Ola&y© A* biggin* Doctor of philosophy, 194/ Title of Thesis: Agricultural Adult Education Prorr«is» in 3 as kn. toh®wan Thesis and abstract approved: Dr* Harox6 Benja(Dan, Dean Dolle^e of Education. May 17, 194? A m i m u a m A h hwut swcatioh m o m m ^ m 3A3KATCHKVA* By Gladys Av'wi^gin Wheals submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UMI Number: DP71175 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI Dissertation Publishing UMI DP71175 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 I I A O & n m m m m m tB Slnca 1818 the boundary between Cam da and the United States baa been unfortified* For 150 years these two nations have lived in peace aa friendly neighbor#* It is the author* m opinion that this unusual amity in a world of warring nations may be in no little part due to the absence of Intellectual barriers between the two peoples. Ideas and technical experts have been exchanged almost as though no diplomatic boundary separated the two countries• This spirit of cooperation was particularly apparent to the author when she made a trip to 3a sk&tehew&n, 3anad&, In 194? to gather materials for this study. Manuscripts, bulla- tins, and articles from private files were graciously made available to her. dhe was allowed to depart with loans of theses and other published and unpublished work®. Most of all* busy men and women in government* cooperative, and education agencies gave freely of their ti^e and energies to describing their programs and answering tedious questions. It would be Impracticable to mention all of these kind people Individually * However, for especial services to her and because they represent the types of agencies which were consulted, the author wishes to acknowledge three men by name. These are 1. i* Broskelbank, director of the Agricultural Eepresentatlve Service in the provincial Depart­ ment of Agriculture; John G. Bayner* director af the ill Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan; and Joe L* Buckley, assistant superintendent of the country organisation department, Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* This thesis was under the direction of Harold Benjamin to who® the author Is indebted for assistance in planning of the study, in editing, and in criticism* To other staff members of the University of Maryland in the College of Agriculture, College of Art® and Sciences, College of Business and Public Administration, and College of Education, the author wishes to express her gratitude for helpful read­ ing of the manuscript, for suggestion® when the thesis, was in outline form, and for other services in connection with the development of the study* TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page x. i n t r o d u c t i o n * • . , . . . . . . . . i X. Ftirpose ana scope of study .......... • X a* Sussaary of Dissertation . . . . . . . . . 9 II. t m LAND AND THE PEOPLES BASIC FACTORS IK AGRICULTURAL ADULT EDUCATION 12 1. The Land ........... 12 2* The People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 III. ADULT EDUCATION FOR AGRI CULTURAL PRC DUCT I CM. . 65 X. The Agricultural Representative Service. * 65 2. Agrlcultural Adult -Education Services of the University of Saskatchewan • * . . * 100 3* Peripheral Agencies • . • ............. 140 IF, AGRICULTURAL ADULT EDUCATION FOR MARKETING , * 150 V. EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL ADULT EDUCATION FOR PRODUCTION AMD iSABEITING . . . . . . . . 198 3 G B R 0 R S ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 X, Books , 209 2, Articles * .......... 210 3, Government Publications (printed), . ♦ , * 210 4, Miscellaneous Printed Reoorte and other Bulletins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 5* Programs, Posters, and Circulars * ♦ , . , 215 6, Mimeographed Reports and Other Documents . 218 7, Manuscripts , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 8, Letters to Author • • .............. . 221 9* Interviews with Author 221 rChapter Page 10* Speeches and Conference* * . . ......... 223 APPUfBIX A. Summary of Activities* Agricultural Bapre®entatlv«ft» May X to December 31* 1946 . . . . . . . .................. . 224 S. Radio as a Medium for Agricultural Extension • 22? 0* Financial Statement of the Saskatchewan Branch of the national Para Radio Wo rum, April 3, 1946 229 D* Subject® of Agricultural Talk® sponsored by Homemakersf Cl mbs, 1945 ♦ . * * * . # 230 1. Revised Summary of Averages Attained By First Year School of Agriculture- Students on .Basis of Previous Education and Age • 232 U 3 T CF TABLES Table F&g® I* Estimated Gross Gash Income from the Sal® of Farm Products • » * * * * * • • * * • * 13 II. Relationship of Abandoned to Occupied Improved, tana, Saskatchewan, 1941 . * * * * 20 III. land Resources of Saskatchewan . * * * * . . 25 IV* Estimate of Acreage under Cultivation . * * . 26 V# Area (In Acres) and Per Gent of Crop Failure, Saskatchewan, 1940 • • • * • * • * * • » * 28 VI* Chief Sources of Fans Income In Saskatchewan* 30 VII* Values of Production In Saskatchewan * * * . 33 VIII. Probable Met Income of Half Section and Section Farms on Several Types of Soils • • 41 IX* Total Population of Saskatchewan, 1901-1971 . 42 X* Migration In the Prairie Provinces, 1931*41 • 43 XI* Age of Population Gainfully Occupied in Agriculture, 14 years of Age and Over, 1936 45 XII* Farm Operators Glass If led by Age Group, 1921-1941, Saskatchewan • • • * * • » • * * 46 XIIX« Schooling of Population Gainfully Occupied in Agriculture, 14 years of ag© ana over In Saskatchewan, 1938 • * • • • * « * • * • * 47 XIV* Xears in Residence of Farm Operators, Saskatchewan, 1941 • * * * * . * * * • • • 49 XV* Rural Population by Principal Religious Denominations, Saskatchewan, 1941 • * * . . 56 XVI • Organisation of Agricultural Conservation and Improvement Districts, November 30, 1946 . 74 XVII* Field Days and Demonstrations Participated in by Agricultural Representatives, May 1 to December 31, 1946 * • * * • « * * * * . . . 92 'age 94 96 103 10? 