- 1 - Phase II Archaeological Testing of the Hothouse Structure (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland May 2012 By Beth Pruitt Department of Anthropology University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Principal Investigator Mark P. Leone Department of Anthropology University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Report Prepared for Tilghman Family Archaeology in Annapolis, a Cooperative Project between Historic Annapolis Foundation, the Banneker Douglass Museum and the University of Maryland at College Park 2013 - 2 - Abstract Organization of this Report This report contains the results of the Phase II Archaeological Testing of the Wye House Hothouse Structure (18TA314). It is divided into the following sections: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Research Design and Methodology Chapter 3: Cultural Context and Historical Background Chapter 4: Previous Archaeological Investigations and Significant Architectural Structures Chapter 5: Archaeology and Interpretations Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 1 of this report is an introduction to the Hothouse excavation in May 2012. Included within in this chapter are the dates of fieldwork, laboratory processing and analyses, as well as the identification of key project staff. Chapter 2 of this report details the project?s research design and methodology. Included within this chapter are the method employed during the research process of locating the structures, excavation, pollen sample recovery, and laboratory processing. In addition, this chapter lists the research questions that guided this fieldwork. Chapter 3 of this report details the cultural context and historical background of the Wye House Plantation, particularly surrounding the standing Greenhouse. Included within this chapter is a short history of the Wye House Plantation, scientific gardening, and a contextualization for understanding West African spirit practices. Chapter 4 of this report details reported archaeological excavations at the Wye House Plantation, particularly surrounding the standing Greenhouse. Chapter 5 of this report details the results of archaeological testing conducted at the Hothouse structure in May 2012. Included within this chapter is an account of stratigraphic layers, features, and significant artifacts encountered within individual test units. Also included within this chapter are interpretations of layers, features, and artifacts. Chapter 6 of this report details the conclusions based on the data recovered from these excavations and recommendations for further investigations. - 3 - Acknowledgements The remains of the Hothouse are located in the garden of the Wye House, which is the property of Richard and Beverly Tilghman. Mr. Tilghman?s mother, Mrs. R. Carmichael Tilghman, invited Archaeology in Annapolis to their property in 2006, contributing significant funds to its research, operation, and analysis. The Greenhouse structures on the plantation, as well as its gardens, remain of importance and interest to the family, and we dearly appreciate the support and curiosity. Thank you for allowing us to put holes in your garden. I sincerely appreciate the help and guidance of John Blair, who conducted the original excavations in and around the Greenhouse in 2008 and 2009. Thank you for providing context, advice, and distilled water from Target. In addition to John, Amanda Tang, Jocelyn Knauf, and Kate Deeley were invaluable volunteers for this project. A sincere thank you to Amy Speckart, who provided the transcriptions of the federal direct tax records and the Lloyd family ledgers. Without her work, we would not have made the connections necessary to find the Hothouse when we did. - 4 - Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: Research Design and Methodology...............................................................................7 Research Methodology........................................................................................................7 Excavation Methodology.....................................................................................................7 Pollen Recovery...................................................................................................................8 Laboratory Methodology...................................................................................................10 Research Questions............................................................................................................10 Chapter 3: Cultural Context and Historical Background...............................................................11 Wye House History............................................................................................................11 West African Spirit Practices.............................................................................................11 Scientific Gardening History.............................................................................................12 Chapter 4: Previous Excavations and Significant Architectural Structures...................................16 Chapter 5: Archaeology and Interpretations..................................................................................18 Introduction.......................................................................................................................18 Unit 10...............................................................................................................................18 Unit 11...............................................................................................................................20 Conclusions........................................................................................................................23 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations............................................................................26 References Cited............................................................................................................................27 Appendix A: Artifact Catalog??????????????????????????30 Appendix B: Level and Feature Forms..........................................................................................37 Appendix C: Catalog Codes...........................................................................................................40 Appendix D: Author Qualifications...............................................................................................58 - 5 - List of Tables and Figures Figure 1: Ground Penetrating Radar Anomaly...............................................................................7 Figure 2: Pollen Counts from the Greenhouse and Quarter...........................................................9 Table 1: Soil Samples for Pollen Analysis....................................................................................10 Figure 3: Hothouse in Dictionnaire Encyclopedie, 1760..............................................................12 Figure 4: Comparison of Hothouse Frames...................................................................................13 Figure 5: Excavations in and around the Greenhouse...................................................................17 Figure 6: Unit 10 Posthole Feature (F. 24)....................................................................................19 Figure 7: Unit 10 Western Profile Illustration...............................................................................20 Figure 8: Unit 11 Brick Rubble Feature (F. 19) Plan View Illustration........................................21 Figure 9: Unit 11 Brick Wall Feature (F. 21)................................................................................22 Figure 10: Unit 11 Northern Profile Illustration............................................................................23 Figure 11: Unit 11 Southern Profile Illustration............................................................................24 Table 2: Artifacts from 18TA314 Hothouse..................................................................................25 - 6 - CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The Greenhouse at the Wye House Plantation is known for being the only standing greenhouse from the eighteenth century in North America, especially unique for its hypocaust system. When Archaeology in Annapolis began its excavations at Wye, particular attention was paid to this structure, at the request of the owners. The work reported here focused on continuing the archaeobotanical analyses from previous years. This will allow us to add to our understanding of the multiple glasshouse structures?buildings such as greenhouses and hothouses that are used to house and cultivate exotic plants and fruits?on the Wye House property. Landscapes never stand still. Though the Wye Greenhouse appears today as a singular structure in the garden, directly behind the mansion with an unhindered view, the scene in the eighteenth century would have contained multiple gardening buildings. One of those additional buildings has been found in the form of a hothouse, though where the others?at least one other greenhouse and possibly a second hothouse?are located still remains a mystery. A Phase II archaeological investigation of the Hothouse Structure was undertaken in May 2012 at the Wye House property (18TA314), located near Easton, Maryland, in Talbot County. Archaeological excavations of the Hothouse took place in order to confirm the location of an additional glasshouse building to the eighteenth-century Greenhouse still standing on the property. The initial archaeological excavations reported here took place between May 12, 2012 and May 24, 2012. This report contains the results of the fieldwork that was completed during these dates, and the laboratory work that continued through the 2012-2013 fall and spring semesters. Dr. Mark P. Leone is the director and the principal investigator of this project. Beth Pruitt is the assistant director, with the consultation of John Blair and the