 57.7
     Rarely -- 25 14.3
     Sometimes -- 25 14.3
     Often -- 7 4.0
     Regularly -- 15 8.6
     Missing -- 2 1.1
c) Attending spiritual retreats 1.46  (15
th
) -- --
     Never -- 122 69.7
     Rarely -- 30 17.1
     Sometimes -- 16 9.1
     Often -- 2 1.1
     Regularly -- 3 1.7
     Missing -- 2 1.1
d) Celebrating holidays religiously 3.57  (1
st
) -- --
     Never -- 40 22.9
     Rarely -- 10 5.7
     Sometimes -- 16 9.1
     Often -- 27 15.4
     Regularly -- 81 46.3
     Missing -- 1 0.6
54
Table 2, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 1?Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
e) Discussing religious practices 2.68  (8
th
) -- --
     Never -- 56 32.0
     Rarely -- 25 14.3
     Sometimes -- 38 21.7
     Often -- 29 16.6
     Regularly -- 26 14.9
     Missing -- 1 0.6
f) Prayer together 2.44  (10
th
) -- --
     Never -- 73 41.7
     Rarely -- 23 13.1
     Sometimes -- 30 17.1
     Often -- 24 13.7
     Regularly -- 24 13.7
     Missing -- 1 0.6
g) Religious rituals 2.72  (7
th
) -- --
     Never -- 59 33.7
     Rarely -- 30 17.1
     Sometimes -- 25 14.3
     Often -- 19 10.9
     Regularly -- 40 22.9
     Missing -- 2 1.1
h) Expressing feelings during holidays 2.88  (4
th
) -- --
     Never -- 38 21.7
     Rarely -- 27 15.4
     Sometimes -- 50 28.6
     Often -- 34 19.4
     Regularly -- 24 13.7
     Missing -- 2 1.1
55
Table 2, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 1?Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
i) Religious social activities 2.79  (6
th
) -- --
     Never -- 49 28.0
     Rarely -- 26 14.9
     Sometimes -- 37 21.1
     Often -- 34 19.4
     Regularly -- 27 15.4
     Missing -- 2 1.1
j) Planning religious celebrations 3.09  (3
rd
) -- --
     Never -- 39 22.3
     Rarely -- 26 14.9
     Sometimes -- 31 17.7
     Often -- 37 21.1
     Regularly -- 41 23.4
     Missing -- 1 0.6
k) Reading religious material together 2.10  (12
th
) -- --
     Never -- 73 41.7
     Rarely -- 45 25.7
     Sometimes -- 32 18.3
     Often -- 10 5.7
     Regularly -- 13 7.4
     Missing -- 2 1.1
l) Scripture study together 1.66  (14
th
) -- --
     Never -- 116 66.3
     Rarely -- 23 13.1
     Sometimes -- 19 10.9
     Often -- 6 3.4
     Regularly -- 9 5.1
     Missing -- 2 1.1
56
Table 2, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 1?Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
m) Talking about God?s role 2.38  (11
th
) -- --
     Never -- 68 38.9
     Rarely -- 26 14.9
     Sometimes -- 42 24.0
     Often -- 22 12.6
     Regularly -- 16 9.1
     Missing -- 1 0.6
n) Talking about religious or 
           spiritual issues 2.86  (5
th
) -- --
     Never -- 34 19.4
     Rarely -- 33 18.9
     Sometimes -- 52 29.7
     Often -- 32 18.3
     Regularly -- 22 12.6
     Missing -- 2 1.1
o) Volunteering for religious activities 2.51  (9
th
) -- --
     Never -- 66 37.7
     Rarely -- 30 17.1
     Sometimes -- 29 16.6
     Often -- 18 10.3
     Regularly -- 30 17.1
     Missing -- 2 1.1
N=175
talking about God?s role, 12
th
-reading religious material together, 13
th
-attending religious 
classes, 14
th
-scripture study together, and 15
th
-attending spiritual retreats.
57
Table 3
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 7?Importance of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                     Mean Rating     Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                         (and rank
       5 is highest value)                relative to other items)
a) Promoting healthy interaction 3.59  (3
rd
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 30 17.1
     Not very important -- 11 6.3
     Neutral -- 22 12.6
     Somewhat important -- 49 28.0
     Very important -- 62 35.4
     Missing -- 1 0.6
b) Common values and beliefs 3.79  (1
st
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 28 16.0
     Not very important -- 6 3.4
     Neutral -- 19 10.9
     Somewhat important -- 42 24.0
     Very important -- 79 45.1
     Missing -- 1 0.6
c) Time spent together 3.35  (9
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 32 18.3
     Not very important -- 16 9.1
     Neutral -- 32 18.3
     Somewhat important -- 47 26.9
     Very important -- 47 26.9
     Missing -- 1 0.6
d) Feeling connected 3.52  (4
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 29 16.6
     Not very important -- 13 7.4
     Neutral -- 25 14.3
     Somewhat important -- 53 30.3
     Very important -- 54 30.9
     Missing -- 1 0.6
58
Table 3, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 7?Importance of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                     Mean Rating      Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                         (and rank
       5 is highest value)                relative to other items)
e) Spiritual orientation 3.63  (2
nd
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 32 18.3
     Not very important -- 10 5.7
     Neutral -- 23 13.1
     Somewhat important -- 34 19.4
     Very important -- 75 42.9
     Missing --  1  0.6
f) Feeling relationship will last 3.32  (11
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 35 20.0
     Not very important -- 16 9.1
     Neutral -- 36 20.6
     Somewhat important -- 32 18.3
     Very important -- 55 31.4
     Missing -- 1 0.6
g) Moral compass as a guide 3.49  (6
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 35 20.0
     Not very important -- 8 4.6
     Neutral -- 25 14.3
     Somewhat important -- 49 28.0
     Very important -- 57 32.6
     Missing -- 1 0.6
h) Common tasks together 3.07  (13
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 38 21.7
     Not very important -- 15 8.6
     Neutral -- 42 24.0
     Somewhat important -- 55 31.4
     Very important -- 24 13.7
     Missing -- 1 0.6
59
Table 3, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 7?Importance of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                     Mean Rating      Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                         (and rank
       5 is highest value)               relative to other items)
i) Emotional closeness 3.37  (8
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 33 18.9
     Not very important -- 11 6.3
     Neutral -- 37 21.1
     Somewhat important -- 44 25.1
     Very important -- 49 28.0
     Missing -- 1 0.6
j) Communicating effectively 3.18  (12
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 36 20.6
     Not very important -- 16 9.1
     Neutral -- 47 26.9
     Somewhat important -- 31 17.7
     Very important -- 44 25.1
     Missing -- 1 0.6
k) Feelings of intimacy 2.94  (14
th)
-- --
     Unimportant -- 40 22.9
     Not very important -- 26 14.9
     Neutral -- 43 24.6
     Somewhat important -- 36 20.6
     Very important -- 30 17.1
l) Rituals and traditions that give
          continuity 3.42  (7
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 34 19.4
     Not very important -- 11 6.3
     Neutral -- 27 15.4
     Somewhat important -- 54 30.9
     Very important -- 49 28.0
60
Table 3, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 7?Importance of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                      Mean Rating    Frequency          Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                          (and rank
       5 is highest value)                 relative to other items)
m) Social support structures 3.33  (10
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 31 17.7
     Not very important -- 14 8.0
     Neutral -- 39 22.3
     Somewhat important -- 48 27.4
     Very important -- 43 24.6
n) Spiritual meaning and purpose 3.51  (5
th
) -- --
     Unimportant -- 32 18.3
     Not very important -- 11 6.3
   Neutral -- 28 16.0
     Somewhat important -- 43 24.6
     Very important -- 60 34.3
     Missing -- 1 0.6
N=175
Table 3 indicates that the three joint religious activity benefits couples reported of 
most importance to them were 1
st
-common values and beliefs, 2
nd
-spiritual orientation, 
and 3
rd
-promoting healthy interactions.  These were followed in descending order of 
importance by: 4
th
-feeling connected, 5
th
-spiritual meaning and purpose, 6
th
-moral 
compass as a guide, 7
th
-rituals and traditions that give continuity, 8
th
-emotional closeness, 
9
th
-time spent together, 10
th
-social support structures, 11
th
-feeling relationship will last, 
12
th
-communicating effectively, 13
th
-common tasks together, and 14
th
-feelings of 
intimacy.
61
Table 4
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 8?Frequency of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
a) Promoting healthy interaction 2.61  (12
th
) -- --
     Never -- 59 33.7
     Rarely -- 16 9.1
     Sometimes -- 54 30.9
     Often -- 24 13.7
     Regularly -- 21 12.0
     Missing -- 1 0.6
b) Common values and beliefs 3.17  (1
st
) -- --
     Never -- 43 24.6
     Rarely -- 18 10.3
     Sometimes -- 25 14.3
     Often -- 43 24.6
     Regularly -- 45 25.7
     Missing -- 1 0.6
c) Time spent together 2.97  (4
th
) -- --
     Never -- 43 24.6
     Rarely -- 23 13.1
     Sometimes -- 41 23.4
     Often -- 31 17.7
     Regularly -- 36 20.6
     Missing -- 1 0.6
d) Feeling connected 2.95  (6
th
) -- --
     Never -- 46 26.3
     Rarely -- 22 12.6
     Sometimes -- 36 20.6
     Often -- 35 20.0
     Regularly -- 35 20.0
     Missing -- 1 0.6
62
Table 4, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 8?Frequency of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
e) Spiritual orientation 3.06  (2
nd
) -- --
     Never -- 48 27.4
     Rarely -- 17 9.7
     Sometimes -- 31 17.7
     Often -- 33 18.9
     Regularly -- 45 25.7
     Missing -- 1 0.6
f) Feeling relationship will last 2.95  (7
th
) -- --
     Never -- 55 31.4
     Rarely -- 15 8.6
     Sometimes -- 27 15.4
     Often -- 37 21.1
     Regularly -- 40 22.9
     Missing -- 1 0.6
g) Moral compass as a guide 2.97  (5
th
) -- --
     Never -- 48 27.4
     Rarely -- 18 10.3
     Sometimes -- 34 19.4
     Often -- 38 21.7
     Regularly -- 35 20.0
     Missing -- 2 1.1
h) Common tasks together 2.71  (11
th
) -- --
     Never -- 51 29.1
     Rarely -- 25 14.3
     Sometimes -- 43 24.6
     Often -- 32 18.3
     Regularly -- 22 12.6
     Missing -- 2 1.1
63
Table 4, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 8?Frequency of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
i) Emotional closeness 2.74  (10
th
) -- --
     Never -- 52 29.7
     Rarely -- 26 14.9
     Sometimes -- 33 18.9
     Often -- 39 22.3
     Regularly -- 23 13.1
     Missing -- 2 1.1
j) Communicating effectively 2.56  (13
th
) -- --
     Never -- 54 30.9
     Rarely -- 34 19.4
     Sometimes -- 36 20.6
     Often -- 32 18.3
     Regularly -- 17 9.7
     Missing -- 2 1.1
k) Feelings of intimacy 2.45  (14
th)
-- --
     Never -- 58 33.1
     Rarely -- 35 20.0
     Sometimes -- 39 22.3
     Often -- 26 14.9
     Regularly -- 15 8.6
     Missing -- 2 1.1
l) Rituals and traditions that give
          continuity 3.03  (3
rd
) -- --
     Never -- 46 26.3
     Rarely -- 20 11.4
     Sometimes -- 32 18.3
     Often -- 32 18.3
     Regularly -- 43 24.6
     Missing -- 2 1.1
64
Table 4, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 8?Frequency of Joint Religious Activity 
Benefits
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
m) Social support structures 2.87  (9
th
) -- --
     Never -- 47 26.9
     Rarely -- 24 13.7
     Sometimes -- 38 21.7
     Often -- 32 18.3
     Regularly -- 32 18.3
     Missing -- 2 1.1
n) Spiritual meaning and purpose 2.95  (8
th
) -- --
     Never -- 47 26.9
     Rarely -- 26 14.9
     Sometimes -- 30 17.1
     Often -- 30 17.1
     Regularly -- 41 23.4
     Missing -- 1 0.6
N=175
Table 4 indicates that the three joint religious activity benefits couples reported 
experiencing most frequently were 1
st
-common values and beliefs, 2
nd
-spiritual 
orientation, and 3
rd
-rituals and traditions that give continuity.  These were followed in 
descending order of importance by: 4
th
-time spent together, 5
th
-moral compass as a guide, 
6
th
-feeling connected, 7
th
-feeling relationship will last, 8
th
-spiritual meaning and purpose, 
9
th
-social support structures, 10
th
-emotional closeness, 11
th
-common tasks together, 12
th
-
promoting healthy interactions, 13
th
-communicating effectively, and 14
th
-feelings of 
intimacy.
65
Table 5
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 9?Importance Ranking of Joint Religious 
Activity Benefit Subscales
Question Item                                                  Mean
     (scored from 1 to 7;                                  & Rank
       1 is highest value)                      (relative to other items)
a) Time spent together 4.19  (5
th
)
b) Spiritual meaning and purpose 3.27  (2
nd
)
c) Healthy interactions 3.97  (4
th
)
d) Common values and beliefs 2.54  (1
st
)
e) Rituals and traditions 3.57  (3
rd
)
f) Social support structures 4.35  (6
th
)
g) Feelings of intimacy 5.57  (7
th
)
N=175
Table 5 indicates that when members of couples ranked the importance of joint 
religious activity benefits relative to each other, common values and beliefs exceeded all 
other benefits as the most important joint religious activity benefit.  This benefit was 
followed in descending order of ranked importance by: 2
nd
-spiritual meaning and 
purpose, 3
rd
-rituals and traditions, 4
th
-healthy interactions, 5
th
-time spent together, 6
th
-
social support structures, and 7
th
-feelings of intimacy.