108 112 114 120 126 165 173 174 163 184 Highlight® of Work of Eighteen Agricultural Representatives, 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . Topics Dismissed at Two Agricultural Representatives Conferences . . . . . . . . Rural Organ!zations worked Through and With by Extension Department, 1940 Grants to Agricultural Societies by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, 1946. Shift in Emphasis of Activities of Agricultural Societies . . . . . . . . . . Topics of the 1946*47 Season of the national Far® Radio Forum Entitled *The Farmer and the Futur©1* Summary of Opinions of Saskatchewan farm People on Questions Belating to the Topic 9Do scientific Advances Reach the Farmer* . Bom inion*Provincial Xouth Training Program, 1943*46 . .................... . . . . . . Bulletins for Distribution from the Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan, 1947 Suggested Agendum for Monthly Meetings of ■ Wheat Pool Committees . . . . . . . . . . . Meetings Attended by Country Grganlzation staff for Tear Ending November 30, 1946 . . Subjects Discussed at Staff leeting of Country Organization Department January 3, 4, and 5, 1946 . . . . . . . . . Report on One*day Co-operative Schools Held In October, November, and December, 1946 • Report on Regional Co-operative Bummer Schools, July 2-6 and 8-13, 1946 . . . . . Oo-operativ© Organizations in Saskatchewan (As reported for the calendar year 1944 or for fiscal year nearest to that date) • • . .list or ruw&ss ngtt** Pago 1* Saskatchewan C©*Op«imtira Agricultural Sxtaneion Program « * » • « » • « » * * « * * * 16 Mm Suggostnd Organisation and &©tivitt©s of W&omt Pool Oomiaitto©© • • • « * * » » * * * • * * » • i6i QUhFTm I INTRO OliCTICN I* Purpose and Seopm of study. The purpose of this dissertation Is to describe and evaluate present agricultural adult education programs in Sm s ka t c hewa n * Programs chosen for study fall within limits set by def­ initions of the terms agricultural and adult education; and by factors affecting staff, purpose, and function of agencies sponsoring such programs, as described below. The ter® agricultural is used In this dissertation to describe activities carried on with and for farmers and farm women. Farmers are understood, to bm those whose Income de­ rives primarily from any combination of lives toe-i, livestock products, or crops. This limitation excludes most of those persons who are mainly dependent on other land resources, such as those engaged In lumbering, fishing, trapping, and mining:. The latter activities will affect this study only as they are the main interest of a few individuals in pro­ grams mainly addressed to farmers, or as they may represent a farmer’s secondary or Incidental Interests. When research is narrowed to those education activities involving the adult farm population, theoretically there still remains a wide field for investigation. A farmer may study how to summer fallow, but he may also inquire Into the astructure and function of the United Nations* A farm woman may belong, to a study club in Weyburn where she may on© month hear a talk on home gardening; and the next, on. the plight of British children. In the dictionary, agriculture is described as the Art or science of cultivating the ground, including harvesting of crops and rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming; in a broader sense, the science and art of the produc­ tion of plants and animals useful to man, including to a variable extent the preparation of these products for man's use. In this broad use it in­ cludes farming, horticulture, and forestry, together with such subjects as butter and cheese making, sugar making, etc* This definition would call for a description of aRr!cul­ ture in terms of production and processing of farm products. Inferentlally, agricultural education ought to include teach­ ing a farmer such skills as how to conserve and prepare soil for cultivation, breed and car© for livestock, prepare silk and other livestock products for market. This interpreta­ tion may be deceptively simple* helping a farmer to grow better crops may be as complex as helping him to create a horn© situation which will make farming an acceptable voca­ tion for him. Yet to suggest such a possibility In the limi­ tation of the study anticipates factors which ought to appear in an evaluation. At this point, therefore, it seems advisable to discov­ er what leaders in Saskatchewan call agricultural education. 1w. t . Harris, editor in chief. Webster*s Hew Inter­ national Dictionary of the English Language, pp r^ 5, J'"4$ 3The provincial Ministor of Co-operation and Co-operative De­ velopment (formerly provincial Minister of Agriculture) says that there are two types of agricultural adult educations that addressed to production and that having to do with mar- 2xeting, and processing.. The secretary of The Co-operative Union of Saskatchewan, educational organization of the co5p- erative movement, makes the same distinction.^ loth men describe the activities of the provincial Department of Agriculture and the Extension Department of the University of Saskatchewan as education for production, and those of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool as education for marketing. As lead­ ers in Saskatchewan seem to have similar ideas on the subject of agricultural adult education, their su. geatIona as gather­ ed by interview are used as a basis for making a 11at of agricultural adult education institutions and organizations♦ Some of these agencies and certain activities of others of these agencies have been eliminated from the final study, however, on the basis of other factors described below. Adult education has no such common connotation as edu­ cation of children. An investigator who would undertake to describe the latter in Saskatchewan could limit his investi­ gation to the activities of the nubile and private schools and possibly to those of the University of Saskatchewan, knowing, that the limitation of his study would, be amply p Interview with author, February 3* 194?. -‘interview with author, February 3, 194?. justified by usage. Adult education may be described in terms of agencies but not necessarily in tens of education­ al institutions* It ordinarily has m highly personal flavor and as such acquiree a value meaning. On© man