volunteered labor of Jocelyn Knauf, Amanda Tang, and Kate Deeley. During the fall and spring semesters of 2012 and 2013, volunteer students aided in laboratory work supervised by Archaeology in Annapolis staff. - 7 - CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Research Methodology Federal tax records and the Lloyd family ledger books provided the historical data necessary to determine that there were additional, concurrent glasshouse structures to the one that stands in the present day at Wye House. These records, transcribed by Amy Speckart, revealed that one of these structures was a hothouse in operation at Wye in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. According to the 1798 federal direct tax record, which contains a description of each building on the Wye Plantation after the death of Edward Lloyd IV, there were two greenhouses and one hothouse that were used simultaneously. The hothouse is recorded in the direct tax as being ?16 x16 feet, 1 Story Brick with 4 wind[ows]? (Maryland State Archives 1798). A ledger from 1785-1787 additionally notes the payment received by workers for building hothouse structures: :250 12/85-3/87 William Eaton, joiner building hot houses, repairing green house, work on main house ?157 (Lloyd Papers 1785) Bryan Haley?s ground penetrating radar analysis reported in A Geophysical Survey of Portions of the Wye House Grounds, Talbot County, Maryland (Haley 2009) provided the location of a 16x16 ft. structure near the standing Greenhouse. Haley?s report shows the structure beginning to take shape at a depth of 1.14 feet and seems to solidify around a depth of 1.49 feet. It shows the northwest corner of the structure to be approximately 15 feet east and 10 feet south of the standing Greenhouse?s southeast corner. On the landscape in the present day, there is a small ridge along the northern edge of this GPR anomaly on the ground surface, with a slight slope toward the south. It was on this basis that excavators decided on the location for two units to the southeast of the Greenhouse in an attempt to straddle the north wall and uncover the northwest corner. Excavation Methodology Excavations at the Wye House Hothouse were carried out on weekends in May 2012 by a rotating team of current and former archaeologists from the Archaeology in Annapolis Project at the University of Maryland, College Park. The locations of the two units were recorded in relation to the southeast corner of the Wye Greenhouse. Excavations were conducted stratigraphically, using trowels and shovels. Elevations were recorded using rulers and line- Figure 1: Ground penetrating radar showing an anomaly southeast of the stranding Greenhouse at a depth of 1.49 feet. - 8 - levels, with all measurements taken from the highest corner of the unit. Each unit was excavated until reaching sterile subsoil, denoted in illustrations by Bottom of Excavation (BOE). Each unit was numbered individually, continuing the sequential order from the previous Greenhouse excavations. Excavators kept detailed field notes, recording soil color, soil texture, inclusions, artifacts recovered, features, and interpretations. All soils recovered from excavation units were screened through a 1/4? mesh wire screen. Pollen Recovery Archaeobotanical analysis allows archaeologists to recreate the plant environment of the past. Previous excavators of the Greenhouse collected soil samples in the southern main room of the building as well as the attached slave quarter. These samples were sent to Heather Trigg and Susan Jacobucci at the Fiske Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massechusetts, Boston for analysis. The results showed the diversity of plants in and around the building throughout time (Jacobucci and Trigg 2010). The enslaved who stayed in the quarter likely worked in the Greenhouse and gardens, so evidence of many plants appears in both locations. However, there were distinct differences in type and quantity between the Greenhouse and the quarter. The Greenhouse was home to fruits and vegetables that could be made to grow all year round due to the artificial environment. These include citrus in the nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, as well as olives and the family that includes spinach and beets in the late-eighteenth century. There were also ornamental flowers such as lilies, geraniums, and irises. The presence of certain pollen in the attached quarter, but not in the Greenhouse demonstrates the ways in which the enslaved may have made use of local vegetation for food, medicine, and chores. In the quarter, there is the family that includes blueberries and cranberries, as well as groundcherry and wild ginger. Lobelia, snakeroot, and saxifrage have medicinal uses. Others, such as yucca and horsetail, possess leaves and fibers that have practical household uses. These categories are not mutually exclusive, as many plants have multiple uses. Pollen remains of medicinal, practical, ornamental, and edible plants were found in both the Greenhouse and the slave quarter in varying quantities. - 9 - Figure 2: Selected pollen counts from the Greenhouse and attached slave quarter for comparison (reproduced from the data reported in Jacobucci and Trigg 2010). These findings provide us with a glimpse of the botanical past of Wye House, but the Hothouse structure investigated here can add another set of data upon which to base our understanding. Upon completion of the excavations, soil samples were recovered from the profile walls of both units by Beth Pruitt for future archaeobotanical analysis. Samples were taken from each level of the southern walls of both units, representing the inside of the Hothouse. Due to time constraints only one soil sample from the northern walls of each unit was taken for comparison to the southern wall. After scraping away the exposed dirt of the profile, soil samples were taken using a trowel cleaned with distilled water and placed into 4x6? plastic bags. - 10 - With the Hothouse and the standing Greenhouse in operation concurrently, the Hothouse may have housed plants that needed a specialized environment that the Greenhouse could not provide at the time. My hypothesis for the Hothouse is that this pollen will differ from the samples collected in the slave quarter and the contemporaneous Greenhouse, showing fewer local vegetation and more exotic plants and comestibles that could be brought to ripen out of season. Laboratory Methodology All artifacts recovered from the Hothouse structure in the May 2012 excavations were transported to the Archaeology in Annapolis Laboratory, located in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Maryland, College Park. All of these materials were then washed, identified, rebagged, and catalogued by University of Maryland undergraduate students. The artifacts were sorted by material type and placed in re-sealable archival quality plastic bags and labeled with site number, unit number, and level or feature number. Brick, concrete, and mortar were counted, weighed and discarded in the field and in the laboratory. Research Questions 1. Is the anomaly detected in the GPR report the hothouse structure noted in the Lloyd family historical records? 2. How intact is this structure? 3. If this is a hothouse, what is the means of artificial heating? 4. How does the pollen in this structure compare to that of the Greenhouse? 5. Is there evidence of buried West African spirit practices as there was in the Greenhouse excavations? Table 1: Soil Samples for Pollen Analysis Date Unit Level Location Bag # 5/20/12 11 D south wall 1 5/20/12 11 A south wall 2 5/20/12 11 B south wall 3 5/20/12 11 F south wall 4 5/20/12 11 D top, north wall 5 5/20/12 11 E south wall 6 5/20/12 11 C south wall 7 5/24/12 10 A south wall 8 5/24/12 10 C south wall 9 5/24/12 10 D south wall 10 5/24/12 10 D top, north wall 11 5/24/12 10 B south wall 12 5/24/12 10 G south wall 13 5/24/12 10 F south wall 14 - 11 - CHAPTER 3: CULTURAL CONTEXT AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Wye House History The Wye House occupies land situated on the Wye River in the center of Talbot County, Maryland. When Edward Lloyd I arrived in Talbot County around 1660 as part of the original Virginian colonizers, he built the Wye House Plantation with immediate access to the Wye River and, therefore, Chesapeake Bay. When the estate passed to Edward Lloyd IV in 1770 (Speckart 2011:190), his redesign and modernization of the landscape in the years after his inheritance demonstrated his desire to establish himself unquestionably as the new master of the estate. It is during the period just after the property transferred to Edward Lloyd IV that the currently- standing Greenhouse was erected and the entire axis of the plantation reoriented (Forman 1967). The most famous national figure associated with the Wye House plantation was Frederick Douglass, who was enslaved there as a child. The writings in his autobiographies provide researchers at the Wye House with context for the landscape and daily life. His descriptions of the buildings and layout of the plantation, however, are drawn from his early life as a slave. This would have influenced his perspective and sense of boundaries. For example, Douglass describes the contents of the garden, but does not mention the Greenhouse or any other garden buildings. His aversion to that portion of the landscape is explained by the lengths to which the plantation owner went to keep the enslaved away from the garden: The colonel [Lloyd] had to resort to all kinds of stratagems to keep his slaves out of the garden. The last and most successful one was that of tarring his fence all around; after which if a slave was caught with any tar upon his person, it was deemed sufficient proof that he had either been in the garden, or had tried to get in. In either case, he was severely whipped by the chief gardener. (Douglass 1845:26) That area of the plantation was meant to be off-limits to him, and consequently, much of our understanding of the greenhouse buildings must come from contemporary scientific gardening books, historical