66
Table 6
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 10?Positive Individual Affect During Joint 
Religious Activities
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
a) Feeling eager to communicate 3.36  (6
th
) -- --
     Never -- 11 6.3
     Rarely -- 9 5.1
     Sometimes -- 54 30.9
     Often -- 46 26.3
     Regularly -- 17 9.7
     Missing -- 38 21.7
b) Feeling emotionally close 3.66  (3
rd
) -- --
     Never -- 7 4.0
     Rarely -- 9 5.1
     Sometimes -- 34 19.4
     Often -- 61 34.9
     Regularly -- 26 14.9
     Missing -- 38 21.7
c) Feeling happy 4.01  (2
nd
) -- --
     Never -- 6 3.4
     Rarely -- 3 1.7
     Sometimes -- 23 13.1
     Often -- 57 32.6
     Regularly -- 48 27.4
     Missing -- 38 21.7
d) Feeling secure 4.04  (1
st
) -- --
     Never -- 9 5.1
     Rarely -- 3 1.7
     Sometimes -- 19 10.9
     Often -- 48 27.4
     Regularly -- 58 33.1
     Missing -- 38 21.7
67
Table 6, continued
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 10?Positive Individual Affect During Joint 
Religious Activities
Question Item                                            Mean          Frequency         Percent
     (scored from 1 to 5;                            (and rank
       5 is highest value)                  relative to other items)
e) Feeling I understand my partner 3.56  (4
th
) -- --
     Never -- 9 5.1
     Rarely -- 10 5.7
     Sometimes -- 40 22.9
     Often -- 51 29.1
     Regularly -- 27 15.4
     Missing -- 38 21.7
f) Feeling understood by my partner 3.43  (5
th
) -- --
     Never -- 12 6.9
     Rarely -- 10 5.7
     Sometimes -- 44 25.1
     Often -- 49 28.0
     Regularly -- 22 12.6
     Missing -- 38 21.7
N=175
Table 6 indicates that the three most frequently reported items of positive 
individual affect members of couples felt when engaging in religious activities together 
were:  1
st
- feeling secure, 2
nd
-feeling happy, and 3
rd
-feeling emotionally close.  These 
items were followed in descending order of frequency by:  4
th
-feeling I understand my 
partner, 5
th
-feeling understood by my partner, and 6
th
-feeling eager to communicate.
68
Table 7
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 2?Benefits Experienced From Joint Religious 
Activities
Question Category                               Frequency         Percent
     (listed in order of frequency)
1) Healthy interactions 36 20.6
2) Increases intimacy 33 18.9
3) Other 31 17.7
4) Social support 28 16.0
5) Spiritual meaning or purpose 27 15.4
6) Time spent together 25 14.3
7) Family unity 19 10.9
8) Common values or beliefs 17 9.7
9) Rituals and traditions 17 9.7
N=175
Table 7 displays, in order of frequency mentioned, the benefits members of 
couples provided when asked to list the benefits they experience while engaging in joint 
religious activities.  They were:  1
st
-healthy interactions, 2
nd
- increase of intimacy, 3
rd
-
other, 4
th
-social support, 5
th
-spiritual meaning or purpose, 6
th
-time spent together, 7
th
-
family unity, 8
th
-common values or beliefs, and 9
th
-rituals and traditions.  Responses 
categorized as ?Other? comprised a number of sub-category groupings, identified as 
?Peace,? ?Community,? ?Happiness,? ?Generational,? ?Gratitude,? ?Reflection,? 
69
?Service,? and ?Relationship with God.?  An itemization of ?Other? sub-category 
responses for DRAQ question two appears in Appendix E.
Table 8 displays, in order of frequency mentioned, the benefits members of 
couples provided when asked to list the benefits they exclusively experience while 
engaging in joint religious activities.  They were:  1
st
-spiritual meaning or purpose, 2
nd
-
other, 3
rd
-healthy interactions, 4
th
-social support, 5
th
-rituals and traditions, 6
th
-common 
values or beliefs, 7
th
-increases intimacy, 8
th
-time spent together, and 9
th
-family unity.  
Responses categorized as ?Other? also comprised certain sub-category groupings, labeled 
?Relationship with God,?  ?Peace,? ?Community,? ?Generational,? ?Gratitude,? and 
?Service.?  An itemization of ?Other? sub-category responses for DRAQ question three 
appears in Appendix E.
Table 9 displays, in order of frequency mentioned, the benefits members of 
couples provided when asked to list the benefits they experience while engaging in joint 
religious activities that are also common to any other joint activities they engage in.  
They were:  1
st
-time spent together, 2
nd
- social support, 3
rd
-healthy interactions, 4
th
-
family unity, 5
th
-increases intimacy, 6
th
-other, 7
th
-common values or beliefs, 8
th
-rituals 
and traditions, and 9
th
-spiritual meaning or purpose.
Internal Consistency of DRAQ Construct Subscales
The Cronbach?s alpha internal consistency was computed for each of the four 
construct subscales (questions) of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire: 
frequency of joint religious activities, importance of religious activity benefits, frequency 
of religious activity benefits, and positive individual affect associated with joint religious 
activities.   For each construct subscale, Cronbach?s alpha was computed for the total 
70
Table 8
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 3?Benefits Experienced Exclusively From 
Joint Religious Activities
Question Category                               Frequency         Percent
     (in order of frequency)
1) Spiritual meaning or purpose 40 22.9
2) Other 27 15.4
3) Healthy interactions 19 10.9
4) Social support 13 7.4
5) Rituals and traditions 12 6.9
6) Common values or beliefs 9 5.1
7) Increases intimacy 8 4.6
8) Time spent together 7 4.0
9) Family unity 0 0.0
N=175
71
Table 9
Descriptive Statistics for DRAQ Question 4?Benefits Common to Both Joint Religious 
Activities and Other Joint Activities
Question Category                               Frequency         Percent
     (in order of frequency)
1) Time spent together 55 31.4
2) Social support 40 22.9
3) Healthy interactions 23 13.1
4) Family unity 16 9.1
5) Increases intimacy 10 5.7
6) Other 10 5.7
7) Common values or beliefs 7 4.0
8) Rituals and traditions 6 3.4
9) Spiritual meaning or purpose 4 2.3
N=175
72
Table 10
Cronbach alpha Coefficients of Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire Construct 
Subscales
DRAQ Construct                          Total Sample         Male               Female
Subscale                                             alpha    alpha       alpha 
DRAQ Question 1:
Frequency of Joint
     Religious Activities .96 .96 .96
     (15 items)            n=173              n=93               n=80
DRAQ Question 7:
Importance of Joint
     Religious Activity .98 .98 .98
     Benefits (14 items)            n=174              n=95               n=79
DRAQ Question 8:
Frequency of Occurrence of
     Joint Religious Activity .98 .98 .98
     Benefits (14 items)            n=173              n=94               n=79
DRAQ Question 10:
Positive Individual Affect
     Associated With Joint
     Religious Activities .90 .88 .92
     (6 items)            n=137              n=77               n=60
sample, males only, and females only, as presented in Table 10.  The internal 
consistencies of the construct subscales were robust, ranging from .88 to .98.  There was 
very little variation in internal consistency reliability of the DRAQ construct subscales by 
gender.
73
Tests of the Hypotheses
The study?s hypotheses concerning the relationship between aspects of couples? 
joint involvement in religious activities and the quality of their relationships were tested 
with Pearson correlations.  Table 11 displays these bivariate linear relationships among 
all the variables of this study for the total sample, Table 12 presents the correlations for 
the males only, and Table 13 presents the correlations for the females only.
The following are the results regarding each of the hypotheses proposed in this 
study (1-tailed tests, given that these were tests of directional hypotheses):
Hypothesis 1:  Members of couples who engage in more religious activities 
together will report greater relationship satisfaction.
The Pearson correlation between DRAQ question one and DAS scores was .171 
(p < .05) for the total sample, .195 (p < .05) for the males, and .141 (p = .108) for the 
females.  Thus, the hypothesis was supported for males and the total sample.  In a post-
hoc exploratory analysis, correlations were also computed between relationship 
satisfaction and stability and each individual item of the frequency of joint religious 
activity question items listed in the DRAQ.  As indicated in Table 14, ten out of fifteen 
items had significant positive correlations with relationship satisfaction; two items 
correlate negatively with relationship instability.  
Hypothesis 2:  Members of couples who engage in more religious activities 
together will report greater relationship stability.
74
Table 11
Pearson Correlations Among Study Variables for the Total Sample
Variable                       DAS                MSI              FREQRA      IMPORTRA    FREQBEN     INDIVAFF
FREQRA .171* -.114
     n                             171                  169
IMPORTRA .070 -.107 .759***
     n                             172                  170                  172
FREQBEN .127* -.136* .881*** .857***
      n                             171                  169                  171                  172
INDIVAFF .405*** -.118 .508*** .718*** .641***
     n                             135                  133                  135                  137                  135
DRAQSUM .253** -.062 .880*** .915*** .955*** .742***
     n                             131                  129                  133                  133                  133                  133
FREQRA= Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
IMPORTRA= Importance of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
FREQBEN= Frequency of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
INDIVAFF= Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
DRAQSUM= Total DRAQ Score (FREQRA+IMPORTRA+FREQBEN+INDIVAFF)
*p<.05, one tail     **p<.01, one tail     ***p<.001, one tail
75
Table 12
Pearson Correlations Among Study Variables for Male Participants
Variable                       DAS                MSI              FREQRA      IMPORTRA    FREQBEN    INDIVAFF
FREQRA .195* -.119
   n                               92                    91
IMPORTRA .075 -.107 .747***
     n                               94                    93                    93
FREQBEN .133 -.144 .851*** .884***
     n                               93                    92                    92                    94
INDIVAFF .364** -.165 .487*** .777*** .650***
     n                               76                    75                    75                    77                    76
DRAQSUM .305** -.095 .851*** .919*** .950*** .766***
     n                               73                    72                    74                    74                    74                    74
FREQRA= Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
IMPORTRA= Importance of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
FREQBEN= Frequency of Occurrence of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
INDIVAFF= Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
DRAQSUM= Total DRAQ Score (FREQRA+IMPORTRA+FREQBEN+INDIVAFF)
*p<.05, one tail     **p<.01, one tail     ***p<.001, one tail
76
Table 13
Pearson Correlations Among Study Variables for Female Participants
Variable                       DAS                MSI              FREQRA      IMPORTRA      FREQBEN    INDIVAFF
FREQRA .141 -.111
     n                               79                    78
IMPORTRA .054 -.111 .774***
     n                               78                    77                    79
FREQBEN .118 -.132 .913*** .830***
     n                               78                    77                    79                    78
INDIVAFF .442*** -.043 .528*** .622*** .619***
     n                               59                    58                    60                    60                    59
DRAQSUM .173 -.007 .916*** .910*** .959*** .703***
     n                               58                    57                    59                    59                    59                    59
FREQRA= Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
IMPORTRA= Importance of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
FREQBEN= Frequency of Occurrence of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
INDIVAFF= Positive Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
DRAQSUM= Total DRAQ Score (FREQRA+IMPORTRA+FREQBEN+INDIVAFF)
*p<.05, one tail     **p<.01, one tail     ***p<.001, one tail
77
Table 14
Correlational Relationships Between Frequency of Joint Religious Activity Items and 
Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Stability
Frequency of Joint Religious                                 Correlation with            Correlation with
     Activity Item                                       Relationship Satisfaction   Relationship Stability
Attending worship services .070 -.035
     n                                                                              172                                          170
Attending religious classes .120 -.029
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Attending spiritual retreats .168* -.061
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Celebrating holidays religiously .088 -.106
     n                                                                              172                                          170
Discussing religious practices .185** -.093
     n                                                                              172                                          170
Prayer together .185** -.118
     n                                                                              172                                          170
Religious rituals .028 -.066
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Expressing feelings during holidays .182** -.143*
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Religious social activities .075 -.122
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Planning religious celebrations .146* -.092
 n                                                                              172                                          170
Reading religious material together .134* -.078
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Scripture study together .168* -.101
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Talking about God?s role .148* -.096
     n                                                                              172                                          170
78
Table 14, continued
Correlational Relationships Between Frequency of Joint Religious Activity Items and 
Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Stability
Frequency of Joint Religious                             Correlation with                Correlation with
     Activity Item                                       Relationship Satisfaction   Relationship Stability
Talking about religious or spiritual issues .172* -.103
     n                                                                              171                                          169
Volunteering for religious activities .205** -.132*
     n                                                                              171                                          169
*p<.05, one tail     **p<.01, one tail     ***p<.001, one tail
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question one and MSI-R 
scores was -.114 (p = .071) for the total sample, -.119 (p = .131) for the males, and -.111 
(p = .166) for the females.  The results did not support the hypothesis.  As with 
hypothesis one, in a post-hoc exploratory analysis, correlations were computed between 
relationship stability and each individual item of the frequency of joint religious activity 
question items listed in the DRAQ.  As indicated in Table 14, two of the fifteen joint 
religious activity items had significant negative correlations with relationship instability.
Hypothesis 3:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities will report greater relationship satisfaction.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question seven and DAS 
scores was .070 (p = .182) for the total sample, .075 (p = .236) for the males, and .054 (p 
= .321) for the females.  The results did not support the hypothesis.
79
Hypothesis 4:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities more will report greater relationship stability.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question seven and MSI-R 
scores was -.107 (p = .082) for the total sample, -.107 (p = .155) for the males, and -.111 
(p = .168) for the females.  The results did not support the hypothesis.
Hypothesis 5:  Members of couples who experience more benefits from joint 
participation in religious activities will report greater relationship satisfaction.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question eight and DAS scores 
was .127 (p < .05) for the total sample, .133 (p = .102) for the males, and .118 (p = .151) 
for the females.  The results supported the hypothesis for the total sample but not for 
either the males or females separately.
Hypothesis 6:  Members of couples who experience more benefits from joint 
participation in religious activities will report greater relationship stability.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question eight and MSI-R 
scores was -.136 (p < .05) for the total sample, -.144 (p = .085) for the males, and -.132 
(p = .126) for the females.  The results supported the hypothesis for the total sample but 
not for either males or females separately.
Hypothesis 7:  Individuals who indicate that they experience a higher degree of 
positive individual affect while engaging in religious activities as a couple will report a 
greater degree of relationship satisfaction.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question ten and DAS scores 
was .405 (p < .001) for the total sample, .364 (p = .001) for the males, and .442 (p < .001) 
for the females.  The results supported the hypothesis for the total sample, the males, and 
80
the females.  A post-hoc exploratory analysis examined the correlations of the individual 
items of the DRAQ construct subscale of positive individual affect and the DAS and 
MSI-R.  The results, presented in Table 15, indicate that all of the forms of positive 
individual affect associated with joint religious activities were significantly correlated 
with individuals? relationship satisfaction but none were correlated with the index of 
relationship stability. 