may label an education in summer fallowing an vocational ami insist that only non-vocational activities such as community forums are adult education. Another may draw & distinction between propaganda and education* or between workers education and 4 adult education. fo ©scape the obvious pitfalls of value definitions* adult education as ummd in this study will cov­ er organised programs of activities calculated to change the behavior of adults. This definition calls for further clarification, par­ ticularly of the term adult. The director of the Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan, says: "Adult educa­ tion embraces information on any subject provided for per­ sons who can be classed as adult In economic status. Professor Bayne r Is saying that an individual is adult when he achieves independent economic status. There are, however, other ways of expressing adulthood. The province in effect confers political adulthood at a specified age by decreeing, that "Every British subject male or female may vote for 4 for a review of current definitions of adult education, see the writer’s statement in Encyclopedia of Modern Educa­ tion edited by Harrv B. RivXln and Herbert Schueler, pp. 19- 21. 5•John G. R&yner* The University of Saskate he wan and Adult Education, p. 1 5uoglslatlv© Assembly If of the full age of 18 years.* * It is ordinarily assumed that, a man or a woman Is an adult when ha or she tali as on the responsibility of marriage. Tim term adult oduoatIon is further aomplieated by it® usage in Saskatchewan» Hone of the loaders Interviewed re-* far to the College of Agriculture at the University as an agricultural adult education institution* let &om& of in© students are or may benone fanners, ©any of item are eighteen years of age and over, and in this day of veterans education a number of them are married and economically independent* The School of Agriculture, on the other hano, is usual iy pointed out as an agricultural adult education institution* Yet Its students are prospective as well as operating farm­ ers, may be as young as seventeen years of age, and ©ay be unmarried and economically dependent. To establish a com®on-sense basis for Isolating, .agricul­ tural adult education programs it is necessary to weight and integrate factors so far described.* After all, the College of Agriculture is only Incidentally concerned with the edu­ cation of farmers, being primarily a training. Institution for agricultural technicians; and it is known as the last rung: In the youth education ladder which begins with the elementary school. The School of Agriculture is designed for farmers or prospective farmers and is not integrated with the formal youth education program* On the basis of Quoted in The Canadian Almanac and. Legal and Court D: 6such reasoning It saems feasible to eliminate from this study the College of Agriculture but to retain the School of Agriculture* C;n i^uah the s&ne basis taers can be developed a general definition* Per to© purposes of this study, those bwhavlbr^ohan&ing crganizsxt;ions and institutions will be considered as agricultural adult education agencies if they are i I* ruiosm ordinarily by laajcatchewan leaders as agri^ cultural adult education agencies; 2. Designed primarily for farmers and farm women, or for prospective farmers and farm women; 3* Used particularly by persons eighteen years of age and over; 4, Patronised largely by those who are economically independent or striving to become so in the immediate future; 5* hot usually integrated with formal programs of youth education* Agricultural adult education agencies as defined above may be those which are heavily financed and employ paid pro* fessioml staff members whose fulltime yob is education, or they may be associations of laymen who direct their own edu­ cation on an amateur and p&rttlme basis* This study Is limited to agencies employing fulltime educational employees* The other agencies will be mentioned only as their programs Impinge upon the activities of Institutions using profession­ al workers* The number of agencies mooting the above tests will be 7further Halted tn respect to primary purpose as indicated by type of control* Saskatchewan agencies serving, farmers fall roughly into three categories5 government (including public educational), cooperative, ana private, Any or all of the®© agencies may promote programs of education carried on by professional staff members* Their purposes in promot­ ing such programs, however, presumably vary with the ends for which they are established and the means by which they are controlled* Suppose that a publicly supported college, a coopera­ tive machinery company, and a private farm machinery company are each promoting field days for farmers* These events a ire addressed to teaching, more efficient use of particular kinds of farm machinery* In such an agricultural adult education project, the role of the college would appear to be clear* As it is supported and indirectly controlled by the persons whom it is educating, its primary interest presumably lies with the welfare of those farmer*learners* The same thing ought to b© true of the codper&tlve machinery company* Actually, of course, members of the com­ pany may b© more interested in persuading farmers to buy through the cooperative than they are In assisting them to us© machinery more efficiently. But as controlling votes In a ooSp©rative are distributed on the basis of shareholders rather than on number of shares, and as ail excess monies are distributed as price adjustments to -patrons, the coopera­ tive may be said to be addressing, itself In one way or 8another to the welfare of tta© farmer*learner also# The Interests of those who run the private machinery company, however, are not so clear* It would he possible to have the company headed by a philanthropic president who wished to Improve the lot of the farmer* It is more likely, however, that the company would he Interested primarily in selling more machinery, and that the farmer’s welfare would 'be incidental to that primary purpose* This statement should, not serve to attach a derogatory evaluation to the private