documents that the Lloyds kept of the Wye House Plantation, and the archaeology conducted there. West African Spirit Practices With the focus of Archaeology in Annapolis on the lives of the enslaved at Wye House, there has been interest in religious practices and to what extent those practices derive from Africa. It is important to note that the translation of cultural beliefs or practices from Africa to the New World is not exact, and the expression of identity is dynamic. The new identity of diasporic groups is constantly negotiated within the specific hostland, with individuals deciding which elements, symbols, or traditions of their former country to preserve and how to incorporate those of the host society. The same symbols may take on different meanings in different locations and different materials may take on the same meanings. This understanding comes from a body of literature that shows the ways in which African Americans?who were often forced to hide such beliefs in enslavement?used iconography and - 12 - ways of understanding the spiritual realm. As Euro-Americans attempted to convert the enslaved to Christianity throughout the diaspora, the religious beliefs of both groups were changed. Drawing from Herskovits, Andrew Apter (1991) expresses the ?evolving synthesis? of African religious identities, arguing that cultures in contact and conflict go through processes of resistance and revision in the formation of new dominant ideologies. Using historical and ethnographic understandings of West African spirit practices, Mark Leone (Leone and Fry 1999) and Fennell (2003) have found that there is a significant pattern in buried bundles or caches found in African-American contexts in the United States that represent a mediation of the spirit world through particular materials. More important, perhaps, than what the objects are is the materials from which they are made, their color, arrangement, or placement within a space, since many objects used in this way are found and repurposed. For example, the caches often include quartz crystals, iron nails, beads, or coins and were often found below entryways and/or in the formation of a cosmogram (Leone and Fry 1999; Fennell 2003). With this in mind, a buried arrangement of artifacts found outside of the door to the Greenhouse slave quarter in 2008 can be interpreted as a cache. The artifacts included a metal coin and two projectile points?one made of chert and one of quartz. Another cache in the furnace of the Greenhouse hypocaust consisted of a stone pestle in the keystone position. As understood from ethnographic studies of West African practices, these found and repurposed objects were placed deliberately to direct spirits away from the entrance and to emphasize the importance of the forge to particular West African religious beliefs (Blair et al. 2009; Leone 2011). Scientific Gardening History The eighteenth century saw an increased interest in empirical science, experimentation, and the control over nature, and the elite looked to enlightenment principles of philosophy, rationality, and scientific inquiry in the founding of the new Republic. Fervor for gardening and greenhouses became a part of the standard for high society, and ?Gentlemen used their offices and gardens to experiment with science. They examined, collected, and compared the plants in their gardens and greenhouses? (Sarudy 1998:105). Greenhouses allowed them to cultivate exotics and bring plants to bloom out of season. These ?scientific gardeners? competed with one another and shared their ideas and specimens, creating a social network in the pursuit of botanical knowledge. Hothouses are a structure similar to a greenhouse, but with the addition of an artificial heating element on top of the heat provided by the sun. Through the use of stoves, hot-beds, hypocausts, and warming pits, gardeners were able to achieve far higher temperatures and more closely regulate the climates inside the structures of hothouses. Along with greenhouses, hothouses became permanent and necessary fixtures of elite gardens. According to William Speechly, gardener and the author of A Treatise on the Culture of the Pine Figure 3: A hothouse heated by a furnace in the rear shed and a system of flues. Published in the Dictionnaire Encyclopedie (Diderot and d?Alembert 1760, reproduced in Woods and Warren 1988:58). - 13 - Apple and the Management of the Hot-House, ?Hot-houses are found by experiences to be of so much importance, that no garden is esteemed complete without one? (Speechly 1779, quoted in Woods and Warren 1988:61). The structures were widespread in Europe by the mid-eighteenth century, and a great deal of literature was dedicated to their proper construction and use (Woods and Warren 1988:61). Similar to greenhouses, hothouses in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries mostly consisted of brick and glass frames. As scientific gardeners gradually understood the relationship between the construction and the sun for creating an artificial environment, they experimented in order to achieve optimal climates for temperamental tropical plants. Authors published advice on using the angle of the glass and position of the plants to provide higher temperatures to those that needed it (Hix 1974:16). The architect of the Hothouse at Wye may have followed similar advice, providing us with an idea of what the building may have looked like. A brick northern wall and a sloping glass frame may explain the slope of the present-day ground. The Lloyds had an obvious interest in scientific gardening based on the books contained in their home. Included in the Lloyd family library are two books of particular note: The Hot-House Gardener, or the General Culture of the Pine-apple by John Abercrombie and Every Man his own Gardener: Being a new?Gardener?s Kalendar by Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie (Wolf 1969:103-104). Mawe emphasizes the use of a hothouse for bringing fruit out of season, including instructions for the cultivation of cucumbers, strawberries, grapes, melons, citrus, and pineapples (Mawe and Abercrombie 1782). The plant family that includes pineapples?scientific name Bromeliaceae?did not appear in any of the previous pollen samples analyzed. If Lloyd were interested in pineapples, as the library suggests, the hothouse may have been the place in which these were kept. Mawe and Abercrombie?s instructions also advise the gardener to open the windows to the hothouse only on warm and windless days, which hopefully suggests that there will be little invasion from external, windborne pollen. This enclosure could provide us with a degree of certainty when it comes to identifying plants that were kept inside it. Frederick Douglass describes the variety of edibles produced in the gardens in his autobiography, My Bondage and My Freedom. He writes of the garden that it is: The fertile garden, many acres in size, constituting a separate establishment, distinct from the common farm?with its scientific gardener, imported from Scotland, (a Mr. McDermott,) with four men under his direction, was not behind, either in the abundance Figure 4: Comparisons of eighteenth and early nineteenth hothouse constructions and the angle of the glass frame (reproduced in Hix 1979:17). - 14 - or in the delicacy of its contributions to the same full board. The tender asparagus, the succulent celery, and the delicate cauliflower; egg plants, beets, lettuce, parsnips, peas, and French beans, early and late; radishes, cantelopes, melons of all kinds; the fruits and flowers of all climes and of all descriptions, from the hardy apple of the north, to the lemon and orange of the south, culminated at this point. (Douglass 1855:108-109) On Lloyd?s death in 1796, the property passed to his wife, Elizabeth Tayloe Lloyd, the daughter of John Tayloe II of Mount Airy. Mount Airy is also home to an eighteenth-century greenhouse, and Elizabeth Lloyd may have continued to maintain an active interest in the greenhouse structures at Wye House after her husband?s death. Her continued involvement is evidenced by the upkeep of repairs to the Greenhouse and Hothouse in the years after 1796 and payment in her accounts for pineapples to be delivered to Wye House and to William Booth, a seedseller, for ?Sundrys for your Garden at Wye House? (Lloyd Papers 1798). Despite Mrs. Lloyd?s contributions to the garden at Wye, it has been her husband who has received the most attention as a scientific gardener. According to Barbara Sarudy, it was not uncommon for the ladies of the house to be in control of the greenhouse and kitchen gardens, though were often not charged with the management of the gardens in their entirety (Sarudy 1998:83). Despite this commonly female involvement in the greenhouse, scientific gardening is often categorized as a male-dominated pursuit. Ann B. Shteir (2006) sheds light on the historical omission of women as scientific gardeners by tracing the changes in gender attitudes in gardening and botany through the iconography of the goddess Flora in England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. She examined the frontispieces of botanical books and discovered a trend in the way in which nature is symbolized. In these illustrations, Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, had related women, fertility, and the ?Mother Nature? mythos to the pursuit of botanical knowledge. Over time, however, the use of female icons to represent abstract concepts began to fall out of fashion in England?an attempt to associate the masculine with an increasingly empirical, practical science and separate it from the French rhetorical, ?feminine? form of science (Shteir 2006:17). Through this study, Shteir found that a decline in the use of Flora and feminine imagery in botanical books corresponded to a shift in the study of nature from a philosophical, poetical endeavor to a scientific and technical one. Shteir concludes that ?Languages of nature that formerly had resonated with symbolic meanings were challenged by technical scientific vocabularies during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and