Table 15
Pearson Correlations in the Total Sample Between Positive Individual Affect Associated 
with Joint Religious Activities Items and Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship 
Stability
Positive Individual Affect Associated              Correlation with                 Correlation with
     W/ Joint Religious Activities Items    Relationship Satisfaction   Relationship Stability
Feeling eager to communicate .204** -.049
     n                                                                              135                                          133
Feeling emotionally close .378*** -.097
     n                                                                              135                                          133
Feeling happy .233** -.072
     n                                                                              135                                          133
Feeling secure .337*** -.095
     n                                                                              135                                          133
Feeling I understand my partner .405*** -.128
     n                                                                              135                                          133
Feeling understood by my partner .413*** -.138
     n                                                                              135                                          133
*p<.05, one tail     **p<.01, one tail     ***p<.001, one tail
81
Hypothesis 8:  Individuals who indicate that they experience a higher degree of 
positive individual affect while engaging in religious activities as a couple will report a 
greater degree of relationship stability.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question ten and MSI-R scores 
was -.118 (p = .088) for the total sample, -.165 (p = .079) for the males, and -.043 (p = 
.376) for the females.  The results did not support the hypothesis.
Hypothesis 9:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation in 
religious activities will report engaging in a higher frequency of joint religious activities.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question seven and scores on
DRAQ question one was .759 (p < .001) for the total sample, .747 (p < .001) for the 
males, and .774 (p < .001) for the females.  The results provided strong support for the 
hypothesis.
Hypothesis 10:  Members of couples who value benefits from joint participation 
in religious activities will report experiencing more religious activity benefits from joint 
religious participation.
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question seven and scores on 
DRAQ question eight was .857 (p< .001) for the total sample, .884 (p < .001) for the 
males, and .830 (p < .001) for the females.  The results strongly supported the hypothesis.
Hypothesis 11:  Members of couples who experience more benefits from joint 
religious activities will experience more positive individual affect associated with joint 
religious activities.
82
The Pearson correlation between scores on DRAQ question eight and scores on 
DRAQ question ten was .641 (p < .001) for the total sample, .650 (p < .001) for the 
males, and .619 (p < .001) for the females.  The results strongly supported the hypothesis.
Multiple Regression Analysis Testing Joint Association of Aspects of Joint Religious 
Activities and Relationship Quality
Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to address the research 
questions of this study regarding the relative contributions of (a) frequency of joint 
religious activities, (b) positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities 
(c) importance of religious activity benefits, and (d) frequency of religious activity 
benefits experienced in statistically predicting individuals? levels of relationship quality.  
Table 16 presents the results of the multiple regression analysis for the total sample, 
using the DAS as the dependent variable.  Table 17 presents an identical analysis using 
male participants only, and Table 18 displays the same analysis again using female 
participants only.  Similar multiple regression analyses run on the independent measures 
using the MSI-R as the dependent variable yielded no significant predictor variables.
For the total study sample, model one showed that frequency of joint religious 
activities was a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction at p < .002, with an R 
value of .269, an R
2
 value of .072, an R
2
 change value of .072, and an F value of 10.034.  
Frequency of joint religious activities alone, therefore, explained 7.2% of the variance in 
DAS scores.  
83
Table 16
Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Measures as Predictors of Relationship 
Satisfaction (DAS) for Total Study Sample
Model               R                      R
2
              R
2
 Change     F Change       Sig. F Change
1 .269
a
.072 .072 10.034 .002
2 .416
b
.173 .101 15.595 .000
3 .527
c
.277 .104 18.340 .000
     a.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant)
   b.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), INDIVAFF
     c.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), INDIVAFF, IMPORTRA
     d.  Dependent Variable:  DAS
     Excluded Variables:  FREQBEN
     FREQRA= Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
     IMPORTRA= Importance of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
     FREQBEN= Frequency of Occurrence of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
     INDIVAFF= Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
     DAS= Dyadic Assessment Scale (measure of relationship satisfaction)
84
Table 17
Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Measures as Predictors of Relationship 
Satisfaction (DAS) for Male Study Participants
Model               R                      R
2
              R
2
 Change     F Change       Sig. F Change
1 .326
a
.106 .106 8.425 .005
2 .407
b
.165 .059 4.970 .029
3 .459
c
.211 .046 4.000 .049
     a.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant)
     b.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), INDIVAFF
     c.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), INDIVAFF, IMPORTRA
     d.  Dependent Variable:  DAS
     Excluded Variables:  FREQBEN
     FREQRA= Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
     IMPORTRA= Importance of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
     FREQBEN= Frequency of Occurrence of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
     INDIVAFF= Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
     DAS= Dyadic Assessment Scale (measure of relationship satisfaction)
85
Table 18
Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Measures as Predictors of Relationship 
Satisfaction (DAS) for Female Study Participants
Model               R                      R
2
              R
2
 Change     F Change       Sig. F Change
1 .192
a
.037 .037 2.145 .149
2 .445
b
.198 .161 11.034 .002
3 .621
c
.386 .188 16.559 .000
 a.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant)
     b.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), INDIVAFF
     c.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), INDIVAFF, IMPORTRA
     d.  Dependent Variable:  DAS
     Excluded Variables:  FREQBEN
     FREQRA= Frequency of Joint Religious Activities
     IMPORTRA= Importance of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
     FREQBEN= Frequency of Occurrence of Joint Religious Activity Benefits
     INDIVAFF= Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
     DAS= Dyadic Assessment Scale (measure of relationship satisfaction)
86
For the total study sample, model two showed that frequency of joint religious 
activities combined with positive individual affect associated with joint religious 
activities together were significant predictor variables of relationship satisfaction at p <
.001, with an R value of .416, an R
2
 value of .173, an R
2
 change value of .101, and an F 
value of 15.595 for the change in R
2
.  Frequency of joint religious activities combined 
with positive individual affect, therefore, explained 17.3% of the variance in DAS scores.  
For the total study sample, model three showed that frequency of joint religious 
activities combined with both positive individual affect and importance of religious 
activity benefits were significant predictor variables of relationship satisfaction at p <
.001, with an R value of .527, an R
2
 value of .277, an R
2
 change value of .104, and an F 
value of 18.340 for the change in R
2
.  Frequency of joint religious activities combined 
with positive individual affect and importance of religious activity benefits, therefore, 
explained 27.7% of the variance in relationship satisfaction scores.  Frequency of 
religious activity benefits was an excluded variable in each model, and was not found to 
be a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction. 
For males only, regression model one showed that frequency of joint religious 
activities was a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction at p < .005, with an R 
value of .326, an R
2
 value of .106, an R
2
 change value of .106, and an F value of 8.425.  
For males, frequency of joint religious activities alone explained 10.6% of the variance in 
DAS scores.  
For males only, regression model two showed that frequency of joint religious 
activities combined with positive individual affect associated with joint religious 
activities together were significant predictor variables of relationship satisfaction at p <
87
.029, with an R value of .407, an R
2
 value of .165, an R
2
 change value of .059, and an F 
value of 4.970 for the change in R
2
.  Frequency of joint religious activities combined with 
positive individual affect, therefore, explained 16.5% of the variance in DAS scores for 
males.  
Again for males only, regression model three showed that frequency of joint 
religious activities combined with both positive individual affect and importance of 
religious activity benefits were significant predictor variables of relationship satisfaction 
at p < .049, with an R value of .459, an R
2
 value of .211, an R
2
 change value of .046, and 
an F value of 4.000 for the change in R
2
.  Frequency of joint religious activities combined 
with positive individual affect and importance of religious activity benefits, therefore, 
explained 21.1% of the variance in relationship satisfaction scores for males.  Frequency 
of religious activity benefits was an excluded variable in each model for males, and was 
not found to be a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction. 
For females only, results of regression model one showed that frequency of joint 
religious activities was not a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction at p < .149, 
with an R value of .192, an R
2
 value of .037, an R
2
 change value of .037, and an F value 
of 2.145.  Frequency of joint religious activities alone, therefore, did not predict 
relationship satisfaction for female participants.
Results of the second regression model for females showed that only when 
frequency of joint religious activities was combined with positive individual affect, 
together the two variables were significant predictors of relationship satisfaction at p <
.002, with an R value of .445, an R
2
 value of .173, an R
2
 change value of .198, and an F 
value of 11.034 for the change in R
2
.  Frequency of joint religious activities combined 
88
with positive individual affect, therefore, explained 19.8% of the variance in DAS scores 
for females.  
Results of the third regression model for females showed that frequency of joint 
religious activities combined with both positive individual affect and importance of 
religious activity benefits were significant predictor variables of relationship satisfaction 
again at p < .001, with an R value of .621, an R
2
 value of .386, an R
2
 change value of 
.188, and an F value of 16.559 for the change in R
2
.  Frequency of joint religious 
activities combined with positive individual affect and importance of religious activity 
benefits, therefore, explained 38.6% of the variance in relationship satisfaction scores for 
females.  Frequency of religious activity benefits was an excluded variable in each model 
for females only, and was not found to be a significant predictor of relationship 
satisfaction. 
A final set of hierarchical multiple regression analyses was used to determine 
whether or not any of the 14 individual items comprising the importance of religious 
activity benefits measure exhibited predictive power with regard to the DAS dependent 
study variable.  Frequency of joint religious activities was forced into the analysis first as 
a predictor variable, to determine the degree to which importance of benefits account for 
variance in relationship satisfaction above and beyond satisfaction associated with 
frequency of shared religious activities.  Analyses were run for both gender groups.  No 
significant predictors of relationship satisfaction were found in the individual items of 
importance of religious activity benefits for females.  Results for males are listed in Table 
19.
89
Regression model one of the analysis for males shows that frequency of joint 
religious activities was not a significant predictor alone of relationship satisfaction, at p <
.062, with an R value of .195, an R
2
 value of .038 an R
2
 change value of .038, and an F 
value of 3.564.  
However, individual items assessing the importance of particular benefits of joint 
religious activities did add significant amounts of variance accounted for in males? DAS 
scores.  Regression model two showed that frequency of joint religious activities 
combined with importance of promoting healthy interaction together were significant 
predictor variables of relationship satisfaction for males at p < .036, with an R value of 
.291, an R
2
 value of .085, an R
2
 change value of .047, and an F value of 4.542.  
Frequency of joint religious activities combined with importance of promoting healthy 
interactions, therefore, explained 8.5% of the variance in DAS scores for males.  
Regression model three showed that frequency of joint religious activities 
combined with both importance of promoting healthy interactions and importance of 
communicating effectively significantly predicted relationship satisfaction for males at p 
< .041, with an R value of .357, an R
2
 value of .127, an R
2
 change value of .043, and an F 
value of 4.300.  Frequency of joint religious activities combined with importance of 
promoting healthy interactions and importance of communicating effectively, therefore, 
explained 12.7% of the variance in relationship satisfaction scores for males.  The other 
twelve individual items of the importance of religious activity benefits measure were 
excluded variables in each model, and were not found to be significant predictors of 
relationship satisfaction for males. 
90
Table 19
Multiple Regression Results for DRAQ Question 7 Items as Predictors of Males? 
Relationship Satisfaction
Model               R                      R
2
              R
2
 Change     F Change       Sig. F Change
1 .195
a
.038 .038 3.564 .062
2 .291
b
.085 .047 4.542 .036
3 .357
c
.127 .043 4.300 .041
     a.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant)
     b.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), importance of promoting healthy interaction
     c.  Predictors:  FREQRA (Constant), importance of promoting healthy interaction,
     importance of communicating effectively
     d.  Dependent Variable:  DAS
     Excluded Variables:  Importance of common values and beliefs, importance of time
   spent together, importance of feeling connected, importance of
   spiritual orientation, importance of feeling relationship will last, 
   importance of moral compass as a guide, importance of common 
   tasks together, importance of emotional closeness, importance of 
   feelings of intimacy, importance of rituals and traditions, 
   importance of social support structures, importance of spiritual 
   meaning and purpose
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Qualitative Results
Tables 7, 8, and 9 display the frequencies and percentages of responses received 
in each of the nine categories established to group the qualitative data of questions two, 
three, and four of the DRAQ.  Question two asked participants to list the joint religious 
activity benefits they experience.  Responses indicated that couples experience 
measurable benefits in each of the seven benefit categories, and in two additional 
categories established for the qualitative data analysis, ?family cohesion? and ?other.?  
The frequencies of occurrence of the responses for question two differed somewhat from 
the order of frequencies indicated in the benefit subscales of questions seven and nine of 
the DRAQ.  However, the data confirmed that, without being prompted or guided by the 
categories suggested later in the quantitative questions of the DRAQ, couples reported 
benefits of identical content in the qualitative questions.  Question three requested 
participants to list the joint religious activity benefits that they gain only through religious 
activities, but not from any other activity.  Results for question three revealed one 
exceptionally strong item.  Data showed that 22.9% of respondents indicated ?spiritual 
meaning and purpose? was a benefit unique to religious activities, suggesting that this 
benefit, above all the other benefits by far, is the one that uniquely characterizes religious 
activities, and that couples are especially aware of and prize this aspect of joint religious 
interaction.  Question four requested study participants to list the benefits they enjoy from 
joint religious activities that they also gain from other activities.  The qualitative results 
indicated that time together, social support, and interacting in healthy ways were the three 
benefits most frequently listed.  It is interesting to note that the three least frequently 
92
listed benefits couples mentioned experiencing through other activities, ?spiritual 
meaning or purpose,? ?common values or beliefs,? and ?traditions and rituals,? were the 
three most frequently occurring joint religious activity benefits for questions seven and 
nine of the DRAQ, suggesting that some definite distinctions do exist between the 
benefits that couples experience through other activities and the benefits that they 
experience from joint religious activities alone.
93
CHAPTER V:  DISCUSSION
This study utilized a symbolic interaction model to examine the relationships 
between couples? joint religious activities and their levels of relationship satisfaction and 
stability.  Although previous research has established that a relationship exists between 
religious behaviors and relationship quality, relatively few studies have examined the 
dimensions of this topic from a dyadic point of view.  Few researchers have studied this 
subject using constructs of greater specificity than ?joint religious involvement.?  
Furthermore, even fewer studies have been grounded in a solid and applicable theory in 
the design and analysis of their research.  This study adds to the literature examining 
specific dimensions of couples? dyadic experiences in religious activities, how they are 
related to relationship quality, and how to best measure and interpret those dimensions.
Sample Demographics
An examination of the demographic data reveals that the study sample was 
limited in diversity of race, socioeconomic status, education, age, and years of marriage.  