company’s education program* The program might be education­ ally very commendable; and that of the co8.perative company, educationally very poor* nevertheless, it say be assumed that the main purpose of the private company Is to promote that aura of goodwill in which more farm machines of & par­ ticular make can be sold* In order to avoid a basis for limitation which would involve ethical decisions, only those agencies are included in the study which sponsor programs addressed without question to the welfare of the fartaer- learner* These are either government (including public edu­ cational) or coBperative agencies* Government and cooperative agricultural adult education agencies exhibit many different patterns in respect to the place of education in their total programs* They may be grouped in this regard according to the following categories^ 1* Agencies such as the Extension Department of the University of Saskatchewan which has as its only function promoting agricultural education with Its whole staff 9working directly with farmers or farm families* 2. Agencies such as the Saskatchewan f^aeat Fool which has as its primary function the marketing of wheat, but which employs a special staff wording in a separate depart­ ment of the Ih&at Pool, that devotes full time to organisa­ tion and education* 3* Agencies such as a Dominion experiment station which is devoted, to an activity other than agricultural adult edu­ cation, but which may occasionally engage in such an enterprise• 4* Agencies, such as- the Department of 0o~operation and Co-operative Development which has a very limited staff and is of very recent origin so that its work is not widely reo- ognlsea as a significant part of agricultural adult education. The programs of the first two types of agencies are given major emphasis in Chapters III and IV. Agencies fall­ ing in the third and fourth categories will ©e designated as peripheral organisations * In order that the picture of agri­ cultural adult education may be rounded out, their programs will be briefly sketched In Chapter III. 2# Summary of Dissertation# It is obvious that a knowledge of the land and the people who farm It is basic to an understanding of an agri­ cultural adult education program* Therefore, in the first part of Chapter II will be found a summary of information available to the people of Saskatchewan on those factors of land and its management which directly affect their economic 10 life* This summary includes a statement of production and marketing practices as expressed In terms of human needs. The second section of Chapter It contains a survey of certain aspects of farm and rural people. People are de­ sert bed In terms of their education* ages, and ethnic back­ grounds • Reference Is made, also, to population growth and population losses in Saskatchewan* This section continues with, a brief sketch of how the people live. It closes with references to some effects of population character!sties on the agricultural economy, and with some questions which agricultural adult education workers need to answer* Chapter III im devoted to agricultural adult education for production* Section one is a description of the .Agricul­ tural Representative Service in the provincial Department of Agriculture* This service is comparable to the county agent, system In the United States. In section two is found a sur­ vey of three agricultural adult education groups operating under the College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan* These are the Extension Department, the Department of Women’s Tork, and the School of Agriculture* Section three of Chapter III gives Information about four peripheral agricultural adult education agencies* These are the Department of Co-operation and Co-operative Developacnt, the Saskatchewan Film Board allied with the national Film 9oa.rd, the experimental farm services, and the organization operating under the Soldier Settlement and Veterans* Land Act* II Agricultural adult education for marketing as described In Chapter I¥ is confined to a study of the purposes and practices of the country organ!nation department of the Saskatchewan Wheat Fool* Chapter ¥ provides an evaluation of agricultural adult education for production and marketing In this province* two seta of standards are used to assess the practices of the agricultural adult education agencies* These are the intrinsic and the extrinsic standards. Recommendation® are made for improving agricultural adult education In Saskatchewan* 3HAP?m II fm TAM'D AMID TH £ PEOPLS: BASIC FA 0 TOPS IM AGR T 3t i;T.TUPA T, A THl'hT ^DtJCA^TOH 1. The Land. "If you want to understand Saskatchewan, you*v@ got to understand wheat1* is a common comment on the agricultural economy of Saskatchewan* Agricultural production accounts for close to 85 per cent of the annual income* In 1944 wheat contributed about |268.,?80,000, anorexiastely 53*4 per cent of the cash income from the sale of farm oroducts, or 45*1 per cent of the income of Saskatchewan. The close re­ lationship of wheat to agriculture and thus to the economy of Saskatchewan Is indicated by figure® in Table I. Desoite the depression and drought, In 1937 farm products other than field crops produced 127 per cent as much income as they did In 1928* Yet total farm income in 1937 stood at only 26 'per cent of the 1928 level, primarily because the sale of wheat produced only 14 per cent of the 1928 Income * In the recov­ ery of 1944 income from farm products other than field crop© rose to 455 per cent of the 1928 income; but gross cash in­ come from ©ale of farm products stood at only 158 per cent of the 1928 level, primarily because wheat produced income of only 122 per cent of its 1928 total. It 1© one author’s *T'he Bureau of publication®, 3a®katehewan Heart of Canada * s lest, p* 3. 13 TA3LS I2 Estimated Gross Cash Income from the Sale of Farm Products (Thouna.nd Do 11 arn) 1937(Year) 1944£Year) Source of Income 1928 (Year) Amount Amount ?er dent of 1928 Amount Per Gent Amount of 1928 Amount Wheat 256,380 34,825 14 268,780 105 Total Prin. Field Crops(Inc* Wheat >285,720 40,053 14 349,575 122 Total All Other farm Products 33,780 40,799 127 153,72? 