one result was the erasure of symbols associating women with science? (Shtier 2006:5). Though at one time the study of gardening and the dominion over nature may have been linked to the feminine, this ideology was undergoing a significant change during Mrs. Lloyd?s lifetime. What was once a female province had become male. Archaeologists such as Carmen Weber (1996) have recognized the absence of a discussion of women in the scientific gardening pursuits of the eighteenth century and noted that they are often overshadowed in the historical record by their male counterparts. In looking at the connections between the Lloyd family and relative Margaret Carroll from Mount Calvert, Weber discovered that the similarities between the two estate?s greenhouses may reflect an exchange of knowledge and ideas between the women of this extended family. Both families were in possession of Phillip Miller?s Garden Dictionary, but the architectural similarities between the two structures - 15 - extend beyond Miller?s advice. For example, the gardener at the Wye House seemed to favor some of the same practices that Margaret Carroll recommended to George Washington?an older hypocaust system design, for example?and the placement of the furnace for the hypocaust are identical, despite no direction on that matter from the Dictionary (Weber 1996:39-41). Mrs. Lloyd?s likely involvement in the scientific gardening pursuits at Wye House allows us to shift the focus away from a male-dominated story. In telling the history of botanical experimentation and early scientific gardening, it is important to acknowledge the possible contributions of women rather than assuming the interest to only belong to men. - 16 - CHAPTER 4: PREVIOUS EXCAVATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES Archaeology in Annapolis has been excavating at Wye House since 2005. Past reports of excavations conducted by Archaeology in Annapolis staff include: Shovel Test Survey at Wye House (18TA314), East Cove / South Long Green, April 2011 (Skolnik 2011); Archaeological Excavations at the Middle Building (Locus 2) on the Long Green (18TA314), 2006-2010, Talbot County, Maryland, 2010 report (Tang 2010); Archaeological Mitigation of the Great House Front Steps (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland, 2010 (Tang and Knauf, 2010); Phase II Archaeological Testing on the Interior of the Wye Greenhouse (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland, 2009 report (Blair and Duensing 2009); and Phase II Archaeological Testing on wye Greenhouse (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland, 2008 report (Blair et al. 2009). The final two reports focus on the Greenhouse specifically, and provide a significant basis for our understanding of the botanical life within the structure as well as the domestic life of the enslaved living in the attached north shed. In Fall 2008, archaeological excavations conducted by Archaeology in Annapolis focused on the interior and exterior of the north shed of the Greenhouse, and those in Summer 2009 placed two units within the south room. The previous Greenhouse excavations focused on establishing a chronology for the Greenhouse construction phases, collecting soil samples for archaeobotanical analysis, and interpreting the hidden caches as a manifestation of West African spirit practices. Both investigations collected and analyzed pollen taken from soil samples in these areas, the findings of which are reported in An Analysis of Pollen Recovered from the Greenhouse at Wye House Plantation, Easton, Maryland (Jacobucci and Trigg 2010). In 2008 and 2009, researchers used the Lloyd family ledger books to help provide dates for the building and alteration phases of the standing Greenhouse. As it exists today, the Greenhouse is a two-story brick building with a main block and two 26-foot wings to either side. Attached to the back is a shed that contained domestic items, leading archaeologists to conclude that is was a slave quarter (Blair and Duensing 2009). A wood-burning furnace in the back would have been used to heat a hypocaust system running throughout the walls of the wings and along the floors. The reports from these excavations concluded that there were three main building phases. In the first, a main two-story building with 6-foot truncated wings was constructed around 1775, including the attached quarter. In the second, the hypocaust system and longer wings were built around 1784. The reasoning behind this date comes from the 1785-87 ledger entry that refers to payment for ?building hothouses? (Lloyd Papers 1785). Researchers took this to mean building the hypocaust, since the hypocaust?consisting of a furnace and hot-air flues?effectively turned the Greenhouse into a hothouse. The final phase of construction, around 1820, was an enclosure for the furnace (Blair and Duensing 2009; Blair et al. 2009). Reviewing the historical records in the context of having at least one hothouse on the plantation, it now seems more likely that the ledger entry refers to a separate hothouse than the Greenhouse. This is also supported in that the 1798 tax records list the greenhouse structures as ?1 Green House 33 by 16 feet 2 Story on [?] of Brick with 4 windows? and ?1 Green House 1 Story Brick 36 by 10 feet with 10 windows? (Maryland State Archives 1798). This first greenhouse - 17 - listed has the same dimensions and stories as just the main block of the current Greenhouse. If this is true, the building in 1798 did not include the wings, and likely the heating elements that it does today. Therefore, the hypocaust was not added to the building in 1784, as concluded in the previous reports, but at a later date. In 1822, an entry for the payment of the brickmason Daniel Kenney to repair the flues of the Greenhouse indicates that the hypocaust system was in place by then (Lloyd Papers 1822). The additions and furnace must have been built between 1798 and 1822. This means that Edward Lloyd IV was not alive to see the completion of the hypocaust system in the Greenhouse. It is unclear who oversaw the modifications to that structure, though with a knowledge of the greenhouse at Mount Airy and communications with female relatives with similar interests, it is not out of the question that Elizabeth Lloyd played a part in its construction. Figure 5: Schematic of the Greenhouse and the unit placements in the three years that Archaeology in Annapolis has excavated in or around the building. - 18 - CHAPTER 5: ARCHAEOLOGY AND INTERPRETATIONS Introduction One 3x3 ft. and one 5x5 ft. were placed to the southeast of the currently standing Greenhouse. Based on the historical records and the GPR report, this was the most likely location of a 16x16 ft. Hothouse structure that existed on the property from the late-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. Units 10 and 11 were place in an east-west oriented line in order to locate the north wall of the structure. 18TA314: Wye House Hothouse Unit 10 Description Unit 10 measured 3? by 3? and was located southeast of the standing Greenhouse. The northwest corner of Unit 10 was placed 27 feet east and 9.6 feet south of this building in order to find the most likely location of the north wall of the Hothouse, according to the GPR report. It was excavated to an average depth of 2.69 feet below datum (ftbd). Within this test unit, there were seven stratigraphic levels and four features. Level A started at was 0.21 ftbd and ended at 0.26 ftbd and consisted of a 7.5YR3/2 dark brown loam. There were no artifacts recovered from Level A, which represents the top soil. Level B started at the ground surface which was 0.26 ftbd and ended at 0.40 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR4/3 brown clay-loam. Artifacts recovered from Level B consisted of 1 fragment of window glass. Level C started at 0.40 ftbd and ended at 0.48 ftbd and consisted of a 7.5YR3/4 dark brown loam. Artifacts recovered from Level C include 1 small piece of chert worked for gunflint, 1 small cut nail, 29 fragments of flatglass?18 of which have a green tint?2 dark olive fragments of bottle glass, 2 small pieces of oyster, and 2 small pieces of brick. This level likely represents remains of the destruction of the Hothouse. Feature 19 is brick rubble concentrated in the southern half of the unit, likely the remains of the north wall of the Hothouse which have fallen in or been used to fill in the structure after destruction. The soil around this rubble consisted of a 7.5YR4/3 dark brown loam with some inclusions of peagravel. The top of Feature 19 was at 0.44 ftbd and the bottom was at 0.67 ftbd. Artifacts recovered from this level include 2 fragments of flatglass, 4 fragments of oyster shell, and 25 pieces of brick, weighing 1.88 lbs. Level D started at 0.57 ftbd and ended at 0.72 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR3/6 dark yellowish- brown clay-loam. Excavations of Level D began in the northern half of the unit, with the later stages of Feature 19 in the southern portion. There were patches of ash, especially in the southern portion of the unit, underneath Feature 19. Artifacts recovered from Level D - 19 - include 2 pieces of chert gunflint, 1 sherd of refined earthenware?which likely had a tin glaze at one point?3 fragments of bottle glass, 5 pieces of window glass, 3 cut nails, 1 tooth with an intact root, 6 small fragments of oyster shell, and 17 pieces of brick, weighing 4.01 lbs. Feature 20 is a concentration of brick rubble in the southern part of the unit, with larger and less fragile bricks than Feature 19. The soil around the rubble consisted of a 10YR3/6 dark yellowish-brown loam. The top of Feature 20 was at 0.58 ftbd and the bottom was at 0.77 ftbd. Artifacts recovered from this feature include 1 general nail and 38 pieces of brick, weighing 10 lbs. Level E started at 0.76 ftbd and ended at 1.38 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR3/4 dark yellowish- brown clay-loam. Artifacts recovered from Level E include 7 pieces of French gunflint, 3 pieces of British gunflint, 11 sherds of unglazed