This was most likely due to the characteristic makeup of the Rotarian population chosen, 
and the economic affluence of most of the PEP parenting program members.  Rotary 
Club members are typically well established and settled in their careers, and choose 
membership in Rotary to participate in giving service to their communities.  They would 
therefore likely fall into higher educational and economic categories, as well as into 
higher age and years of marriage categories.  Due to the cost incurred to participate in 
PEP classes, members of this population would likely also fall into higher socioeconomic 
and possibly educational categories.  Thus, caution must be exercised in generalizing the 
results of this study to broader populations of couples.
94
Reliability and Validity of the DRAQ Instrument
The results of Cronbach?s alpha analyses computed to determine the internal 
consistency of the four quantitative construct subscales of the Dyadic Religious 
Assessment Questionnaire signify that the internal consistency reliability for each DRAQ 
variable was high.  Results suggest that the individual items included in each question of 
the DRAQ are highly interrelated.  
The strong consistency observed in the participants? responses to questions seven 
and nine of the DRAQ?individual ratings and forced rankings of religious activity 
benefits?also suggests that the DRAQ performs well in examining the variables of 
interest specified in this study.  The strong correlations observed among the four 
construct subscales of the DRAQ suggest that these variables are strongly related to each 
other, and that the components of the DRAQ exhibit convergent validity.  In addition, the 
significant relations between DRAQ construct subscales and the criterion of relationship 
satisfaction suggest that the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire also exhibits 
good criterion validity, an important component of construct validity.
Although face validity is the least sophisticated method of establishing construct 
validity, it is apparent from the quantity and specificity of the qualitative responses 
obtained in this study that the qualitative questions used in the DRAQ effectively tapped 
participants? understanding of the religious activity benefits they experience and their 
thoughts during those experiences.  The pertinence of the qualitative responses received 
for each question implies that the qualitative questions assessed the variables of interest 
well.
95
The above results suggest that the operational definitions of the variables used in 
the DRAQ to measure couples? joint religious activities are adequate, and that the 
construct validity of this research is therefore robust, based on the combined presence of 
convergent validity, criterion validity, and face validity in this study.  
Characteristics of Couples? Religious Activity Experiences
The results of this study confirm the idea proposed in the Introduction that couples 
reap a wide range of benefits from engaging in religious activities together, and that 
couples integrate these benefits into their perceptions of their dyadic relationships as well 
as into their individual life experiences and perceptions.  Data from this study indicate 
that members of couples experience both individual and conjoint benefits from engaging 
in religious activities together, and that they place value on both of these types of 
benefits.
Mean ratings by the couples in this study revealed that the six most frequently 
occurring joint religious activities couples engage in are celebrating holidays religiously, 
attending worship services, planning religious celebrations, expressing feelings during 
holidays, talking about religious or spiritual issues, and religious social activities.   Of the 
fifteen items listed in question one of the DRAQ, these higher frequency items seem to be 
activities that commonly occur in everyday life.  The results also indicated that couples 
reported the six most highly valued joint benefits of religious activities to be common 
values and beliefs, spiritual orientation, promoting healthy interaction, feeling connected, 
spiritual meaning and purpose, and moral compass as a guide.  However, the most 
frequently occurring joint religious activity benefits reported by couples differ somewhat 
from the joint religious activity benefits that they most highly value.  The eight most 
96
frequently occurring benefits were: common values and beliefs, spiritual orientation, 
rituals and traditions, time spent together?tied with moral compass as a guide, and 
feeling connected?tied with both sense of spiritual meaning and purpose, and feelings 
that relationship will last.
Couples were asked to indicate the importance that they place on the various 
benefits they experience when engaging in religious activities together in two different 
ways in the DRAQ.  In question seven, couples were asked to rate the level of importance 
of each joint religious activity benefit item individually.  Pairs of the fourteen items in 
question seven correspond to the seven categories of joint religious activity benefits that 
the participants are asked to rank order in question nine (7c and 7h = 9a; 7e and 7n = 9b; 
7a and 7j = 9c; 7b and 7g = 9d; 7l and 7f = 9e; 7d and 7m = 9f; 7i and 7k = 9g).  It is 
interesting to note that, comparing the findings of the forced rankings in question nine 
with the mean importance ratings in question seven, as displayed in Table 20, the data 
indicate strong concordance between the two methods of assessing the importance that 
individuals place on types of joint religious activities.  It is similarly interesting to 
observe that the rankings of importance placed on joint religious activity benefits differed 
minimally when computed for each gender separately.   Rankings for males were 
identical to that of the total sample.  For females, rankings of items two and three 
switched position due to a mean ranking difference of only 0.01, as did items five and 
six, by a difference of 0.09.  These variations suggest that there is no meaningful 
difference between genders in the ranked importance that they attach to the benefits that 
they experience from joint religious activities.
97
Table 20
Comparison of Mean Rankings for DRAQ Questions 7 & 9 
                                                    Question 9              Question 7             Question 7
                                                      Ranking                  Subscale                Ranking
Question 9                            (scored from 1 to 7;           Items            (scored from 1 to 5;
Subscale Item                             1 is highest)               Summed              5 is highest)
Common values and beliefs 2.54                (3.79+3.49)?2 3.64
(Question 7 Items b+g)
Spiritual meaning and purpose 3.27                (3.63+3.51)?2 3.57
(Question 7 Items e+h)
Ritual and traditions 3.57                (3.32+3.42)?2 3.37
(Question 7 Items l+f)
Healthy interactions 3.97                (3.59+3.18)?2 3.38
(Question 7 Items a+j)
Time spent together 4.19                (3.35+3.07)?2 3.21
(Question 7 Items c+h)
Social support structures 4.35                (3.52+3.33)?2 3.43
(Question 7 Items d+m)
Feelings of intimacy 5.57                (3.37+2.94)?2 3.15
(Question 7 Items i+k)
98
Consistent with symbolic interaction theory, it is important to determine the 
subjective feelings that individuals experience in relationships.  Concerning individuals? 
reports of the affect that they experience from joint religious activities, the data reveal 
that study participants reported experiencing the following aspects of positive individual 
affect most frequently, in order of highest to lowest frequency:  personally feeling secure, 
personally feeling happy, personally feeling emotionally close, personally feeling that 
they understood their partner, personally feeling understood by their partner, and 
personally feeling eager to communicate.
Tests of the Hypotheses
It was hypothesized that frequency of joint religious activities would be positively 
related to relationship satisfaction.  It was also hypothesized that frequency of joint 
religious activities would be positively related to relationship stability.  Findings 
confirmed that frequency of joint religious activities was positively correlated with 
relationship satisfaction, but it was not related to the index of relationship stability.  As 
described in the Results chapter, correlations were also examined between relationship 
satisfaction and stability and each individual item of the frequency of joint religious 
activity question items listed in the DRAQ.  Ten out of fifteen items had significant 
positive correlations with relationship satisfaction; two items correlate negatively with 
relationship instability.  It is interesting to note that of the fifteen joint religious activity 
items, the seven that rank least common in frequency of occurrence (with the exception 
of the 13
th
 item, which narrowly misses statistical significance) are those that correlate 
positively with relationship satisfaction.  Perhaps couples who choose to include religious 
activities that are less common, or less typically practiced, in their lives are those couples 
99
who are religiously active to a sufficient degree to be able to reap relationship benefits 
from their frequency of joint religious activities.  For example, the data indicate that 
relatively few couples include prayer together (10
th
), talking about God?s role (11
th
), 
reading religious material together (12
th
), attending religious classes (13
th
), studying 
scriptures together (14
th
), or attending spiritual retreats together (15
th
) in their joint 
religious activities.  It could be that couples who do practice these activities together 
regularly are sufficiently steeped or engaged in joint religious involvement to a degree 
that in some way produces significant benefits.
It was suggested in the Introduction that, based on Call and Heaton?s (1997) 
theory that marital conflicts of couples regarding religion most likely occur over 
?saliency of religion, religious activity, the priority they place on shared activities, and 
the significance they place on religious compatibility? (p. 383), it would follow that, 
conversely, relationship strength would be related to the existence of similar dimensions 
of religious unity within couples.  Although couples were not specifically canvassed 
about ?saliency of religion,? and this item is not sufficiently specific to compare with any 
item of the current study, study findings did confirm that ?religious activity? was 
associated with relationship satisfaction, and ?the significance [couples] place on 
religious compatibility? (item 9d of the DRAQ) was ranked by couples as first priority of 
importance.   ?The priority place[d] on shared activities,? or item 9a of the DRAQ, was 
ranked fifth priority of importance.  Qualitative data also indicated that couples prize the 
priority their partners place on religion, religious activities, and religious beliefs.  
Responses to what partners think about while participating in religious activities 
included, ?how blessed I am to have a faith and a mate who loves God,? ?the comfort and 
100
security of doing religious activities together,? ?how fortunate we are to share a strong 
faith in God,? ?the benefits of sharing beliefs,? and ?how grateful I am to have a partner 
who shares this aspect of life with me so readily.?
It was hypothesized that positive individual affect associated with joint religious 
activities would be positively related to relationship satisfaction.  It was further 
hypothesized that positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities 
would be positively related to relationship stability.  Results showed that positive 
individual affect was the DRAQ index most strongly correlated with relationship 
satisfaction.  However, positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities 
was not significantly correlated with spouses? reports of relationship stability, in terms of 
thoughts and actions that they have taken toward dissolving their relationships.  Study 
findings also indicated that each of the six positive individual affect question items in the 
DRAQ were correlated with relationship satisfaction.  The three items most strongly 
correlated were ?feeling understood by my partner,? ?feeling I understand my partner,? 
and ?feeling emotionally close.?  The other three positive individual affect items, though 
well correlated with relationship satisfaction, were slightly less so.  These items were 
?feeling secure,? ?feeling happy,? and ?feeling eager to communicate.?  It is interesting 
to observe that the three more highly correlated items refer to affect related to one?s 
partner, whereas the items less correlated refer more to individual affective states.  This 
may underscore the importance of the joint, relational nature of the couples? religious 
experiences in relation to relationship satisfaction.  Given the strong association between 
the DRAQ affect items and relationship satisfaction, it is noteworthy that the DRAQ 
affect items were not correlated with the index of relationship stability.  As noted earlier, 
101
the sample for this study consisted of couples who were in stable long-term relationships, 
and an examination of the range and mean of scores obtained on the MSI-R revealed that 
the sample population of the present study was extremely strong in marital stability.  The 
mean MSI-R score for study participants was .43, out of a possible range of 0-18, and 
95.3% of respondents received a score of two or lower.  Therefore, sufficient variability 
in relationship stability, as assessed by the MSI-R, did not exist to test the hypothesis 
adequately.  Replication in a sample with greater diversity in relationship stability will be 
important.
It was hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits would be 
positively related to frequency of religious activity benefits.  Results revealed that the 
scores of frequency of religious activity benefits and importance of religious activity 
benefits are strongly correlated with each other, at .759 (p < .001).  The importance that 
individuals attach to benefits from joint religious activities and the frequency with which 
such benefits occur are highly associated.  The examination of these two measures has 
particular impact on the applicability of this study?s theoretical grounding, in that it 
explores the relationship between the importance or meaning that couples place on 
certain experiences, and the actual occurrence of those experiences.  These findings 
suggest that joint religious activities have symbolic significance for members of couples.
It was hypothesized that frequency of religious activity benefits would be 
positively related to relationship satisfaction, and that frequency of religious activity 
benefits would be positively related to relationship stability.  Findings confirmed that, for 
the total study sample, frequency of religious activity benefits was significantly 
correlated with both relationship satisfaction and relationship stability.  These findings 
102
are consistent with the study?s theoretical premise that joint religious activities are 
associated with greater relationship satisfaction and stability because they provide 
meaningful benefits to the partners.
It was also hypothesized that the importance of religious activity benefits would 
be positively related to relationship satisfaction, and that importance of religious activity 
benefits would be positively related to relationship stability.  Contrary to these 
hypotheses, importance of religious activity benefits was not found to be correlated with 
either relationship satisfaction or relationship stability.  Perhaps these findings reflect a 
process in which individuals? relationship satisfaction and stability depend on a 
combination of considering the benefits of joint religious activities important and actually 
receiving a sufficient amount of those benefits in one?s relationship.
Therefore, of the four indices comprising the Dyadic Religious Assessment 
Questionnaire, three of them?frequency of joint religious activities, frequency of 
religious activity benefits, and positive individual affect?were associated with 
relationship satisfaction, and one of them?frequency of religious activity benefits?was 
found to be associated with relationship stability.  When relationships between the four 
DRAQ measures and relationship satisfaction and stability are considered by gender, 
study results indicate some interesting variations.  Only one DRAQ measure?positive 
individual affect?was significantly related to relationship satisfaction for female 
participants.  In contrast, scores on two DRAQ measures?frequency of joint religious 
activities and positive individual affect?were each related to relationship satisfaction for 
male subjects.  Although the differences in correlations are not statistically significant, 
these gender tendencies suggest the possibility that how females feel about their joint 
103
religious activity experiences with their partners wields importance and influence over 
their experiences of partnership quality, whereas for males, both the feeling dimension 
and the behavior, or ?doing,? dimension of religious activities contribute in influencing 
the quality of their relationships.  It may be that engaging in religious activities together 
involves an area of interaction for couples that showcases some of the more conventional 
gender role tendencies.  For instance, numerous research efforts refer to instrumentality 
and expressiveness as factors present in gender traits, roles, identity, values, and ideology 
(Melton & Thomas, 1976; Spence, 1993; Spence & Buckner, 2000; Wise & Stake, 2002).  
Expressive characteristics have been traditionally associated with female qualities, 
whereas instrumental characteristics have been thought to be more masculine qualities.
Findings indicated that none of the DRAQ measures were significantly related to 
relationship stability for either gender.  Again, the highly stable relationships in this 
sample made it difficult to detect any relationships between joint religious activities and 
relationship stability.
It was hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits would be 
positively related to frequency of joint religious activities.  In fact, the data indicated that 
importance of religious activity benefits was strongly correlated with frequency of joint 
religious activities.  Utilizing symbolic interaction theory, these results suggest the 
possibility that couples who place value or decide to derive meaning from experiencing 
religious activity benefits are, in fact, also choosing to engage in higher levels of religious 
activity behavior together than couples who do not subscribe to such values.
It was hypothesized that frequency of religious activity benefits would be 
positively related to positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities.  