455 Total All Farm Product8 3X9,500 82,852 26 503,302 15-3 opinion that *The income of the province of Saskatchewan de­ pends fundaas on tally on the volume, price, and to a lesser degree, the grad® of Its exnort ftt&ole, wheat*•••* Although Saskatchewan * s destiny was to 1.1® with wheat, Its early development turned upon the fortunes of successive frontiers. The first thin trickle of white men and half breeds in the second half of the nineteenth century tended first to gather around fur trading costs such as Prince Albert and Battleford* The rivers on which these first set­ tlements were bullded were not sufficiently navigable for transport of agricultural products so that an export or crop %dapt#d from table prepared by Do® ini on bureau of sta­ tistics, cited in fortieth Annual Beport of the Department of Agriculture of the Province of Saskatchewan, p. 167* S. Britnell. The Wheat Economy» p. xv. 14 economy could develop; rt...•pre-railway agriculture was not for outside markets except indirectly through the export of furs. * * •fhe spirit of nanifest destiny, enforced by persistent federal aid to agriculture, hastened the process of convert­ ing the fur frontier into on© of ranching and farming in the period 1870-1900. As early as 1886 a government official had. identified the western boundary of Canada as the Pacific Ocean, and a Toronto newspaper had developed a Canadian ver* sion of the doctrine of natural, God-given boundaries• *l?h© United states Government are resolved to do ail they can short of war, to get possession of the western territory,'1 admitted John A . Macdonald in 1870; 1 and we must take immedi­ ate and vigorous steps to counteract them*11 In answer to such alarums, the federal government in 1870 acquired, title to Rupert’s land, the Hudson 3ay Company territory which in­ cluded the present province of Saskatchewan, Proa that time until 1930 the Dominion government held the western lands in trust for two conflicting purposes? financing railroads and luring settlers The transformation from the urid@fen.ded fur trading fron­ tier to the more densely populated and defen&abls agriculture al community "brought no Inrush of settlers up to 1900.' h u3* A. Dawson and S’vm H. X'ounge• Pioneer!ng in the Prairie Provinces* p. 11. 5w. A. Mackintosh. Prairie Settlement, p* 28. ^Vernon 0. Fowke. Canadian Agricultural Policy, pp. 162- 163. ~ ’Arthur S. Horton. History of Prairie Settlement, Chapter V. ------ 1 15 Ce&rpetltloa from the United States and Australia was sever*, and the hose stead policy was "stranded on an uncertainty * * How could railroads to sews hypothetical settlers, be fi­ nanced in the west hy the sale of lands, when the hypotheti­ cal settlers would io?e west only for the halt of free 8homesteads? During the 1870*» and 1880*3 immigration to the western lands showed alternate periods of growth and collapse* *Wtmt proof was there that the Canadian 3est could perform its agricultural-commercial function?11^ In the settlements around Moose Jaw* for instance, life was still "cramped and anticipatory•* Chopping, skidding, hauling, and. house rais­ ing occupied the energies of hard pressed settlers who had little time or equipment for producing- products for market. The Prairie Queen plow pulled hy a yoke of oacen was Creaking the soil for forage crops* It was no us© to grow wheat when there was no market for it nor any railroad near enough to haul it* Settlement on tkm prairie was unstable. Settlers would go out to the land for a summer of vegetable gardening or feed growing; but many would, 'he 'back for visits In the trading town© of Uoo&e Jaw or Regina in the winter. The set- tier*s far® was still only a local food supply. His cash must come from la ho r on Dominion or United States railroad and telegraph projects, or from occasional sales of beet or hay. 8Vernon 1* Fowk*. 0£. pit** pp. 164-165* ^Vernon 1. Fewke. Gj>. pit*» pp. 290-221. On the other hand, ranching in southern Saskatchewan was from the first a aiaans of livelihood and a cash income, Cattle which were raised in isolated prairie farms could be driven 1rs long distances to m & r k o t ‘hut apart from the- ranchers, the early settlers in Western Canada war® reluctant to ex­ change the obvious advantages of the park country for the bleakness and apparent sterility of the treeless short-grass 11plains,* In 1901 Saskatchewan had only 91*279 persons in the whole o f Its vast area of 161,000,oQO a eres, ^ In the fourth quarter of the nineteenth century, the federal government which had forged an agricultural policy of western expansion was still puzzled by whether the Canadian Wsat could produce adequate quantities of some one agrioul- 13tural staple* Then cam® the G-igault committee re port of 1884 which was to give emphasis to development of the exper­ imental farms* Although the Idea of experimental agriculture and agricultural education were not new in Canada, the government had heretofore done little to promute systematic study and experimentation in faming concerns. Buttressed by favorable reports from agriculturist3 whose opinions were solicited through questionnaires, the committee threw its weight behind on® recommendation; the Government take ^ G * 0. Dawson and Ova H. Younge* Op. clt * * pp* 16-20. ^0* S. Britnell• On* Pit., n. 35* IP 0. Britnell. 0&. clt., p. 14. -o^rnon C. Fowke. Op* pit.» p* 221* IT into earnest ana favorable consideration the advisability of establishing a Bureau of Agriculture, and an Experimental Far® in connection therewith#...in connection with and under the supervision of the present Department of Agriculture• Although no immediate action was taken, in 1886 a system of experimental farms was set uo by legislation, following on careful study of American experiment stations and agricultur­ al colleges. Prior to the ©stab 1.1 aliment of the fanss there had been no clear identification of the west with wheat. It had baert thought that stations should promote experimentation primarily with trees and shrub® for the treeless plains* There was no particular prominence given to that cereal which was to become the basis of prairie economy•^ However, William Saunders, who became first director of the experimental farm system, approached as his first sign!Hr cant enterprise the development of early ripening wheat for the frost-ridden prairies. Through an original cross of the famous Bed Fife with Bard Bed Calcutta, Dr* A# P. Saunders, son of the director and Dominion 0@rea.list, finally produced In the prairie stations the even more famous Marquis Wheat. But, says Dr# Fowke, *Bad Marquis wheat not been discovered, at all, the pattern of western settlement would have been only slightly affected.....11 For more Important than develop­ ing a grain was the contribution of the Dominion farms to 14Quoted in Vernon C* Fowke. op. olt*« p. 227* 15Vernon 0* Fowke. C£. olt.