red coarse earthenware, 1 piece of an undecorated pipe bowl, and 1 piece of a dark green wine/liquor bottle. Organic materials included 14 fragments of mammal bone and 9 pieces of oyster shell, which weighed 0.77 lbs. Architectural materials consisted of 28 fragments of window glass, 3 cut nails, 27 pieces of brick, weighing 5.34 lbs., and 17 pieces of mortar, weighing 1.28 lbs. Level E very similar to Level D and likely part of the same deposit, but appeared underneath Feature 20. Feature 22 is a mortar deposit running east-west across the unit, cutting through Level F close to the northern wall of the unit. The feature consisted of a 2.5Y8/3 pale yellow mix of mortar and soil. The top of Feature 22 was at 1.33 ftbd and the bottom was at 1.59 ftbd. Artifacts recovered from this feature include 1 unworked piece of chert, 3 fragments of window glass, and 82 pieces of mortar, weighing 8.59 lbs. Level F started at 1.38 ftbd and ended at 2.14 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR4/3 brown loamy- clay. Artifacts recovered from Level F include 2 pieces of window glass, 1 piece of shaped bone, 5 unidentifiable nails, 5 pieces of unworked chert, 2 lumps of corroded iron, 1 stone pestle, 3 pieces of brick, weighing 0.22 lbs., and 19 pieces of oyster shell, weighing 1.04 lbs. Level G started at 2.14 ftbd and ended at 2.57 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR4/2 dark grayish-brown silty-clay. Artifacts recovered from Level G include 1 fragment of dark olive bottle glass, 1 small piece of brick, and 5 fragments of oyster shell, weighing 0.30 lbs. Figure 6: Posthole feature (F. 24) and Level G in progress in Unit 10. - 20 - Feature 24 is a posthole in the northeast corner of the unit, roughly underneath where the north wall of the Hothouse is suspected to have been. The soil consisted of a 10YR5/6 yellowish-brown clay. The top of Feature 24 was at 2.41 ftbd and the bottom was at 3.27 ftbd. Organic materials recovered from this feature consist of 7 fragments of oyster shell, weighing 0.40 lbs. Excavation ended at 2.57 ftbd at sterile subsoil and 3.27 ftbd at the bottom of a posthole feature (F. 24). Interpretation The features of brick and mortar destruction found in Unit 10 in an east-west orientation suggest that this is the location of the north wall of the 16x16 ft. structure seen in the GPR report. Since much of the wall is no longer intact, it is likely that the building was destroyed and filled in when it was no longer in use in the mid-nineteenth century. Unit 11 Description Unit 11 measured 5? by 5? and was located southeast of the standing Greenhouse. The northwest corner of Unit 11 was placed 15 feet east and 7.6 feet south of this building, and 7 feet to the west of Unit 10, in order to find the most likely location of the northwest corner of the Hothouse, according to the GPR report. It was excavated to an average depth of 3.24 feet below datum (ftbd). Within this test unit, there were six stratigraphic levels and four features. Level A started at the ground surface which was 0.17 ftbd and ended at 0.15 ftbd and consisted of a 7.5YR3/3 dark brown loam. There were no artifacts recovered from Level A, which represents the top soil. Level B started at 0.15 ftbd and ended at 0.24 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR3/2 very dark grayish brown loamy-clay. The only artifact recovered from Level B was a BIC electronic lighter. This suggests that this level represents a modern context. Level C started at 0.24 ftbd and ended at 0.39 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR4/3 brown loamy- clay with brick and peagravel inclusions. Artifacts recovered from Level C include 1 small sherd of earthenware, 1 sherd of undecorated ironstone?which appeared in Figure 7: Unit 10 western profile wall, showing the layer of wall destruction. - 21 - American contexts after 1842?1 sherd of blue underglaze transfer-printed whiteware? dating to the middle of the nineteenth century?4 British gunflints, 4 French gunflints, 1 fragment of bottle glass, and 1 thin iron hook. Organic materials recovered include 2 small pieces of oyster shell, 3 fragments of mammal bone, and 1 fin bone from a fish. Architectural materials include 46 fragments of flatglass?34 of which are tinted green? 1 small piece of brick, 8 cut nails, and 5 unidentifiable nails. Level C represents the fill layer after the destruction of the Hothouse. Feature 19 is brick rubble, probably continued from Unit 10, in the southern half of the unit. The soil around this rubble consisted of a 10YR 3/3 dark brown loamy-clay. The top of Feature 19 was at 0.30 ftbd and the bottom was at 0.71 ftbd. Artifacts recovered from Feature 19 consisted largely of 136 pieces of brick, 2 of which were glazed, weighing 42.76 lbs. Other architectural materials included 20 fragments of window glass, 5 cut nails, 8 pieces of mortar, weighing 1.32 lbs. Also recovered were 5 fragments of mammal bones, 3 wine/liquor bottle fragments, 1 stone pestle, 8 sherds of coarse earthenware, 3 French gunflints, 2 corroded lumps of iron, 1 small piece of quartz, and 10 pieces of oyster shell, weighing 1.50 lbs. This level likely represents the wall rubble from the destruction of the Hothouse. Level D started at 0.39 ftbd and ended at 1.77 ftbd and consisted of a 10YR2/2 very dark brown loamy-clay with inclusions of peagravel and small pieces of brick. These inclusions are likely spill-over from the destruction of the wall in the southern section of the unit. Artifacts recovered from Level D include six pieces of a dark green wine/liquor bottle, 8 shards of coarse red earthenware?6 of which were unglazed, 2 of which possessed a black glaze on the inside?1 fragment of a tobacco pipe stem measuring 4/64? (dating to around 1750-1800), 16 pieces of French gunflint, and 6 pieces of British gunflint. Organic materials included 24 fragments of mammal bone and 34 pieces of oyster shell, weighing 3.16 lbs. Architectural materials were prevalent in this level, consisting of 73 fragments of window glass, 11 cut nails, 22 pieces of mortar, weighing 3.16 lbs., and 60 pieces of brick, weighing 25.12 lbs. Feature 21 is a nearly intact segment of a brick wall, likely part of the north wall of the Hothouse. The feature is oriented east to west, with five bricks laid side-by-side and mortar in between. The soil around the bricks consist of 10YR 2/2 very dark brown Figure 8: Plan view of the brick rubble feature (F. 19) in Unit 11, with a mixture of brick, mortar, and peagravel. - 22 - loamy-clay. The top of Feature 21was at 0.75 ftbd and ended at the top of Level E. Artifacts recovered from this feature included 5 pieces of brick, weighing 16.60 lbs. and 2 pieces of mortar, weighing 0.70 lbs. Level E started at 1.77 ftbd and ended at 2.08 ftbd and consisted of a mottled 90% 2.5Y3/3 dark olive brown and 10% 2.5Y5/6 light olive brown clay-loam. This level did not contain the inclusions of Level D, and the soil began a transition to more clay. Artifacts recovered from Level E consist of 1 fragment of window glass. Feature 23 is a layer of more compact soil running underneath the wall of Feature 21. The soil consisted of a 2.5Y4/4 olive brown loamy-clay with inclusions of brick and mortar. The top of Feature 23 was at 1.33 ftbd and the bottom was at 1.57 ftbd. Artifacts recovered from this feature include 1 unworked piece of chert, 1 fragment of window glass, 1 medium-sized mammal bone, and 2 pieces of unglazed coarse earthenware that are possibly pieces of a roof tile. Architectural materials included 37 pieces of mortar, weighing 7 lbs., and 9 pieces of brick, weighing 14 lbs. This feature may have been a lower level of the north wall, possibly part of the base to level the ground. Level F started at 2.08 ftbd and ended at 2.21 ftbd and consisted of a 2.5Y4/4 olive brown loamy-clay. There were no artifacts recovered from Level F, which represents sterile subsoil. Feature 25 is a posthole, just outside of where the north wall of the Hothouse is suspected to have been in the north-central part of the unit. It is roughly aligned on an east-west axis with Feature 24. The soil consisted of a mottled 50% 10YR5/8 yellowish-brown and 50% 10YR2/1 black clayish loam. The top of Feature 25 was at 2.29 ftbd and the bottom was at 4.26 ftbd. There were no artifacts recovered from this feature. Excavation ended at 2.21 ftbd at sterile subsoil and 4.26 ftbd at the bottom of a posthole feature (F. 25). Interpretation Like Unit 10, the brick and mortar rubble in Unit 11?and especially the in-place portion of brick wall represented in Feature 21?strongly indicate that this is the north wall of the structure in the GPR report. Although excavators were unable to discover the extent of the wall by finding the northwest corner, it was probably not much farther west-ward. The diagnostic artifacts Figure 9: Intact hothouse wall segment (F. 21) in Unit 11. - 23 - recovered in the fill of this unit place the date of destruction of the building in the mid-nineteenth century. Conclusions The high prevalence of brick and mortar (48% of the total artifacts recovered), flatglass (21% of the total artifacts recovered), and earthenware flower pots (91% of the total ceramics recovered) lends support to the hypothesis that the structure excavated is the 16x16 ft. Hothouse described in the 1798 federal tax records. The presence of chert worked into gunflints coming from Europe in both Units 10 and 11 is curious, but not inexplicable. Kent (1983) has suggested that large amounts of chert and quartz have found their way into East Coast plantation contexts due to their use in ship ballast. The French style of gunflints on American shores date from the late eighteenth century and the British style dates to the nineteenth- and early twentieth century. These dates roughly correlate to the early- and mid- nineteenth dates of the transfer-printed whiteware, ironstone, and pipestem also excavated in the rubble fill. However, it is odd that these pieces of worked chert are found so readily in the Hothouse, when they were not in the Greenhouse or slave quarter excavations. The transition