104
The data again indicated that frequency of religious activity benefits was positively 
related to positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities.  These 
results are consistent with the premise of symbolic interaction theory as it applies to this 
study, that because religious activity benefits embody certain desired and chosen 
significances for the participants, then a fluctuation in the degree of those benefits would 
have a direct and corresponding effect on the degree of meaning, import, or affect 
experienced by participants.
It was also hypothesized that importance of religious activity benefits would be 
positively related to positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities.  
Study results similarly confirmed that importance of religious activity benefits was 
positively associated with positive individual affect.  This finding implies that, not only 
the degree of occurrence of benefits from joint activities, but also the degree of intensity
of meaning or importance placed on religious activity benefit experiences relates to the 
affect that a participant experiences during joint religious activities.
In this study, it was hypothesized that frequency of religious activity benefits 
(question eight) would be positively related to the relative rankings of importance of 
religious activity benefits (question nine).  It was of theoretical interest to examine 
whether or not any relationship existed between questions eight and nine of the DRAQ, 
because similarities could suggest whether or not the reality of couples? religious 
experiences, as measured by the degree of occurrence of benefits in question eight, was 
congruent with the couples? prioritizing of religious benefits, as indicated by their 
rankings in question nine.  Study data did confirm that certain ranked items of religious 
activity benefits were related to the frequency with which religious activity benefits are 
105
received.  Table 21 displays these findings.  ?Spiritual meaning and purpose? and 
?healthy interactions? were significantly negatively correlated with frequency of religious 
activity benefits, whereas ?rituals and traditions? and ?social support structure? items of 
importance were positively correlated.  A negative correlation was an indication of 
support for the hypothesis, because ranked scoring of question nine items was highest at 
lower values of received religious activity benefits.
These results seem inconsistent in meaning, until the sample is re-examined by 
gender.  Data disclosed that, for males, ?healthy interactions? was negatively correlated 
with frequency of joint religious activity benefits (supportive of the hypothesis), and 
?social support structures? was positively correlated.  For females, ?feelings of intimacy? 
and ?spiritual meaning and purpose? items were negatively correlated (supportive of the 
hypothesis), and ?social support structures? and ?rituals and traditions? items were 
positively correlated with frequency of joint religious activity benefits.  The prominence 
of ?feelings of intimacy? for females and ?healthy interactions? for males again suggests 
the possibility of a gender-related explanation for these findings?that how females feel
about their joint religious activity experiences may exert more influence over their 
experiences than other dimensions of experience, whereas what males ?do??their 
moment to moment experience of their actions, or the accomplishment alone of a task, for 
its own sake?may be more influential in the nature and quality of their relationships.  
The examination of the relationship between questions eight and nine of the DRAQ 
investigates the suitability and validity of this study?s theoretical base in understanding 
and interpreting couples? experiences of joint religious activities.  It seems apparent that 
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Table 21
Correlational Relationships Among Frequency of Joint Religious Activity Benefits and 
Ranked Religious Activity Benefit Items
     Ranked                         Correlation with           Correlation with           Correlation with
     Religious Activity            FREQBEN                    FREQBEN                      FREQBEN
     Benefit Item               Total Study Sample       Male Participants     Female Participants
Time spent together .065 .093 -.014
      n                                               118                                66                                      52
Spiritual meaning and purpose -.365*** -.158 -.641***
      n                                               116                                66                                      50
Healthy interactions -.187* -.206* -.178
      n                                               116                                66                                      50
Common values and beliefs -.097 -.043 -.155
      n                                               125                                70                                      55
Rituals and traditions .220** .176 .327**
      n                                               124                                71                                      53
Social support structures .223** .199* .245*
      n                                               127                                72                                      55
Feelings of intimacy -.078 .027 -.262*
      n                                               104                                60                                      44
*p<.05, one tail     **p<.01, one tail     ***p<.001, one tail
the use of symbolic interaction theory assists in bringing further understanding of the 
relationships between couples? joint religious activities and relationship quality to light.
Combined Religious Activity Predictors of Relationship Satisfaction and Stability
The degree to which the set of four religious activity variables assessed by the 
Dyadic Assessment Religious Questionnaire would produce incremental associations 
with relationship satisfaction and stability over the univariate correlations involving the 
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individual DRAQ construct subscales was examined with hierarchical multiple regression 
analyses.  Frequency of joint religious activities, importance of religious activity benefits, 
occurrence of religious activity benefits, and positive individual affect were used to 
predict relationship satisfaction as the criterion variable and then relationship stability.  
All four predictor variables were used in this computation, to permit a determination of 
how well the set of religious activity predictor variables together would account for the 
variance in each criterion variable.  Results of the analyses showed that frequency of joint 
religious activities, positive individual affect, and importance of religious activity 
benefits each accounted for unique variance in relationship satisfaction for the total study 
sample (see Table 16).
When this regression analysis was computed for each gender only, similarities 
and differences were observed.  The degree of predictive power of each individual 
characteristic varied by gender.  For males, frequency of joint religious activities showed 
the strongest predictive power, with an F change value of 8.425, greater than positive 
individual affect at 4.970, or importance of religious activity benefits at 4.000 (see Table 
17).  In contrast, for females, the F change value of 2.145 for frequency of joint religious 
activities was not significant, but was followed by positive individual affect with an F 
change value of 11.034, and importance of religious activity benefits with an F change 
value of 16.559 (see Table 18).  Thus, when combined, frequency of joint religious 
activities, positive individual affect, and importance of religious activity benefits together 
accounted for 21.1% of the variance in relationship satisfaction for males, and 38.6% of 
the variance in relationship satisfaction for females.
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Again, these study findings suggest that some classic gender differences may exist 
in the way males and females experience religious activities together.  Specifically, for 
males, frequency of joint religious activities played the most influential role in predicting 
relationship satisfaction, whereas for females, positive individual affect and the 
importance of religious activity benefits carried the influential weight.  In essence, it 
could be likely that the conventional terms of ?task oriented? and ?maintenance 
oriented,? or the classifications of ?instrumental? and ?expressive? for males and females 
are applicable in couples? experiences of joint religious activities and relationship 
satisfaction.  Although all three measures were active predictors of relationship 
satisfaction for both genders, females? relationship satisfaction was predicted to a greater 
degree by the affect they experienced and the meaning they gave to religious activities 
than by the frequency of the religious activities, while males? relationship satisfaction 
was predicted to a greater degree by the actual task or activity itself, than by the feeling 
or the meaning they attached to the activity.  These possible gender implications could be 
more extensively examined in future research.
As Call and Heaton (1997) concluded, ?shared participation in religious activities 
is a critical aspect of religious experience that can sustain marriages,? (p. 382), the 
multiple regression results of this study indicate that frequency of joint religious 
activities, positive individual affect, and importance of religious activity benefits may 
also be ?critical aspects of religious experience? that can sustain relationships.  Just as 
Call and Heaton found that when spouses attend church together, they experience the 
lowest risk of divorce, these findings suggest that spouses who engage in religious 
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activities together, feel positively about religious activities, and place importance on 
religious activity benefits will exhibit higher levels of relationship satisfaction.
Study findings from a multiple regression analysis using relationship stability as 
the criterion variable showed that none of the DRAQ indices were predictive of 
relationship stability.  Again, this lack of findings is likely due at least in part to the use 
of a highly stable sample of couples, as well as the possibility that the MSI-R may not tap 
relationship instability sufficiently in this area of study.
Predictors of Positive Individual Affect Associated with Joint Religious Activities
It was expected that frequency of joint religious activities, importance of religious 
activity benefits, and frequency with which benefits were received from joint religious 
activities would be positively related to positive individual affect associated with joint 
religious activities.  The correlations for both genders (listed in Tables 12 and 13) 
strongly supported these hypothesized relations, indicating that affective responses in 
intimate couple interaction are associated with both cognition (importance attached to 
benefits) and behavior (frequency of joint religious activities; frequency with which 
benefits were received).
Findings from Qualitative Data
Appendix E displays the tabulation of the large array of responses received to the 
five qualitative questions of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire.  
Question two of the DRAQ asks study participants to list the benefits they enjoy 
as a couple from participating in joint religious activities together, and question five asks 
participants to list the benefits they personally enjoy when participating in religious 
activities together.  Post hoc review of participants? responses to question two and 
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question five offered leads on other possible sources of joint religious activity benefits 
that were not specifically listed and screened for in the quantitative questions of the 
DRAQ.  For instance, question two responses categorized as ?Other? fell into sub-
categories such as ?inner peace, or peace of mind,? ?belonging to a group or 
community,? and ?passing on religious identity or education to children? as benefits of 
joint religious activities.  Participants often listed ?family togetherness,? ?relaxation,? 
?being at peace,? and ?introspection or reflection time? as responses to question five, 
benefits personally experienced during joint religious activities.
Question three of the DRAQ asked members of couples to list the benefits they 
gain as a couple only through religious activities, but not from any other activity.  
Question four asked members of couples to list the benefits they enjoy from religious 
activities that they also gain from participating in other joint activities together.  
Responses to question three offered insight into the joint religious activity benefits that 
couples consider exclusive to joint religious activities, whereas responses to question four 
listed those that they also reap from engaging in other activities.  Couples listed several 
benefits unique to joint religious activities that did not fall into the quantitative item 
categories used in the DRAQ.  These benefits, grouped as sub-categories under ?Other,? 
included ?peacefulness,? ?relationship with God,? and ?teaching our kids to believe in 
God.?  Responses given to question four were all encompassed in the nine areas used to 
categorize qualitative data.
Question six of the DRAQ asked participants to list topics they personally think 
about when participating in religious activities together as a couple.  Responses to 
question six of the DRAQ serves to illuminate other dimensions of positive individual 
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affect not anticipated and screened for in the quantitative approach of question ten of the 
DRAQ.  Respondents often indicated ?gratitude? or similar expressions of fortunate life 
conditions, ?how I can be the very best person,? desires for greater understanding of life, 
and expressions of desire to seek God?s help, as cognitions or affect that they experienced 
during joint religious activities.  Overall, the qualitative questions of the Dyadic 
Religious Assessment Questionnaire proved productive and illuminating in increasing the 
ability of the current research to illuminate couples? subjective experiences as they 
engage in joint religious activities.
Summary
The results show that seven of the eleven study hypotheses were supported by the 
data obtained in this study using the total study sample.  Five of the hypotheses were 
supported by the data obtained from male participants only, and four hypotheses were 
supported by the data obtained from female participants only.  Some hypotheses were 
supported by the total sample data, but not by data pertaining to either gender alone, due 
to the total sample data being larger and providing greater statistical power.  In response 
to Thomas and Cornwall?s (1990) call for ?conceptual models, identification of relevant 
variables, and measurement methods? for continued research on relationships and 
religion, this study offers progress in each of these areas.  The current results show the 
salience of positive personal feelings (positive individual affect such as feeling secure, 
feeling happy, feeling emotionally close, etc.) as a relevant variable in couples? 
experiences and utilization of religious activities in their lives.  Multiple regression 
analysis results present a new conceptualization of relevant variables, showing that 
frequency of joint religious activities, positive individual affect, and importance of 
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religious activity benefits act strongly and in concert with each other in couples? lives in 
their association with relationship satisfaction.  And lastly, this study?s first objective, to 
develop, test, and initially validate a new research instrument, furthers Thomas and 
Cornwall?s criteria for new measurement methods needed in this field of study.  This 
research effort has also demonstrated that the use of symbolic interaction theory as a 
frame of reference and theoretical foundation for research efforts regarding couples? 
dyadic religious experiences and relationship quality is pertinent, productive, and 
clarifying for study outcomes.
This study has brought to light some of the dynamics active in couples? 
relationships relating to relationship satisfaction as they participate in religious activities 
together.  Mental health practitioners who serve clients reporting the presence of joint 
religious activities, positive individual affect associated with their joint religious 
activities, or importance placed on religious activity benefits in their lives, may now 
observe that the presence of such factors may indicate possible resources clinicians can 
tap into and accentuate in their work to help couples and individual clients striving to 
strengthen their relationships.
Limitations
Several limitations of this study should be noted.  First, the possibility of a 
methodological limitation may exist when considering the response rate of the number of 
Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaires received in relation to the number 
distributed.  875 questionnaires were distributed in person by the principal researcher; 
175 completed responses, comprising 20% of the questionnaires distributed, were 
received by mail.  It is possible that the nature of the topics of research, or the method of 
113
presentation of the research topics, deterred more respondents from participating.  On the 
other hand, the investigator?s initial requests for participants stipulated that the 
participation of one?s partner, usually not present at time of recruitment, was necessary.  
Difficulty in obtaining the consent and participation of one?s absent partner may have 
contributed significantly to the low response rate of this survey.  The page length of the 
questionnaire may also have discouraged some participants from completing the 
instrument and participating in the study.
Secondly, a weakness of the external validity of this study relates to the degree to 
which study results can be generalized to a larger population.  The lack of diversity in 
race, socioeconomic status, education, age, and years of marriage, due to the 
characteristic makeup of the Rotarian sample population chosen and the economic 
affluence of PEP members, prohibits applicability of these study results to the general 
population, until further research is completed to verify the degree to which the present 
findings are more broadly applicable.  The stable nature of relationships of this study 
sample limited the relevance of testing for predictors of relationship instability.  It may 
also be possible that the measure chosen to assess relationship stability, the MSI-R, was 
limited in its ability to measure relationship stability in this area of research, and that 
another mode of assessment would prove to be more fruitful.
Future Research
The results of this study put forward several possible avenues of future research.  
Further research is necessary to verify whether the results of this study may be 
generalized to a more diverse population, and can be utilized to establish the validity and 
reliability of the DRAQ instrument when used with a larger, more diverse sample.  It 
114
should be noted that the findings of this present study may be culture-bound to the study 
sample surveyed.  Future use of the DRAQ instrument cross-culturally could verify the 
validity of the DRAQ internationally and illuminate religious activity and relationship
quality dynamics as they apply to couples of other cultures.  Further research efforts 
could also highlight the utility of the DRAQ with a wide variety of different types of 
couples? relationships?heterosexual, gay, lesbian, cohabitating, legally married, and 
?living together apart? couples.
A detailed analysis of the items used in questions (construct subscales) seven, 
eight, and nine of the DRAQ was not possible given the sample size of this study.  