* pp. 203-231. 18 the main, o-roblem of prairie agricultures soasemtlon of 16moisture and control of weed® In a drought-ridden area. " For effective cultivation of rich tout seal-arid prairie soils# the value of the concept of summer fallowing cannot toe overesjpbasiaed* In present-day guides to good agricultur­ al practice and conservation in Saskatchewan It is common to find such statements as these: *the management of the fallow is the most important factor in successful crop production?*^ *Ttoe success of the wheat farmer on the western plains Is to a large extent dependent upon, the care and timeliness with 18which he accomplishes the summerfallow operations** That fallowing the land was insurance against crop failure was pointed out as early as 1884 toy a Manitoba Immigration agenti^ By 1900 it had become clear that through the effective use of sum®, erf allow wheat might become the western staple* lien Marquis wheat should be developed and widely available in 1911# it would be only a minor addition to an established pat- 20tern for western agriculture. Although there is some disagreement as to the importance of various factors in giving Impetus to the wheat economy in ^Vernon 1. Fowke* Op* sit*# pp. 333-237* 17Guide to Farm practice in Sa.sk.atohewan* p* 23. x8J. Mitchell, If. 0. Moss# and J. 3. Clayton. Soil Survey, p. 20?. ^Arthur s. Morton* Cp* sit* * p* 69* ^Varaoa S. Powiee. O p * ol|*# p. 233. the 'Canadian West, there is no doubt tout that these factors conversed happily about the turn of the century and In the decade 1901-19X1. Experimental farms continued to test Red Fife, Ladoga, ll&rd Red Calcutta, and later Marquis wheat. In. response to immigration policies and more particularly to the news that dry farming was possible, set tier a rushed: into the prairie provinces looking for land. Their efforts were encouraged by particularly favorable moisture conditions in 1901-1911. 8y 1900 the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was sprawled across the southern prairies. Regina, Saskatoon, and Prince Albert were linked through a branch line and other lines were being, built. Ora dually individual farms would be brought within that ten or fifteen mile haul­ ing distance of a railroad which appears essential to profit­ able shipment of grain. Farmers organ!rations were already making their weight felt in government policy. The wheat 21economy was underway.' *ln 1901 the population of the Province numbered approxi­ mately 91,000♦. # ., and at that time only some 600,000 acres were under cultivation. By 1931, the population was about ten times as great (921,000), and the amount of land under cultivation had reached 30,000,000 acres, or roughly fifty times the acreage cultivated at the turn of the century.*22 ^Arthur 3. Morton, op. eit.» 0Impter VI. 0. to# Britnell, Op. olt.. Chapter IX. Vernon 0. Fowk©• Op. olt., Chapter IX. W * A* Mackintosh. Op. olt.. Chapter III. • Mitchell, H. 0. Moss, and J. 3. Clayton. Co. pit., p. 212• 20 In 1932 about 15# 543,DOG a ores or over half the area under 23cultivation was in wheat. Yet the cash crop and other field crops of the prairies have not been an tinmixed blessing, a® can be inferred fro® Table II. In 1941 when agriculture in Saskatchewan .had begun m s is Jl2^ Relationship of Abandoned to Occupied Improved, Land, Saskatchewan, 1941 Census VI vi si lasoroi In Acres Per Are Sent Abandoned Lands of Ccouplea LandsC: coupled Abandoned 1 1,787,684 156.818 9 2 2,198,969 132,664 6 3 2,776,375 32,581 1 4 1,716,421 61,283 4 5 1,695,087 10,892 1 6 3,014,140 20,831 1 7 2,711,832 95,380 4 a 3,235*518 38,163 1 9 1,422,417 6»464 0.5 10 1,508,956 9,575 1 11 2,483,757 40,624 2 12 2,235,444 24,493 1 13 2,539,826 47,876 2 14 1,450,913 6,886 0«4 15 2,308,896 11,041 0.4 16 1,444,075 10,952 1 1? 1,016,446 6,387 1 IS 30,562 267 1 Total 35*577*320 715*197 2 to recover from the effect® of the drought and depression years of the 1930*s, there was still mute evidence in Mitchell, H. 0. Moss# and, J. S. Clayton. p. 253. 04Adapted from Dominion bureau of statistics• of Agriculture Saskatchewan 1941, labia 50, p. 75# 29# pp. ”'25^277 Op. pit.# Census and Table 21 abandoned far®8 that not every settler had found a permanent ho&e and security on the land. Taking Into consideration on­ ly inproved land, and not the total area in farms, 715,197 aaras were listed, as abandoned. This constituted two per cent of the improved land which was occupied and under culti­ vation- Table II shows that in Census Division 1 abandoned lands constituted nine per cent of occupied and improved lands| whereas in Census Division IT, they were one per cent* The figures on discarded acres point to a series of cultural and utilisation problems which were not wholly solved when the principle cf summer fallowing was discovered in the last decades of the nineteenth century• then drought and soil drifting laid waste previously prosperous areas in 1917 to 1921, farmers of Saskatchewan had their first warnings that perhaps the plow might have broken 2*5ground unsuited to cultivation* At the end of this period in 1920, a Better Fans lag Conference at Swift Surrent saw the passage of a resolution asking for a commission to enquix® Into farming conditions•^ From that beginning has stemmed exhaustive research into the nature of the Saskatchewan soil. This basic data has been supplemented by a more complete agr 27rlcultural survey of the econo©.!c aspects of land resources. l?ltchell, H* 0. Moss, and J • 3. Slayton. Op* ext., p. 212. ^Ibid*, p. ill.i'*i* mi -1— 3, Spence and E. C. Hope. An Sconoaiic 0 las si fi ca­ tion of l^ind„ p. 3 *"1 ■Nlj- 'IIMH—.WI1 'HWlM.,*. Hl.MW'HWiWM . 