from flintlock technology to percussion caps was wide-spread by 1830. With the flint becoming obsolete, it is also possible that the gunflints were in use at Wye House until the mid-nineteenth century and were simply used as fill at the time that the Hothouse would have been torn down. The postholes along the perimeter of the wall indicate that the Hothouse at Wye House was possibly constructed using a hotbed technique described in eighteenth-century gardening books, such as Every Man his own Gardener, found in the Lloyd library. The authors recommend staking the area around which the hotbed is to be created, then laying a bed of dung within the boundaries of the stakes. This will begin to naturally produce heat. Once this is completed and the dung has fermented, the frame can be constructed around it (Mawe and Abercrombie 1782:2). A General Treatise of Husbandry & Gardening by Richard Bradley, a contemporaneous manual to Every Man, additionally suggests laying pebbles on the bottom of a brick-lined pit as a foundation for the hotbed to better maintain the heat (Bradley 1726:281). This could explain the prevalence of peagravel in the destruction levels. Figure 10: Unit 11 northern profile wall, outside of the hothouse structure. - 24 - Any layers of the hotbed laid for the Hothouse were not stratigraphically intact at the time of excavations, and have likely been churned up in the destruction of the building. Aside from the small patches of ash in Level D of Unit 10, there is little indication that the Hothouse was heated by a furnace or stove. The main artificial heating element appears at this time to be a hotbed. In both units, there were contexts which contained items that may relate to the caches discovered in the 2008 excavations of the Greenhouse connected to West African spirit practices. In Level F of Unit 10 in the 2012 excavations, archaeologists recovered nails, chert, two lumps of iron, and a stone pestle. In Feature 19 of Unit 11, there were nails, chert gunflints, a single piece of quartz, two lumps of iron, and a stone pestle. It is more than a coincidence that these same materials are found together in the rubble of a second greenhouse structure. Due to the destruction of the building, any purposeful arrangement of the items has been disrupted. Finding them together, however, suggests a relationship between the objects in a manner that has been observed previously at Wye House. Figure11: Unit 11 southern profile, showing the destruction inside of the hothouse structure. - 25 - Table 2: Artifacts From 18TA314 Hothouse Item Count Percent Coarse Earthenware 2 0.2 Refined Earthenware 1 0.1 Earthenware 29 2.9 Ironstone 1 0.1 Whiteware 1 0.1 Total Ceramics 34 3.3 Bottle Glass 17 1.7 Flatglass 210 20.7 Total Glass 227 22.3 Cut Nails 31 3.1 General Nails 21 2.1 Iron 5 0.5 Total Metals 57 5.6 Brick 324 31.9 Mortar 168 16.5 Total Construction Materials 492 48.4 Bone 48 4.7 Oyster Shell 99 9.7 Total Organic Materials 147 14.5 Gunflint 46 4.5 Natural Chert 7 0.7 Quartz 1 0.1 Stone Pestle 2 0.2 Total Lithics 56 5.5 Tobacco Pipe 2 0.2 Plastic 1 0.1 Total Small Finds 3 0.3 Total 1016 100 - 26 - CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From these preliminary excavations of this structure, there is strong evidence that this is the 16x16 ft. Hothouse listed in the 1798 direct tax records and one of the hothouses built around 1785. There is little of the north wall remaining, but the recovered artifacts?mainly consisting of flower pots, window glass, and brick?suggest a building associated with gardening activity. It was likely built to house and force exotic plants prior to the construction of the hypocaust in the Greenhouse. It was torn down sometime in the mid-nineteenth century, by which time the Greenhouse would have been equipped to deal with these types of plants, perhaps rendering the Hothouse redundant. The construction and tearing down of multiple Greenhouse structures gives form to the interest in scientific gardening held by the Lloyds. These buildings are indicative of a period of time, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, of great botanical experimentation at Wye House. Since this continued research into the greenhouse structures at Wye House have revealed multiple greenhouse and hothouse structures, the accepted dates of the hypocaust addition to the standing Greenhouse has shifted from 1784 to between 1798 and 1822. This may necessarily shift the focus of researchers from Edward Lloyd IV as the manager of these scientific gardening achievements to his wife. With the widowed Elizabeth Lloyd as the executor of the Wye House and its gardens during its very late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century developments, it is important to examine how the lady of the household may have contributed to its realization. There is the possibility of found and repurposed objects by the enslaved at Wye House like those in the Greenhouse caches, though the destruction of the wall prevents us from seeing how the materials were arranged or hidden. The presence of the same materials?quartz, chert, metal, and shaped stone?found in the same context, however, suggest that they were originally deposited together and meant to form a cache. These finds in both units can be interpreted as evidence of spiritual protection provided to the building by the enslaved. For future excavations, opening units to the south in an attempt to locate the eastern or western walls would test the hypothesis that the postholes continue around the rest of the perimeter, which would support or refute the idea that this Hothouse was constructed using the hotbed methods described in eighteenth-century gardening books. - 27 - REFERENCES CITED Apter, Andrew 1991 Herskovits?s Heritage: Rethinking Syncretism in the African Diaspora. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1(3): 235?260. Blair, John and Stephanie N. Duensing 2009 Phase II Archaeological Testing on the Interior of the Wye Greenhouse (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland, 2009. University of Maryland, College Park. Blair, John, Matthew David Cochran, and Stephanie N. Duensing 2009 Phase II Archaeological Testing on Wye Greenhouse (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland, 2008. University of Maryland, College Park. Bradley, Richard 1726 A general treatise of husbandry & gardening: containing a new system of vegetation: illustrated with many observations & experiments ... Formerly published monthly, & now methodiz?d & digested under proper heads, with additions & great alterations ... T. Woodward. Douglass, Frederick 1845 The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Digireads.com Publishing. Douglass, Frederick 1855 My Bondage and My Freedom ... Miller, Orton & Mulligan. Fennell, Christopher C. 2003 Group Identity, Individual Creativity, and Symbolic Generation in a BaKongo Diaspora. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 7(1): 1?31. Forman, Henry Chandlee 1967 Old buildings, gardens, and furniture in Tidewater Maryland. Tidewater Publishers. Haley, Bryan 2009 A Geophysical Survey of Portions of the Wye House Grounds, Talbot County, Maryland. University of Mississippi Center for Archaeological Research. Hix, John 1974 The Glasshouse. Phaidon Press. Jacobucci, Susan, and Heather Trigg 2010 An Analysis of Pollen Recovered from the Greenhouse at Wye House Plantation, Easton, Maryland. Fiske Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massechusetts, Boston. Kent, Barry C. - 28 - 1983 More on Gunflints. Historical archaeology 17(2): 27?40. Leone, Mark P., and Gladys-Marie Fry 1999 Conjuring in the Big House Kitchen: An Interpretation of African American Belief Systems Based on the Uses of Archaeology and Folklore Sources. The Journal of American Folklore 112(445): 372?403. Lloyd Papers 1785 Lloyd Ledger 1770-1791. Box 15, Volume 7, Reel 7. MS 2001. Maryland Historical Society. Lloyd Papers 1798 Accounts of Elizabeth Lloyd, Widow of Edward Lloyd IV, 1796-98. December 10. Box 72, Reel 39. MS 2001. Maryland Historical Society. Lloyd Papers 1822 Ledger 1813, 1816-24, 1826. Box 22, Volume 28, Reel 9. MS 2001. Maryland Historical Society. Maryland State Archives. 1798 Federal Direct Tax, Elizabeth Lloyd. SC 4562. Maryland State Archives. Mawe, Thomas, and John Abercrombie 1782 Every Man His Own Gardener: Being a New, and Much More Complete, Gardener?s Kalendar Than Any One Hitherto Published. ... By Thomas Mawe. ... and Other Gardeners. W. Griffin. Sarudy, Barbara Wells 1998 Gardens and Gardening in the Chesapeake, 1700-1805. First Edition edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, April 23. Shteir, Ann B. 2006 Iconographies of Flora: The Goddess of Flowers in the Cultural History of Botany. In Figuring It Out: Science, Gender, And Visual Culture, edited by Ann B. Shteir and Bernard V. Lightman, pp. 3?27. UPNE. Skolnik, Benjamin 2011 Shovel Test Survey at Wye House (18TA314), East Cove / South Long Green, April 2011. University of Maryland, College Park. Speckart, Amy 2011 The Colonial History of Wye Plantation, the Lloyd Family, and Their Slaves on Maryland?s Eastern Shore: Family, Property, and Power. PhD Dissertation, College of William and Mary, Department of History. Tang, Amanda - 29 - 2010 Archaeological Excavations at the Middle Building (Locus 2) on the Long Green (18TA314), 2006-2010, Talbot County, Maryland, 2010. University of Maryland, College Park. Tang, Amanda and Jocelyn Knauf 2010 Archaeological Mitigation of the Great House Front Steps (18TA314), Talbot County, Maryland, 2010. University of Maryland, College Park. Weber, Carmen A. 1996 The Greenhouse Effect: Gender-Related Traditions in Eighteenth-Century Gardening. In Landscape Archaeology: Reading and Interpreting the American Historical Landscape, edited by Rebecca Yamin and K. Bescherer Metheny, pp. 32?52. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. Wolf, Edwin 1969 The Library of Edward Lloyd IV of Wye House. Winterthur Portfolio 5: 87?121. Woods, Mary, and Arete Swartz Warren 1988 Glass Houses: A History of Greenhouses, Orangeries and Conservatories. Aurum Pr Ltd. Bag? No. Unit Level Feature Item?