Further use of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire in larger scale research 
efforts would facilitate a continued exploration of how these aspects of religious activities 
may be associated with couples? relationship quality.  Future research is needed to gain 
an increased understanding of the dynamics and salience of cohesion, meaning, positive 
relating, value consensus, ritual, social support, intimacy, and family cohesion as they 
relate to couples? joint religious experiences and relationship quality.
Future research using the DRAQ could also more finely examine the relationship 
between couples? degree of religious activity homogamy and other study variables, such 
as frequency of joint religious activities, importance of religious activity benefits, 
frequency of joint religious activity benefits, positive individual affect, and relationship 
satisfaction and stability, using paired data obtained from each of the respondent couples? 
questionnaires.  This analysis was beyond the scope of the current study.
As mentioned earlier, previous research has found that religious affiliation is not 
associated with greater relationship satisfaction or stability.  This study examined 
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cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of couples? religious activities, without regard 
for religious affiliation.  The sample size of this study was not sufficient for an analysis 
of the relationship between the study variables and religious affiliation.  However, 
because this study examined religious behavior using more specific criteria than previous 
research, the possibility now exists of discovering finer relationships between religious 
affiliation and relationship satisfaction and stability.  For example, using the knowledge 
obtained from this study that frequency of joint religious activities is correlated with and 
is strongly predictive of relationship satisfaction, it may be fruitful for further research to 
examine whether or not certain religious affiliations show greater association with 
relationship satisfaction than others, based on the possibility that one affiliation might 
promote certain aspects of religious activity (such as frequency of joint religious 
activities, or positive individual affect) more than another religious affiliation.  In other 
words, it is possible that certain denominations may promote the practice of religious 
activities that are more associated with increased relationship satisfaction than others.  
Certain affiliations may excel over others in fostering a climate conducive to positive 
individual affect during religious activities, an index shown in this study to be strongly 
correlated and predictive of relationship satisfaction.  Further research is needed to 
establish whether or not this is actually the case.  Such a research task requires a larger 
and more diverse sample size than this study could provide.  It is hoped that future 
research will explore this area of interest.
Lastly, until the current study, exactly which aspects of church attendance and 
participation were related to a lower probability of separation and divorce were unknown 
(Call & Heaton, 1997; Larson & Munro, 1985).  This study reveals that frequency of joint 
116
religious activities, positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities, 
frequency of religious activity benefits, and importance of religious activity benefits are 
related to relationship satisfaction.  More could be learned through future research that 
examines whether or not any of the individual joint religious activity behaviors listed as 
items in question one, or any of the specific states of positive individual affect listed as 
items in question ten, are predictive of relationship satisfaction or relationship stability.
Conclusion
This study was designed to overcome some of the weaknesses present in previous 
research and to close some of the gaps in the current knowledge of religious activities and 
relationship satisfaction and stability.  As mentioned earlier, this research assessed a more 
complex array of facets of religious involvement, and actually tested for the existence of 
relationships between aspects of religious activities and relationship satisfaction and 
stability that were only suggested in previous studies.   Furthermore, this study 
investigated the meanings that shared religious activities have for members of couples, 
and how those meanings related to partners? relationship quality.
The major purposes of this study were accomplished in that (a) the reliability and 
validity of the initial use of the Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire were 
established, (b) the degree of relationship satisfaction that couples currently report in 
their relationship was examined in relation to the frequency of joint religious activities, 
the importance of joint religious activity benefits, the frequency of joint religious activity 
benefits, and the positive individual affect associated with joint religious activities in the 
couples? lives, and (c) how couples qualitatively characterize the dyadic role of joint 
religious activities in their lives was explored.
117
This study added to the limited number of extant studies exploring the specifics of 
how relationship satisfaction is related to the dyadic phenomena that couples experience 
as they engage in religious activities together.  This research increased the current 
knowledge about variables at work in couples? dyadic religious experiences, and fostered 
researchers? abilities to study these variables in finer detail.
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APPENDIX A
Couple?s Questionnaire
Information and Instructions Sheet
The purpose of this research, currently underway at the Department of Family 
Studies at the University of Maryland, College Park, is to study the nature of couples? 
religious activities, and the importance and meanings that these religious activities have 
for members of couples.  This research specifically examines couples? participation in 
and experience of various religious activities, and the relationship between these 
activities and partners? feelings about their relationship.  The information gained from 
this research will help increase researchers? and clinicians? understanding of the nature of 
couples? relationships and their religious activities.
This survey is to be anonymous, so please do not write your name on any of the 
forms.  If you choose to participate, none of your responses to the questionnaire can be 
identified or made public in any way.  Your filling out the questionnaire will indicate that 
you consent to participate in this study.  You are free to discontinue your participation at 
any point.
Instructions
Please complete this survey privately--independently from your partner.  Please 
do not share or compare answers with your partner.  Make sure you answer all the items 
in the questionnaire.  If your survey is incomplete, it may not be usable in this research.
Please seal your completed questionnaire in one of the return envelopes provided, 
and return it by mail as soon as possible.
Your participation in this study is greatly appreciated.  Thank you very much.  
If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact the research 
investigator, Karen Cooper, by telephone at (301) 405-3672, by e-mail at 
cooperka@wam.umd.edu, or by mail at:
Department of Family Studies
University of Maryland College Park
College Park, Maryland  20742
Attention:  Karen Cooper
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Couples? Questionnaire
Part 1 ? Demographics
Date: __________
Home Zip Code: __________
Age: __________
Gender: __________
Highest Level of Education 
Currently Achieved:__________ 1-Grammar or Middle School     8-Masters Degree
2-Some High School      9-Doctoral Degree
3-High School Diploma      10-Trade School
4-Some College
5-Associates Degree
6-Bachelors Degree
7-Some Graduate Education
Current Employment Status:____ 1-Employed full time
2-Employed part time
3-Not employed outside the home/Unemployed
4-Retired
5-Disabled/Unable to be employed
Primary Occupation
(e.g., teacher, student, business owner, homemaker, etc):_________________________________
Race:__________ 1-African American
2-Asian/Pacific Islander
3-Caucasian
4-Hispanic/Latino
5-Native American
6-Other; please specify_______________________
Country of Origin:_______________
Number of children in your household:____ Number of adults in your household:______
Total # of yrs in current relationship: ___   If currently married, # of yrs of marriage:  ___
Married previously?      Yes_____     No_____    Religious Affiliation:  ______________
Personal yearly gross income: $_________ Household yearly gross income: $________
120
Couples? Questionnaire
Part 2 ? Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire (DRAQ)
1.  Please rate how frequently the following ?religious activities? occur in your life together
as a couple.
1- never          2- rarely 3-sometimes           4- often 5-regularly
a)  As a couple, we attend worship services _____.
b)  As a couple, we attend religious classes _____.
c)  As a couple, we attend spiritual retreats together _____.
d)  As a couple, we celebrate religious holidays (religiously rather than secularly)_____.
e)  As a couple, we discuss how to practice the principles of our religion _____.
f)  As a couple, we engage in prayer together _____.
g)  As a couple, we engage in religious rituals together _____.
h)  As a couple, we express our feelings and emotions to each other during religious 
holidays_____.
i)   As a couple, we participate in religious social activities _____.
j)   As a couple, we plan our religious holiday celebrations _____.
k)  As a couple, we read material together dealing with spiritual or religious topics _____.
l)   As a couple, we study the scriptures together _____.
m) As a couple, we talk about God?s role in our relationship _____.
n)  As a couple, we talk about religious or spiritual issues _____.
o)  As a couple, we volunteer for religious activities _____.
Please answer questions 2-10 in reference to ?religious activities? that occur in your
life.  Indicate N/A (not applicable) if such is the case.  The phrase ?religious activities?
refers to ANY of the follow items done together as a couple:
Attending religious services together, celebrating religious holidays together?at home
or elsewhere, attending religious events together, having spiritual conversations,
praying together, participating in religious rituals together, religious planning
or goal setting, etcetera.
2.  As a couple, we enjoy the following benefits from participating in ?religious 
activities? together:
3.  As a couple, the benefits we gain only through ?religious activities,? but not from
any other activity, are:
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4.  As a couple, the benefits we enjoy from ?religious activities? that we also gain from 
other joint activities include:
     (Please list the benefit and the activity.  For example:  Time together?Gained by going out to 
eat together)
5.  The benefits I personally enjoy when we participate together in ?religious activities? 
are:
6.  When we do participate in religious activities together as a couple, at those times I 
sometimes personally think about:
7.  Please rate the following aspects of ?religious activities? according to how important
     you want each one to be for you as a couple (how much you ideally would like this to
     be true for you as a couple).
1-unimportant   2-not very important   3-neutral   4-somewhat important   5-very important
a)  _____ Religious activities promote healthy ways to interact with each other, such as
forgiving each other or managing our disagreements better
b)  _____ Religious activities provide common values and beliefs we share together
c)  _____ Religious activities give us time to spend together as a couple
d)  _____ Religious activities help us feel connected to other people
e)  _____ Religious activities provide a spiritual orientation that enriches our lives
f)  _____ Religious activities help us feel that our relationship will last
g)  _____ Religious activities provide us with a moral compass that guides our choices as
a couple
h)  _____ Religious activities allow us to enjoy common tasks together
i)   _____ Religious activities draw us closer to each other emotionally
j)   _____ Religious activities help us communicate our thoughts and feelings more
effectively to each other
k)  _____ Religious activities increase our feelings of intimacy with each other
l)   _____ Religious activities provide rituals and traditions that give continuity to our
relationship
m) _____ Religious activities provide us with social support structures, such as time with
friends or relatives
n)  _____ Religious activities nurture a sense of spiritual meaning and purpose in our
relationship
122
8.  Please rate these same aspects of ?religious activities? according to how frequently 
they actually occur in your relationship.
1- never occur     2-occur rarely     3-occur sometimes     4-occur often     5-occur regularly
a)  _____ Religious activities promote healthy ways to interact with each other, such as
forgiving each other or managing our disagreements better
b)  _____ Religious activities provide common values and beliefs we share together
c)  _____ Religious activities give us time to spend together as a couple
d)  _____ Religious activities help us feel connected to other people
e)  _____ Religious activities provide a spiritual orientation that enriches our lives
f)  _____ Religious activities help us feel that our relationship will last
g)  _____ Religious activities provide us with a moral compass that guides our choices as
a couple
h)  _____ Religious activities allow us to enjoy common tasks together
i)   _____ Religious activities draw us closer to each other emotionally
j)   _____ Religious activities help us communicate our thoughts and feelings more
effectively to each other
k)  _____ Religious activities increase our feelings of intimacy with each other
l)   _____ Religious activities provide rituals and traditions that give continuity to our
relationship
m) _____ Religious activities provide us with social support structures, such as time with
friends or relatives
n)  _____ Religious activities nurture a sense of spiritual meaning and purpose in our
relationship
9.  Please RANK the following aspects of ?religious activities? according to how 
important each one is for you as a couple.  Use each number ONLY ONCE, unless 
zero applies.
      Most important (#1) Fifth most important (#5)
      Second most important (#2) Sixth most important (#6)
      Third most important (#3) Seventh most important (#7)
Fourth most important (#4) Not important at all (#0)
a)  _____  Religious activities give us time to spend together as a couple
b)  _____  Religious activities nurture a sense of spiritual meaning and purpose in our
relationship
c)  _____  Religious activities promote healthy ways to interact with one another, such as
forgiving each other or managing our disagreements better
d)  _____  Religious activities provide common values and beliefs we share together
e)  _____  Religious activities provide rituals and traditions that give continuity to our life
together
f)  _____  Religious activities provide us with social support structures, such as time with
friends or relatives
g)  _____  Religious activities increase our feelings of intimacy with each other
123
10.  When we are participating in ?religious activities? together as a couple, I 
PERSONALLY feel:
0-not applicable         1- never     2- rarely     3-sometimes     4- often      5-regularly
  (does not occur)
a)  ___  Eager to communicate with my partner
b)  ___  Emotionally close to my partner
c)  ___  Happy
d)  ___  Secure with our relationship
e)  ___  That I understand my partner
f)  ___  Understood by my partner
124
APPENDIX B
Couples? Questionnaire
Part 3 ? Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)
Most persons have disagreements in their relationship.  Please indicate below the approximate extent of agreement or disagreement 
between you and your partner for each item on the following list.  Place a checkmark () to indicate your answer.
Almost Almost
Always Always Occasionally Frequently Always Always
Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree Disagree
11. Handling family finances
12. Matters of recreation
13. Religious matters
14. Demonstrations of 
affection
15. Friends
16. Sex relations
17. Conventionality
  (correct or proper 
behavior)
18. Philosophy of life
125
19. Ways of dealing with in-
laws
20. Aims, goals, and things
  Believed important
21. Amount of time spent 
together
22. Making major decisions
23. Household tasks
24. Leisure time interests and
Activities
25. Career decisions
All the Most of More often Occasionally Rarely Never
Time the time than not
26. How often do you discuss 
or have you considered 
divorce, separation or 
terminating your 
relationship?
27. How often do you or your 
partner leave the house 
after a fight?
28. In general, how often do 
126
you think that things 
between you and your 
partner are going well?
29. Do you confide in your 
partner?
30. Do you ever regret that 
you married (or lived 
together)?
31. How often do you or your 
partner quarrel?
32. How often do you and 
your partner  ?get on each 
others? nerves??
How often would you say the following events occur between you and your mate?
Circle your answer.
       33.  DO YOU KISS YOUR PARTNER?
EVERYDAY    ALMOST EVERYDAY     OCCASIONALLY     RARELY    NEVER
127
        34.  DO YOU AND YOUR PARTNER ENGAGE IN OUTSIDE INTEREST TOGETHER?
ALL OF THEM      MOST OF THEM     SOME OF THEM   VERY FEW OF THEM   NONE OF THEM
       35.  Have a stimulating exchange of ideas?
NEVER     LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH     ONCE OR TWICE A MONTH
ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK    ONCE A DAY          MORE OFTEN
36.  Laugh together?
NEVER     LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH     ONCE OR TWICE A MONTH
ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK     ONCE A DAY          MORE OFTEN
37.  Calmly discuss something?
NEVER     LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH     ONCE OR TWICE A MONTH
ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK     ONCE A DAY          MORE OFTEN
128
38. Work together on a project?
NEVER     LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH     ONCE OR TWICE A MONTH
ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK     ONCE A DAY          MORE OFTEN
__________________________________________________________________________________________
These are some things about which couples sometimes agree and sometimes disagree.  Indicate if either item below causes differences 
of opinion or have been problems in your relationship during the past few weeks.  Check ?yes? or ?no.?