32 From the-se two types of surraya has ©merged a conception of agrlcultural production. In which basic elements of wheat growing and stuiiiiar fallowing are prominent, but in which there is also knowledge about the variability of soil produc­ tivity and the Importance of intelligent land use practices* The province of Saskatchewan lying between 49° and 60° north latitude and. 101 30* and 110 west longitude covers ©oao 151,000,000 acres or 351 >700 square mile®. Included in the soil survey are 106,000 square miles of southern &a«ketch- m n r the Inhabited portion, lying between. 49 and S3 12* of nortli latitude; but mapping is done on only 96,000 square miles or 61,500,OCX) acres, the 10,000 square mllea unmapped being comprised of lakes, forest reserves, and Indian reser- vat ions* Unless otherwise designated, It will be this in­ habited portion of the provine# to which reference Is made when %aa kn t c h®wan * n resources are mentioned* Tlthin this great plains region, is a geographic area with elavaiiona ranging from 4,000 feet above sea level to those below 1,000; with climate varying from semi-arid to -humid* Average annual precipitations range from 11*16 Inches at Mashtyn to 17*90 inches at Indian Head* Soils vary fro® the brown earth of the short-grass prairies to tne black- grey matter of the forest region. These variation® In ele­ ment o of soil and climate stretch roughly In diagonal bands pQ across the Inhabited portion from southeast to northwest*w d:yJ * ditshell, K.S* Moos, and 1.3, Clayton. Cp.cit., p.S. PQ" Ibid., Figure 1, a. 9 and Figure 2, p. 12. Guide to F a m Practice In 3s aka tehewen * map of preclpl tat Ion, p. 57 litfa such wide variations in soil god climate, a oon- tinulng prosperous agriculture depends on accurate &.nowled.&© of the factors both climatic and economic which make for high productivity* and proper management of those factors* Obvi­ ously the air masses which affect evaporation of the all- important moisture are to a degree beyond the control of agriculturists, as also are sunlight and. iieat.^® However, even wind velocities which cause soil drifting may be affected by cultural practices which decrease frictional drag.^3* Agriculture depends on such modifiable and unsiodifiaoXa factors as climate * soil, topography, drainage, and transpor­ tation and marketing facilities, and the balancing, of these factors against one another in predicting' suitability of an area for growing a particular crop* To state numerically the moisture efficiency of various soils* a soil zone climatic index i© derived from average annual precipitation, tempera­ ture, and theoretical evaporation.-^ The low indexes In the abort-grass prairies are influenced by low average annua1 pre­ cipitation* but also by long frost-free periods and warm* dry Chinook winds. At the other end of the scale ar© the indexes for the forest region where tenoenatures are lower* precipi­ tation higher* frost-free periods shorter* and warm winds less prevalent* Generally s pea king..* areas with high indexes will sustain a greater growth of plant® than those with low Indexes* However, & climatic index Is Insufficient for predicting the efficiency of son©a for the growing of a particular staple such as wheat* Summer fallowing can modify the productivity of soil® with low moisture efficiencies, and extension of wheat into sinister areas must depend partially on developing, of earlier maturing, high quality plants* Furthermore the character or type of soil plays a significant role In its productivity. to describe soli productivity la more detail, Saskatche­ wan soil® have been subjected to classification* Broad re­ gion® described as grasslands and forests rave been broken into subdivisions known as sones* and. these in turn into soil groups* Bolls within these classes have been described in term® of soil associations, soil members, textural classes, and soil phases* Soil associations which comprise groups of related soil profiles provide the basis for ratings of Sas- 33kateliewan soil types* Groupings are based on suitability for grain production, especially of wheat, with the numeri­ cal rating obtained by indexing conditions of soil and typography favorable to plant growth and absence of condi­ tions such as stones and, erosive tendencies unfavorable to plant growth# These factor® of climate and soil must be In­ tegrated to produce an answer concerning efficiency for wheat growing* The meteorological station at Regina shows a ^3ee table in J. Mitchell, !J* 1* Moss, and d*S* Olay ton* Op* olt** pp# 196-197* 23 climatic index of 44 about ini dray in mol ~ hare efficiency. This .1 ride 3* Is sufficiently hi ah , hows?ar, so that coupled with other factors, it may lead to the conclusion that *The well -drained Regina soils re ores exit too oest wheat lands in the Province.*1 The area which lies around Retina and Moos® Jaw and. extends southeast almost to teybum las well drained soil highly resistant to drought* This characteristic coupled with smooth tonography and the absence of stones make the area very suitable for large-scale machine farming which is highly productive. Wind and water erosion, soil drifting, and weeds constitute the moat serious drawbacks to complate land utilisation for wheat farming. Although less than half the area of Saskatchewan Is in­ cluded in the soil survey, the Information so obtained can be projected into a picture of approximate total land resources as given in Table III. Of the 88.5 million acres lying out- TABLS iri3* Land Resources of Saskatchewan Total Area (Incl.about 9,000,000 seres water) 161,000,000 acres 1 r ™' AreaTTT n millions of acres) Region ._______ gone Total Arable Ion-Arable Grass land Sroim Soil’ ""1 ' '20.6 IS&rlc Brown Soil 18.5 Black Soil (including slightly to moder­ ately degraded black) 19.0 Totals ................ 