# Mcode Category Type Description Form? Code Form? Description Quantity Comments Excavation? Date Excavaters Cataloger Computer? Entry?Date 1 11 B 1 980000 Synthetic/Recent? Materials Plastic identifiable 1 modern?lighter,?white,? "BIC?ELECTRONIC? LIGHTER" 5/12/2012 BP,?AT,?SB AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 1 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick brick?general 1 27?g,?discarded 7/9/2012 PD AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 2 820001 Organic?Materials Shell oyster?shell 2 5.5?g,?discarded 7/9/2012 PD AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 3 100000 Ceramics Earthenware general 1 small?frag?of?terra? cotta 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 4 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gunflints 3 gray,?possibly?British 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 5 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gunflints 1 white,?possibly?British 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 6 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gunflints 4 brown,?possibly? French 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 7 136020 Ceramics Ironstone undecorated 1 body?frag 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 8 134434 Ceramics Whiteware transfer? printed 1 frag?with?various? shades?of?blue?in? underglaze?transfer? print 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP AB 12/6/2012 2 11 C 9 609999 Glass Flatglass general 10 clear?glass 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 10 609999 Glass Flatglass general 34 green?tinted?glass 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 11 609999 Glass Flatglass general 2 diseased?so?it?looks? white 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 12 629999 Glass Bottleglass general 1 opaque?curved?glass 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 13 810001 Organic?Materials Bone Mammal 2 1?long?bone?fragment? and?one? unidentifiable? fragment 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 14 810004 Organic?Materials Bone Teeth 1 part?of?a?tooth 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 15 810003 Organic?Materials Bone fish 1 part?of?a?fin 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 16 712000 Architectural? Materials Nails Cut 8 all?mildly?corroded?cut? nail?fragments 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 17 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails general 5 nondescript?corroded? nails 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 2 11 C 18 910001 Metal?Materials Iron form? identifiable 1 thin?hook 5/12/2012 AT,?JB,?BP RS 12/6/2012 3 10 B 1 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 5999 flatware 1 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 1 630003 Glass Bottle?glass wine/liquor? frag 6200 bottle 6 very?very?diseased 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 2 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 5999 flatware 3 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 3 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails nails?general 5 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 4 712000 Architectural? Materials Nails Cut 11 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 5 120001 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 8500 flowerpot 6 red,?unglazed 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 6 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gun?flints 16 red,?probably?french 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 7 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gun?flints 6 black,?probably?british 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 8 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 5999 flatware 70 very?very?diseased 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 9 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 2 large?flat?frags 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 10 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 8 bone?nubs 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 11 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 1 joint?or?pelvis?frag 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 12 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 4 tiny?frags 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 13 810004 Organic?Materials bone teeth 1 fang 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 14 120002 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 8500 flowerpot 2 black?glaze?on?the? inside 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 15 820001 Organic?Materials Shell Oyster?shell 34 1.6lbs?and?706g 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 16 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 22 25g?and?3.1lbs 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 17 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 60 803g?and?22.1lbs?and? 565.25g 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 18 520004 Tobacco?Pipes Stems,?plain 4/64 1 frag 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 4 11 D 19 120004 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 33 hollow?body? frag 1 lead?glazed?black,? both?sides 5/13/2012 JFK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 1 810001 Organic?Materials Bone mammal 3 large?round?frags 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 2 810001 Organic?Materials Bone mammal 2 abnormal?shapes 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 3 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 3 short?flat?frags 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 4 630003 Glass Bottle?glass wine/liquor? frag 6200 bottle 1 green 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 5 752000 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?? 1 stone?pestle 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 6 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 2 glazed 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 7 120003 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 33 hollow?body? frag 2 interior?glazed?lead 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 8 120001 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 35 base 2 flowerpot 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 9 120001 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 33 hollow?body? frag 3 flowerpot 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 10 120001 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 32 rim 1 flowerpot 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 11 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 5999 flatware 20 diseased 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 12 630003 Glass Bottle?glass wine/liquor? frag 33 hollow?body? frag 2 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 13 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails nails?general 2 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 14 712000 Architectural? Materials Nails Cut 5 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 15 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gun?flints 3 red,?probably?french 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 16 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 61 30.1lbs 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 17 910000 Metal?Materials Iron Iron 2 large?blobs?of? corroded?Iron 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 18 750000 Organic?Materials Bog?Iron Quartz 1 small?piece?of?quartz 5/19/2012 BP MS 12/6/2012 5 11 19 19 820001 Organic?Materials Shell Oyster?shell 10 1.5lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 5 11 19 20 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 2 1.1lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 5 11 19 21 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 58 5,084.3g 7/9/2012 EN EB 12/6/2012 5 11 19 22 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 6 100g 7/9/2012 EN EB 12/6/2012 5 11 19 23 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 15 658.5g?(no?material? circled?on?the?discard? form;?brick?is?a?guess) 7/9/2012 EN EB 12/6/2012 6 10 C 1 712000 Architectural? Materials Nails Cut 1 small?cut?nail 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 2 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 1 small?piece?of?chert 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 3 609999 Glass Flatglass general 18 green?tinted?glass 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 4 609999 Glass Flatglass general 9 clear?glass?with?slight? aqua?tint 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 5 609999 Glass Flatglass general 2 highly?diseased? fragments 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 6 629999 Glass Bottleglass general 2 dark?olive?green? bottle?glass 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 7 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick general 2 discard,?40?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/6/2012 6 10 C 8 820001 Organic?Materials Shell oyster?shell 2 discard,?3.5?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/6/2012 7 10 19 1 609999 Glass Flatglass general 2 diseased?flatglass? fragments 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 7 10 19 2 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick general 25 discard,?853.5?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/6/2012 7 10 19 3 820001 Organic?Materials Shell oyster?shell 4 discard,?50?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 1 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 2 medium?pieces?of? chert 7/9/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 2 130000 Ceramics Refined? Earthenware general 1 probably?tin?glazed? with?the?glaze? knocked?off 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 3 629999 Glass Bottleglass general 1 thick,?relatively?flat? piece 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 4 609999 Glass Flatglass general 4 aqua?tinted?fragments 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 5 609999 Glass Flatglass general 1 highly?diseased?clear? fragment 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 6 629999 Glass Bottleglass general 2 highly??diseased?