39. Being too tired for sex. _ Yes __ No
40. Not showing love. Yes __ No __
__________________________________________________________________________________________
41. The dots on the following line represent different degrees of happiness in your relationship.  The middle point, ?happy,? represents 
the degree of happiness of most relationships.  Please circle the dot which best describes the degree of happiness, all things 
considered, of your relationship.

 
 
 
 
 
 

____________________________________________________________________________________
EXTREMELY FAIRLY A LITTLE HAPPY VERY EXTREMELY PERFECT
UNHAPPY UNHAPPY UNHAPPY HAPPY HAPPY
__________________________________________________________________________________________
129
42.  Which of the following statements best describes how you feel about the future of your relationship?  Check the statement that 
best applies to you.
___ I want desperately for my relationship to succeed, and would go to almost any length to see that it does.
___ I want very much for my relationship to succeed, and I will do all I can to see that it does.
___ I want very much for my relationship to succeed, and I will do my fair share to see that it does.
       ___ It would be nice if my relationship succeeded, but I can?t do much more than I am doing now to help it succeed.
___ It would be nice if my relationship succeeded, but I refuse to do any more than I am doing now to keep the 
                relationship going.
___ My relationship can never succeed, and there is no more that I can do to keep the relationship going.
130
APPENDIX C
Marital Status Inventory-Revised (MSI-R)
We would like to get an idea of how your relationship stands right now.  Within the past 
four months, have you?
Yes__  No__  1.  Had frequent thoughts about separating from your partner, as much as
once a week or so.
Yes__  No__  2.  Occasionally thought about separation or divorce, usually after an
argument.
Yes__  No__  3.  Thought specifically about separation, for example, how to divide
belongings, where to live or who would get the children.
Yes__  No__  4.  Seriously thought about the costs and benefits of ending the
relationship.
Yes__  No__  5.  Considered a divorce or separation a few times other than during or
shortly after a fight, but only in general terms.
Yes__  No__  6.  Made specific plans to discuss separation with your partner, for
example, what you would say.
Yes__  No__  7.  Discussed separation (or divorce) with someone other than your partner 
(trusted friend, minister, counselor, relative).
Yes__  No__  8.  Discussed plans for moving out with friends or relatives.
Yes__  No__  9.  As a preparation for living on your own, set up an independent bank
account in your own name to protect your interest.
Yes__  No__  10.  Suggested to your partner that you wish to have a separation.
Yes__  No__  11.  Discussed separation (or divorce) seriously with your partner.
Yes__  No__  12.  Your partner moved furniture or belongings to another residence.
Yes__  No__  13.  Consulted an attorney about legal separation, a stay away order, or 
divorce.
Yes__  No__  14.  Separated from your partner with plans to end the relationship.
Yes__  No__  15.  Separated from your partner, but with plans to get back together.
Yes__  No__  16.  File for a legal separation.
Yes__  No__  17.  Reached a final decision on child custody, visitation, and division of
property.
Yes__  No__  18.  Filed for divorce or ended the relationship.
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APPENDIX D
Institutional Review Board Application
1.  Abstract
The purpose of this research is to develop a research instrument, the Dyadic 
Religious Assessment Questionnaire, and to conduct an initial evaluation of its 
psychometric characteristics (reliability, validity).  This questionnaire is designed to 
assist in the measurement of the nature of couples? religious activities, and the 
importance and meaning of those religious activities for the members of couples.
Specifically, this research is intended to obtain data on the frequencies of 
occurrence of various religious activities in couples? lives, to examine how couples 
experience religious activities in a dyadic context, to assess which facets of shared 
religious activities couples consider important and beneficial, and to determine the degree 
to which these aspects of religious involvement are associated with the degree of marital 
satisfaction that couples experience.
The strategies used in this research to protect human subjects include: (1) a verbal 
and a written explanation and description of the purpose and nature of this research, 
provided to participants at the time recruitment requests are extended, (2) informed 
consent procedures that emphasize that participation is completely voluntary, and (3) the 
use of a research instrument that involves anonymous responses, such that there is no 
chance that responses could be disclosed in any way could cause risk or harm to the 
participants.
2.  Subject Selection
a. The subjects for this research will be couples who voluntarily choose to complete 
the research instrument anonymously.  Subjects will be enlisted to participate in this 
research through verbal requests made in person by the student investigator through three 
different participant organizations.  One hundred paired sets of questionnaires (200 
questionnaires total) are sought for this study.  No incentives to participate in this study 
will be offered to the participants.
Three source groups of survey participants are sought for this study.  These 
groups have been chosen for this research because their composition includes significant 
numbers of couples and partnerships, and because membership in these organizations is 
not tied to any religious group, thus allowing for the likelihood that attendees will vary 
considerably in religious affiliation and involvement in religious activities.  The three 
participating organizations include: (1) the Parent Encouragement Program, a non-profit 
parenting coaching organization headquartered in Kensington, Maryland that offers 
parenting classes to the general public;  (2) several local Rotary Clubs, selected from the 
Beltsville, College Park, Greenbelt, Laurel, North Bethesda, Potomac, Rockville, Silver 
Spring, Takoma-Langley Park, and Wheaton-Kensington units of Rotary International 
132
District 7620; and (3) several University of Maryland University College undergraduate 
or graduate classes held in College Park, Maryland.
After securing organizational consent to participate in this study from the above 
mentioned groups, verbal requests for subject participation will be made in person by the 
student investigator at regular gatherings of each organization.  A copy of the verbal 
request for subject participants for this research is attached.
b. Subjects who wish to participate in this research must currently be part of a 
couple relationship of at least six months duration.  Both members of the couple must be 
willing to complete the survey in order to participate in this study.  No other criteria are 
used in this research to select participants for this study.  Age, gender, race, ethnic origin, 
religion, degree of marital satisfaction, sexual orientation, and social and economic 
statuses are not used as criteria for participant selection in this investigation.
c. This research seeks to investigate the prevalence, importance, meaning, and 
influence of religious activities in couples? lives.  For this reason, participants sought for 
this research endeavor are limited to members of couples only.  Otherwise, the 
investigators? goal is to obtain a heterogeneous sample of couples, so the results can be 
generalized to the population of U.S. couples.
3.  Procedures
Subjects who are part of a current couple relationship and interested in 
participating in this study will be asked to complete and return a study questionnaire 
themselves anonymously, and if their partner is not present at the meeting, to take a 
questionnaire for the partner to complete and return anonymously.  Questionnaires will 
be numerically coded to allow the researchers to link the data received from the two
members of each couple.
Following each verbal request for participation, packets containing two 
information and instruction sheets, two questionnaires, and two postage prepaid return 
mailing envelopes will be provided to any interested participants.  Verbal instructions 
will be given directing couples to complete their forms independently, to seal completed 
questionnaires separately in the addressed envelopes, and to return them by mail to the 
researchers.  The information and instruction cover sheets will contain these same written 
instructions.
4.  Risks and Benefits
Risks to the subjects of this research are minimal.  Subjects who complete the 
questionnaire will be asked to anonymously indicate the nature and frequency of religious 
activities they engage in as a couple, such as attending religious services together, 
celebrating religious holidays together, having spiritual conversations, praying together, 
working on religious planning or goal setting together, etc.  Subjects will also be asked to 
anonymously indicate the current quality of their relationship as a couple (such as the 
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extent of agreement or disagreement with their partner on a variety of subjects, e.g., 
finances, recreation, religion, demonstrations of affection, philosophy of life, career 
decisions, etc.), by completing the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and their self-assessed 
likelihood of marriage dissolution, by completing the Marital Status Inventory-Revised.  
It is possible that participation in this study could cause slight increased awareness in 
subject participants of the nature and/or quality of their current relationship.  However, 
such a result of participation is considered to be of minimal risk.
The above minimal risk to participants is deemed justifiable by the investigators 
in light of the potential benefits that this research is designed to produce.  Participation in 
this study offers no direct benefits to the volunteer subjects. However, the survey cover 
sheet informs participants that the information gained from this research will help 
increase researchers? and clinicians? understanding of the nature of couple?s relationships 
and religious activities.  Recent literature on intimate couple relationships has indicated 
that although religion is a significant aspect of many couples? lives, researchers have 
failed to assess it in studies of factors affecting relationship functioning.  The present 
research may help mental health clinicians assess religious activities as a pertinent issue 
in their work with couples, and may encourage clinicians to identify religious activities 
that may serve as a possible resource in their therapeutic work with some couples.  
5.  Confidentiality
The procedures of this research will protect the privacy of subjects participating in 
this research and maintain confidentiality of any identifiable information in the following 
ways.
(1)  Responses received from subjects completing this study questionnaire are 
anonymous, and are not identifiable individually.   Code numbers placed on each set of 
surveys before distribution will allow the researchers to link data received from both 
members of a couple, but will not be able to be linked to any identifying information.  
Return envelopes will bear the address of the University of Maryland, discouraging 
participants from placing a personal return address on the envelopes.  All mailing 
envelopes received will be destroyed when responses are opened.  No information 
concerning participants? names or addresses is collected in this research.  In this way, the 
privacy and confidentiality of subjects of this study are protected.
(2)  Questionnaire responses received from study subjects will be collected and 
opened only by the student investigator.  Questionnaire responses obtained will be 
initially stored by the student investigator in locked file cabinets of the Graduate 
Assistants Office (Marie Mount Hall, Room 1311) of the Family Studies Department at 
the University of Maryland College Park, an office with access limited only to Family 
Studies research assistant graduate students.  Only the principal and student investigators 
will have access to the stored study data, which will include no identifying information.
Questionnaire responses will be entered into a computer data file and will be 
analyzed using statistical software by the student investigator.  The computer data will be 
stored on floppy diskettes only.  The diskettes used in this analysis will be stored with the 
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original research questionnaires in locked file cabinets in Room 1311 of Marie Mount 
Hall, UMCP.  At the conclusion of this research, both the written and electronic study 
data will be stored securely, either with the principal or student investigator, for the seven 
years required by the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association.  After 
that period of time, data obtained through this study will be destroyed or electronically 
erased when it is of no further viable use to the researchers.
6.  Information and Consent Form
Participants in this research will be provided with an Information and Instructions 
Sheet explaining the research questionnaire and aims of this study.  A copy of the 
Information and Instructions Sheet is attached.  None of the information provided is 
deceptive.  Because the questionnaires are completed anonymously, no written informed 
consent form will be obtained from participants.  The Information and Instructions Sheet 
will inform the participants that their decision to complete the research forms will be used 
as the criterion indicating their consent to participate.  The Information and Instructions 
Sheet also will state that participation in the study is voluntary and anonymous.
Attached:  
(1)  Request for Participants Announcement Text
(2)  Information and Instructions Sheet
(3)  Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire
135
(1)  Request For Participants Announcement Text
Hello.  My name is Karen Cooper.  I am a Family Studies graduate student at the 
University of Maryland, pursuing my master?s degree in Family Studies with a Marriage 
and Family Therapy specialty.  I am here to request voluntary participants for a survey 
research study I am currently working on, which examines the nature of couples? 
experiences with religious activities, and how they relate to couples? feelings about their 
relationship.  
This research can make a significant contribution to family researchers? and 
mental health professionals? understanding of the various roles that religious activities 
may play in couples? lives and experiences, and I am eager to find participants who are 
willing to anonymously fill out the study questionnaire.  You must currently be in a 
committed relationship, married or unmarried, for at least six months, to qualify to 
participate in the study, and be willing to have your partner fill out and return a 
questionnaire also.  The questionnaires are anonymous and can be returned by mail to me 
at the University of Maryland.
If you are interested in participating in this research, I will leave packets 
containing two sets of questionnaires, one for you and one for your partner, available here 
for you to pick up and return by mail to me anonymously.  If you choose to participate, 
please complete a questionnaire independently of your partner (please do not compare 
answers, so you will not influence each other?s responses), seal it in one of the return 
envelopes separately from your partner?s, and mail it back to me as soon as you possibly 
can.  The collection of these questionnaires will be completed within a few weeks.
Thank you very much for considering participation in this research.  Your 
contribution will help further important research, and it will also aid me in completing the 
requirements for my degree at the University of Maryland at College Park.
136
(2)  Information and Instructions Sheet
Couple?s Questionnaire
Information and Instructions Sheet
The purpose of this research, currently underway at the Department of Family Studies at 
the University of Maryland, College Park, is to study the nature of couples? religious 
activities, and the importance and meanings that these religious activities have for 
members of couples.  This research specifically examines couples? participation in and 
experience of various religious activities, and the relationship between these activities 
and partners? feelings about their relationship.  The information gained from this research 
will help increase researchers? and clinicians? understanding of the nature of couples? 
relationships and their religious activities.
This survey is to be anonymous, so please do not write your name on any of the 
forms.  If you choose to participate, none of your responses to the questionnaire can be 
identified or made public in any way.  Your filling out the questionnaire will indicate that 
you consent to participate in this study.  You are free to discontinue your participation at 
any point.
Instructions
Please complete this survey privately--independently from your partner.  Please 
do not share or compare answers with your partner.  Make sure you answer all the items 
in the questionnaire.  If your survey is incomplete, it may not be usable in this research.
Please seal your completed questionnaire in one of the return envelopes provided, 
and return it by mail as soon as possible.
Your participation in this study is greatly appreciated.  Thank you very much.  