(olive? green?tinted?) 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 7 712000 Architectural? Materials Nails Cut 3 mildly?corroded?nail 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 8 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails general 1 highly?corroded?nail 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 9 810004 Organic?Materials Bone teeth 1 part?of?a?tooth?w/? root 5/13/2012 AT,JK RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 10 820001 Organic?Materials Shell oyster?shell 6 discard,?53?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/6/2012 8 10 D 11 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick general 17 discard,?1818.5?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/6/2012 9 10 20 1 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails nails?general 1 nail 5/13/2012 AT,?JK EB 12/6/2012 9 10 20 2 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 38 10lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 9 10 20 3 820001 Organic?Materials Shell Oyster?shell 1 .6lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 10 10 E 1 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gun?flints 7 red,?probably?french 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 2 752004 Architectural? Materials Stone worked?for? flints 9640 gun?flints 3 black,?probably?british 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 3 712000 Architectural? Materials Nails Cut 3 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 4 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails nails?general 2 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 5 510000 Tobacco?Pipes bowls,?plain bowls,?plain 1 inside?is?stained,? outside?white 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 6 120001 Ceramics Earthenware Coarse? earthenware 8500 flowerpot 11 terracota,?red,? unglazed 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 7 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 3 long?frags 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 8 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 1 joint?or?pelvis?frag 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 9 810001 Organic?Materials bone mammal 10 tiny?frags 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 10 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 5999 flatware 27 very?very?diseased 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 11 630003 Glass Bottle?glass wine/liquor? frag 6200 bottle 1 dark?green?very? diseased 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 12 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 27 2420g 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 13 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 17 482.5g 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 10 10 E 14 820001 Organic?Materials Shell Oyster?shell 9 349.5g 5/13/2012 JGK,?AT MS 12/6/2012 11 11 21 1 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 5 16.6lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 11 11 21 2 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 2 .7lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 12 10 22 1 750000 Stone stone,?natural chert?rock 1 chert?rock 5/12/2012 AT EB 12/6/2012 12 10 22 2 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 3 diseased?window? glass?frags 5/12/2012 AT EB 12/6/2012 12 10 22 3 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 82 3,896g 7/9/2012 DM EB 12/6/2012 13 10 F 1 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 2 diseased?window? glass?frags 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 2 810000 Organic?Materials Bone Bone 1 shaped?bone 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 3 710000 Architectural? Materials Nails nails?general 5 nails?general 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 4 810000 Organic?Materials Bone Bone 3 small?bone?fragments 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 5 750000 Architectural? Materials Stone stone?natural 5 chert?rock 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 6 910000 Metal?Materials Iron Iron 2 corroded?Iron 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 7 880000 Architectural? Materials Stone prehistoric? materials 1 rock?pestle 5/19/2012 AT EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 8 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 3 102g 7/9/2012 DM EB 12/7/2012 13 10 F 9 820001 Organic?Materials Shell Oyster?shell 19 472g 7/9/2012 DM EB 12/7/2012 14 11 23 1 750000 Stone stone,?natural chert?rock 1 chert?rock 5/20/2012 JB,BB EB 12/6/2012 14 11 23 2 610000 Glass Flatglass window?glass 1 vitrified?window?glass 5/20/2012 JB,BB EB 12/6/2012 14 11 23 3 810001 Organic?Materials Bone mammal 1 medium?mammal? bone 5/20/2012 JB,BB EB 12/6/2012 14 11 23 4 120001 Ceramics Coarse? Earthenware unglazed 2 possible?roof?tile? 5/20/2012 JB,BB EB 12/6/2012 14 11 23 5 730000 Architectural? Materials Mortar mortar 37 7lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 14 11 23 6 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick? Brick?general 9 14lbs 5/24/2012 KD EB 12/6/2012 15 10 E 1 609999 Glass Flatglass general 1 aqua/green?tinted? fragment 5/20/2012 JB,?BP RS 12/7/2012 16 10 G 1 629999 Glass Bottleglass general 1 small?dark?(olive? green?)?piece 5/20/2012 AT RS 12/7/2012 16 10 G 2 760000 Architectural? Materials Brick general 1 discard,?44.5?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/7/2012 16 10 G 3 820001 Organic?Materials Shell oyster?shell 5 discard,?137.5?grams 7/9/2012 PD RS 12/7/2012 17 10 24 1 820001 Organic?Materials Shell oyster?shell 7 discard,?182.5?grams 7/9/2012 EN RS 12/7/2012 - 37 - APPENDIX B: LEVEL AND FEATURE FORMS - 38 - - 39 - - 40 - APPENDIX C: CATALOG CODE - 41 - - 42 - - 43 - - 44 - - 45 - - 46 - - 47 - - 48 - - 49 - - 50 - - 51 - - 52 - - 53 - - 54 - - 55 - - 56 - - 57 - - 58 - APPENDIX D: AUTHOR QUALIFICATIONS Elizabeth Pruitt Curriculum Vitae Education University of Maryland ? College Park, Maryland Sep 2010-May 2012 Masters of Applied Anthropology ? Historical Archaeology and Heritage concentrations University College Dublin ? Dublin, Ireland Sep-Dec 2009 ? Archaeology and History concentrations Michigan State University - East Lansing, Michigan Aug 2006-Dec 2009 Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology ? 4.0 GPA in major, 3.9 GPA overall on a 4.0 scale ? Honors College ? Spatial Information Processing and Asian Studies specializations Excavation Experience The Hill ? Easton, Maryland Aug 2012 University of Maryland Principal Investigator: Mark P. Leone Archaeology in Annapolis ? Anne Arundel and Talbot Counties, 2011, 2012 Maryland University of Maryland Principal Investigator: Mark P. Leone MSU Campus Archaeology Excavations ? East Lansing, Michigan Apr 2008-Aug 2009 Michigan State University Principal Investigator: Terry Brock ?ran??s ?uin - Socorro County, New Mexico Jun-Jul 2007 Michigan State University-James Madison University Principal Investigator: Alison E. Rautman Goodman Point Pueblo - Montezuma County, Colorado Jun 2005 Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Principal Investigator: Kristin A. Kuckelman Work Experience Archaeology in Annapolis Staff May 2011-present - 59 - ? Taught undergraduate students field excavation and laboratory methods ? Created official website (aia.umd.edu) and blog (blog.umd.edu/aia) ? Built a searchable Wye House historical census database (wyehousedb.host-ed.me) University of Maryland Anthropology Department Graduate Assistant Sep 2010-present ? Lectured, held discussion, wrote and graded exams for archaeology and cultural anthropology classes ? Conducted research at the request of Department faculty Michigan State University Campus Archaeology Aide Apr-Aug 2008 ? Excavated archaeological sites on MS??s campus ? Interpreted sites for public visitors ? Cleaned, catalogued, and analyzed artifacts Awards and Scholarships ? UMD Flagship Fellowship 2010-present ? Anthro+ Student Paper Award 2013 ? M. Peter McPherson Study Abroad Scholarship 2009 ? Benschop International Enrichment Award 2009 ? Office of Study Abroad Academic Excellence Award 2009 ? Bradbury Lynch Scholarship 2008 ? Scholarship America Award 2007-2008 ? Ford/EEOC Endowed Scholarship 2006-2009 ? MCH Michigan Merit Award 2006-2007 ? Wilcox Foundation Essay Contest Second Place Award 2006 Professional Memberships ? UMD Practicing Anthropologist Student Association 2010-present ? Society for Historical Archaeology 2008-present Publications and Presentations Kathryn H Deeley, Beth Pruitt, Benjamin A. Skolnik, and Mark In Press P. Leone. ?Local Discourses? In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Claire Smith (ed). Springer. Mark P. Leone, Amanda Tang, Benjamin A. Skolnik and Elizabeth Pruitt. Jun 2013 ?In the Shade of Frederick Douglass: the Archaeology of Wye House? In Reclaiming Archaeology: Beyond the Tropes of Modernity. Alfredo Gonz?lez -Ruibal (ed). Routledge. Beth Pruitt. Bigger on the Inside: Authentic Objects in Doctor Who. Apr 2013 Anthro+ Annual Conference - 60 - Beth Pruitt and Benjamin Skolnik. Challenging Landscapes: Alternate Jan 2013 Perspectives of Chesapeake Plantation Gardens. Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Conference Kathryn Deeley, Jocelyn Knauf, Beth Pruitt, Michael Roller, Benjamin Mar 2012 Skolnik, and Amanda Tang. Cooking a Colonial Pot Luck: Actualistic Studies in Foodways of Wye House Plantation. Anthro+ Annual Conference Beth Pruitt. Distinct from the Common Farm: Early Scientific and Jan 2012 African-American Gardening. Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Conference Beth Pruitt, Kathryn Deeley and Mark P. Leone. Dec 2011 ?New Outlets for Old Foundations: Archaeology in Annapolis and Web- based Outreach?. African Diaspora Archaeology Network Newsletter. http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news1211/news1211-5.pdf