If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact the research 
investigator, Karen Cooper, by telephone at (301) 405-3672, by e-mail at 
cooperka@wam.umd.edu, or by mail at:
Department of Family Studies
University of Maryland College Park
College Park, Maryland  20742
Attention:  Karen Cooper
137
(3)  Dyadic Religious Assessment Questionnaire
SEE APPENDIX A
138
APPENDIX E
DRAQ QUALITATIVE DATA
DRAQ QuestionTwo  --  ?Other? comments
(exact quotes)
PEACE (10 responses)
Harmony
Peace; peace of mind; inner peace (listed five times)
Stress free moments
A break from our daily routine
Fulfillment
Gratification
COMMUNITY (9 responses)
A sense of belonging to a group (listed five times)
A sense of grounding, belonging in a community of faith
Being part of a larger community
Being part of a religious community at Mass
Commitment
HAPPINESS (6 responses)
Happiness
Joy
Laughter
Love
Well-being
Comfort
GRATITUDE (5 responses)
Think about all we are thankful for in our lives
Realizing our blessings; serves as a regular reminder of how fortunate we are
Opportunity to offer expressions of gratitude for the abundance bestowed on us by God
Opportunity to express thanks for all we have
Opportunity to/appreciation of sacrifice
GENERATIONAL (5 responses)
Passing on values to our kids
Passing on Jewish identity to our kids
Educating our children in the values and principles of Christianity
Religious school for our children
Setting a Christian example for our children and grandchildren
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REFLECTION (4 responses)
Time to reflect
Reflect on where we are in our lives and where we want to go
Focus
Focus on trying to do what?s right
SERVICE (4 responses)
Serve God
Participating in a Christian meeting with people with special needs
An outlet and encouragement for charitable giving
Ways to be of service; contribute and help others
RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD (2 responses)
God answering prayer
Shelter from the storm-God?s assistance with life?s uncertainties
Only one vehicle required
Strengthens our commitment to each other
DRAQ QuestionThree  --  ?Other? comments
(exact quotes)
RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD (9 responses)
Joy in the Lord
Relationship with God
Feel closer to God (listed twice)
Develop greater faith in God and in ourselves
Actually feel the Spirit of the Holy Ghost to help us reach important decisions
Sharing anger at God for death of our son and comforting each other
Relying on God for help
Love of God
PEACE (7 responses)
Peace (listed four times)
True peace
Peacefulness
Calming
COMMUNITY (4 responses)
Community of faith with similar goals
Sense of commitment (listed twice)
A sense of a bigger world/broader perspectives
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GENERATIONAL (3 responses)
Being a good example for our children
Feeling we are teaching our children good from bad
Teaching our kids to believe in God and not give up
SERVICE (2 responses)
Desire to serve
Love and compassion for others
Share daily meditation readings
Conscious contact with the Living Bible
Reading scripture
Church attendance
Free child care
Singing together (listed twice)
Helps keep any balance of power more equalized
Self-understanding
The knowledge that we are not alone
Sense that we/I are loved unconditionally
Knowledge we will be together forever
Confidence (listed twice)
To have hope
To think positively
DRAQ Question Four  --  Activities Listed
(exact quotes)
COUPLE ACTIVITIES
Going to restaurants  (listed 17 times)
Eating together at home (listed 3 times)
Movies (listed 10 times)
Watching Lord of the Rings trilogy
Trips together (listed 8 times)
Travel
Vacationing (listed 2 times)
Tennis (listed 4 times)
Taking a walk together (listed 4 times)
Playing golf (listed 3 times)
Sports
Hiking
Exercising together
Games and cards
141
Sailing
Working together (listed 3 times)
Household projects
Completing projects
Talking to each other (listed 4 times)
Time together shopping (listed 3 times)
Gardening (listed 3 times)
Music (listed 2 times)
Sex  (listed 2 times)
Watching TV
Reading the newspaper
Watching war news together
Driving
Family photos
Bible study
Cultural Events
Cooking
Anniversaries, graduations, non-religious holidays
Laughing
Singing
TIME WITH FAMILY
Time with family
Family activities together (listed 4 times)
Kids? sports
Being with our kids
Teaching children together
Raising children (listed 3 times)
Reading dead son?s journals noting his deep love of God
TIME WITH OTHERS
Time with friends (listed 10 times)
Social interaction with other families
Belonging to a social community of like-minded people
Time with church members socially (listed 2 times)
Church dinners (listed 2 times)
Social dinners and parties/events (listed 7 times)
Time with friends (listed 2 times)
Talking with others (listed 2 times)
Working with others
Belonging to civic organizations
Church Beach Camp
Retreats (listed 2 times)
SERVICE
Service to others
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Being helpful
Giving and sharing our good fortune
Volunteering for jobs at the church
Supporting worthwhile projects in church and other groups
Service activity
DRAQ Question Four  --  Other Benefits Listed
(exact quotes)
Family time
Quality time to ponder our family and the joy they bring into my life
Time to reflect
Learning new things
Education
Feeling the Spirit
DRAQ Question Five  --  Benefits Personally Enjoyed
(exact quotes)
COHESION  (time spent together)
Time together (listed 17 times)
The company of my husband; being together
Shared experience; sharing together
Being able to work together on church projects
The joy [of] having a spouse that participates with you in life
The joy of companionship (listed 2 times)
Comfort in being with my spouse and enjoying God together
I feel affirmed when my wife also participates
I feel that I?m sharing a deep commitment with someone who?s important to me
Bringing my husband into something that is important to and of interest to me
We go out to eat after the service
MEANING  (spiritual meaning or purpose)
Closeness to God
Keeping in touch with God
Connectedness with my God
Spirituality
Time to praise God [worship]
Attending the worship service (listed 2 times)
More faith
More belief in God
Stronger belief in God
A shared belief that God is present
Spiritual force and energy
143
Liturgy lifts the everyday
A sense of purpose, doing God?s will (listed 2 times)
The fulfillment of serving the Lord
Increase in emotions as to specialness of Jesus
The reinforcement of religious beliefs
Sharing faith
I know we are on the same page spiritually
Believing but always searching for truth
Sermon experiences
Provides spiritual orientation that enriches our lives
Gaining new insight into spiritual things
Deeper relationship to God
Talking to God  (listed 2 times)
Prayer  (listed 2 times)
Hope in God
Praising God
Letting God know how thankful I am
Feeling God listens
Knowing God has blessed our union and is blessing our family
POSITIVE RELATING  (healthy interactions)
Help understanding my own life and problems, and discussing them with my partner
Seeing my wife become more spiritual
We both grow spiritually and we learn mutual respect
We can talk about a shared experience
Stimulating intellectual thought and discussion
Discussing and sharing ideas (listed 3 times)
Discussions about our relationship and children (listed 3 times)
Increase in the potential for deeper discussion about ourselves and our lives
To renew our focus together
Understanding
Comforting my spouse
Comfort from spouse
Support
Support from spouse
Encouraging my spouse
I feel that it pleases my wife
More fun to do things together
Sense of acceptance
Feeling somewhat understood
Opportunity to appreciate my husband
Sharing information
Exchange of views and interpretations
Seeing a different side of my husband
Seeing talents of my husband that I respect and admire
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VALUE CONSENSUS  (common values or beliefs)
Common source of reference
A common language in which to talk about other experiences
Reminder of values we share; values shared with both families
Common goals
Staying true to what is right/moral
Similar interests and beliefs
A frame of reference for my values, lifestyle, habits, and activities
A check on my basic nature to be self-centered and small by providing a boost to my 
ethical framework and humanity
I appreciate the ethics, values, and identity provided to my son when we participate
RITUAL  (traditions and rituals)
Collective memories
The history passed down to various generations via religious holiday celebrations (5)
A renewal and reaffirmation of a long family tradition and heritage
Sense of family cohesiveness
SOCIAL SUPPORT
Fellowship with others
Friendship
New friends
Interaction with my friends (listed 3 times)
Friendly conversation
Interaction with other people
Being accepted in society
Getting to know and appreciate other families
Meet people who share common interests
Sense of belonging (listed 2 times)
Connectedness to ancestors and current community
Commitment
Sense of larger whole
I feel more a part of a larger community
The joy of activities at church other than ceremonies-marriages, baptisms of my children
INTIMACY
Sense of solidarity
Sense of unity, oneness
Shared intimacy (listed 2 times)
Feeling of closeness (listed 5 times)
Togetherness
Additional closeness and comfort
Offering expressions of peace and love
Strengthening of our love
Connectedness (listed 4 times)
Sense of shared identity
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Increased trust in each other
I am ?friends? with my husband
I learn more about my husband and his beliefs.  He?s very private with little exposure to 
church/religion/spirituality in his early life. Only in our spiritual activities does he
open up and consider the world through a spiritual lens.
FAMILY COHESION
Family togetherness
Time with family (listed 2 times)
Having all of us together
Strengthening of love for family
Creating a stronger family bond (listed 2 times)
Sense of family (listed 2 times)
Communion during family meal
Quiet time with children
Good influence/God?s influence on children
OTHER
Reflection time
Introspection (listed 3 times)
Introspection and clarity
Time to reflect and meditate, look into myself and question how in the coming weeks I
can be a better father and husband
Peaceful satisfaction
Reflecting on past holidays, family events
Being at peace with self and each other
Contentment (listed 2 times)
Feeling of peace
Peace
Inner peace
Peacefulness
Non-interference from outside
Feeling of security
A general good feeling
Relaxation
Relief from the normal pressures of everyday life (listed 4 times)
Opportunity to slow down and look within
Provides positive mindset
No one is at work
Peace of mind with my disability
Communion
Singing (listed 3 times)
Music (listed 2 times)
Choir
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Self acceptance/growth (maturation)
I feel needed
I feel loved
I feel helpful
The solid standing we represent as a couple participating in doing the Lord?s work upon
the Earth
Fulfilling religious obligations
Learning about the Bible and how we live our lives in today?s world
Appreciating my good fortune in marrying my wife
Feeling proud of spouse?s leadership at church
Contributing to the support of the church
Soul searching
Forgiveness
DRAQ Question Six  --  Personal Cognitions During Joint Religious Activities
(exact quotes)
COHESION  (time spent together)
The comfort and security of doing them [religious activities] together
Attending more often
How I?d like to participate more often in religious activities
MEANING  (spiritual meaning or purpose)
God
My role in life
What I want for the remainder of my life
Spiritual values
God?s great love
Our/My relationship with God (listed 2 times)
Our lives with Christ
God leading my life and our life together
What life is all about
Faith issues
Listening to God and his purposes in our lives
Our relationship to each other/the ways in which we are similar and the ways in which we
differ and what importance that has in our life
How special this moment is
POSITIVE RELATING  (healthy interactions)
How very important it is to participate as a couple
Unity as a couple
Feeling as one
147
How we both love God in our own way
He?s not so bad after all [husband]-there are some qualities in him that I admire
Appreciation of spouse
What is good for our marriage and personal relationship
More often the sense of companionship adds to the warmth of the spiritual occasion
VALUE CONSENSUS  (common values or beliefs)
Sharing a common value
How lucky I am to have a partner to share common goals (listed 2 times)
Being fortunate in worshiping together and having similar values
How comfortable it is to share religious beliefs
How fortunate I am to have someone who shares the same faith
How grateful I am to have a partner who shares this aspect of life with me so readily
How wonderful it is to have a husband who loves the Lord
How fortunate we are to share a strong faith in God
How blessed I am to have a faith and a mate who loves God
The benefits of sharing beliefs
SOCIAL SUPPORT
Gladness to find a religious community that we participate in together
The fun, joy, camaraderie with other believers
Our friends
Community activities
INTIMACY
How we must have been destined to live together
Our love
Our mutual love
How great our love is
Our commitment to each other
Our long term relationship
My feelings and love for my wife
Our years of love and devotion
Early times together
FAMILY COHESION
Family (listed 4 times)
Other family members not with us
Family members I have lost; the family and friends that have died in my lifetime
Relatives, both alive and deceased
The mutual blessings of our children, conceiving and raising them together
Our family and our church family
My children and their involvement with God
Our children (listed 2 times)
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Family values
How I can help each member of my family be their best
The family is all together
GRATITUDE
Gratitude
Our blessings and good fortune; our blessings
What I am thankful for
How lucky we are and how I desire others to share this blessing
How grateful I am for God?s gift to me
How fortunate I am, despite losses, etc.
Gratitude for life?s many blessings
Our blessings
How lucky I am to have such wonderful blessings
How fortunate we are
How thankful I am to have been given grace to help me through life
How fortunate we are to enjoy each other so much
How lucky we are to have each other
How grateful I am
How thankful I am for my wife and the miracle it is to have my daughter
How lucky I am to be married to a true soul mate
Appreciating my good fortune in marrying my wife
How lucky I am for my family
How lucky we are to have a beautiful family and children
The blessings which God has given us as a couple and a family
Gratitude that I have a strong background of moral and value driven experience and 
religious grounding
How lucky we are to have one another and the security of knowing we will be together
when we depart from this earthly life
FUTURE
Future (listed 2 times)
The future and after death
Where do we go from here, how do we continue to grow
Our future together
WISHES
Wishing my husband were saved and hoping these activities will get him closer to that
How I sometimes wish he had more of his own development in this area prior to our
relationship
Praying for our family?s good health
How I wish my husband enjoyed religious activities more
Wishing my husband would set aside more time for Bible study
I wish we could pray together more often 
I wish he would discuss his faith and spiritual journey with me
I wish we could work together more often at church
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I wish he would see the value of becoming Jewish for himself
I did not grow up in a Jewish household.  How I wish I knew Hebrew.
What prayers I want God to answer
PERSONAL IMPROVEMENT
My shortcomings and what I need to continually strive for to be a better person
I do think and question and try to think of how the religious messages apply to me
How can I correct my life?
How I can improve towards my family and community in the week ahead
How I can be the very best person
What I can do to become a better person
What I could do better
Becoming a better partner (listed 2 times)
How to practice these principles in all my affairs
How ?off the track? my behavior is occasionally
Helps realign how I should live
?How am I doing in your eyes, God??
I read the prayers and consider the application in my life.
I sometimes marvel at how far I?ve come in my journey; at other times I think I haven?t
gotten very far at all
Everything I have done wrong
OTHER
My personal/family sorrow from son?s death last August
Why did my son die?
How others without a religious ?tie? manage
Days gone by
Work, my hobbies, world events
How simple life really is
We have a lot of obligations
Jewish holiday celebrations from my childhood
My religious past
Our relationship will last
Decisions we have made together and I have made on my own
The pride I develop by doing God?s work
Sometimes I feel pressure on us because our friends in these groups seem to see us as
having a relationship that is easier and more problem-free than it has been
How people get through [life] without a faith and a supportive community
How well the activity represents my concerns and mission
I often think about how the activity could be done differently
Historical developments that have resulted in these activities we practice
How seriously my spouse takes the service
The differences in our beliefs
Religious philosophy
Regret that we don?t have more of a spiritual dimension to our lives
Why our daughter was taken from her children and us
150
Not being Jewish/Wondering about the Christian religious beliefs that I practiced at
different times in my life/Feeling isolated and outside of the temple core members
who have been Jewish all their lives
Prayers of forgiveness
The difference between her Church of God religion and my Catholic background
Our lives together
Our mortality (listed 3 times)
Our mortality and spiritual well-being
The impact of our relationship on greater spiritual community
Those less fortunate than me
Those in need
My mind wanders
Distractions (listed 2 times)
I?d rather be doing something else
151
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