5T.5 Forest Grey (podsol) (to mar­ gin of pre-Cambrian) 31.0 Qrand totals 8o. Pre-Cambrian area (rook out-crops, muskegs, lakes, and small areas _______ of oodaol soils) 72.5 6.6 12.0 i4.d 6.5 12.5 30.5 6-5 27.0 3.0 5375 23.0 55.0 ^ M d * • Adapted from Table 20, p. 213 26 side of the unproductive pre-Cambrian shield, probably only 33*5 million acres or 33 per cent can be profitably used for crop production. For 1944 total acreage under cultivation including total under crop, new breaking, summer fallow, and pasture is tentatively estimated as 36,403,400 acres* With* 3 5 out the pasture land the acreage stands at 36*640,000. The similarity in amount between total arable area and total area under cultivation leads to one of two conclusions* either that arable soils are being used to their maximum, or that through faulty land utilization many farmers are culti­ vating aubm&rginal lands. The amount of land under cultiva­ tion has been steadily rising to the 1944 level through the war years, as is evidenced by Table IV* Hevertheless, a TASLS. IV36 Estimate of Acreage under Cultivation (Not Including pastures) '/ear “Petal under Cultivation Total under Oro» Total under New dreaiiriR Total under Summer Fallow 1940 1941 19*2 1943 1944 30,989,200 33,737,050 34,354,300 3A.R5i.OOO 35,640,000 31,976,500 19.768.400 22,399,800 22.680.400 23.730.400 339.600 167,800 210,500 191.600 509,600 8,783,100 13,800,850 11.744.000 11.979.000 11.600.000 total of 33,549,000 acres of improved farm land is reported 37for as early as 1931* 35■^Department of Agriculture of the Province of Saskatchewan* Fortieth Annual Report, p. 165• 36Adapted from annual reoorte of the Department of Agri­ culture of the Province of Saskatchewan, for the years 1941-1945. ^G* S. Britnell. £j>* git * * p. 36. That Improper land utilisation constitutes an acute fac­ tor is agricultural production In Saskatchewan has been and Is being recognised by technical agriculturists* Drought and a crash in wheat prices drove f®r®@re from poor farms after 1930. The sam® factors operated again In 1930 and 1931 to send families to the northern Crown lands for which there had 38been as yet mo adequate soil survey* liiem the provincial government took over the Crown lands in 1930, various solu­ tions to the problem, of the new settler were tried and found wanting, a most revealing comment on the plight of the re­ settled farmers in the woodlands was made in the Report of the Commissioner of Northern Settlers1 Re-establishments One of the greatest obstacles that had to be over­ come In the development of the north was the Insistence on approaching, the northern settlement problem from a purely prairie agricultural philoso­ phy. The sole objective appeared to be to make the whole north over In the likeness of the prairies by clearing off every particle of bush, by drain­ ing every slough or muskeg, with the object of entering into competition with the prairies in eal crops for which it is la no This Is but one specialised Instance in the forest region of land misuse which has frequently taken place in the grass­ land regions also. Recognition of this acute problem was ma.de by the Dominion government when It Instituted in 1933 its Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act, and made land utilisa­ tion one Important facet of the program. In connection with G. E, Brltnell, 0£. cit., p* 38. ^Quoted in 0* S. Britnell. £&. olt.. p. 213 this. program in the three prairie provir*ces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and lacltote, the statement riade In 1943 that *es tiffin ter, of reciscnable reliability place the propor­ tion of submarginal land at about one-quarter of the settled ■i AOn m f Table ¥ which shows area and per cant of crop fail­ ure suggest© in another way land misuse coupled with lnade- Area (in Acres) and per lent of Crop failure, Sa ska be hewa n, 1940 Q&timvk Area “in Area of For Cent of DiwX^ion .Field Crocs Cron .Failure Crop Failure 1 953,273 31,572 3*3 2 1,320,586 100,737 7.6 3 1,689,986 62,294 3.7 4 994,413 130,772 13.1 5 1,029,699 68,676 6.? 6 1,883,422 231,192 12,3 7 1*608,992 81,889 5.1 8 2,338,531 16,485 .7 9 869,301 38,649 4.4 10 937,053 32,768 3.5 11 1,544,939 78,827 5*1 12 1,463,896 9,88? .7 13 1,620,349 12,995 .8 14 1,009,461 19,275 1.9 15 1,541,683 14,546 1.0 16 962,688 9,754 1.0 1? 713,647 6,480 .9 18 22,223 219 1.0 Total 22,504,197 947,016 4.2 quate cultural . .r..1* ...... , practices. Ewon though census districts are 40Dominion apartment of Agriculture, 2. ?. R« A» A Eecord ol* Aehleveaoiit. p. 34. **’ iLlXAdapted from Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Census of Agriculture Saskatchewan, 1941, Table 34, pp. 38-41, and fable '3B',"p.~W. 29 not laid, out according to soil son## and thus would obscure the acuteness of crop failures In Bom® areas, they still re- ,r©al oroporttoimtely wide differences in crop failures* Whereas crop failures as a whole stood at 4.2 per cent of the cultivated area, Census District 4 shows 13*1 per cent crop failure* It is significant that this census district includes mom® of the Chaplin and Hatton associations listed In the surveys as being very poor soil. It must be reiaem* bered also that fable V reflects relatively favorable condi­ tions of agriculture which had begun to recover fro® the severe drought of the 1930*s. It was pointed out in TableIII that Saskatchewan has some 55 millions of acres of non-arable land. The 3? millions of acres of non-amble grasslands may be used for gracing, even though much of the native pasture will support only a spars© population. According to the 1941 census occupied farm lands Include 733*901 acres o f Improved pasture land, and 19*815*940 million acres of prairie or natural pasture asking a total of 2D,599*341 acres being used for livestock produc- 42tion* - The present deputy minister o f a g r i c u l t u r e - i s of the opinion that It Is necessary to sell the Idea that Sag- f e t c h # w a n i s n o t t i e d t o a w h e a t economy * 9 s e v id e n c e t h a t the province I3 making mom® progress In this direction he quotes figures In Table VI on chief sources of farm income. Figures in Table VI which show the results of Ap Dominion Bureau of Statistics* ffenaua of Aj-yticulture 3a a Scat c he wan * 1941, Bp* 4-5* 30 TABLE Vld3 Chief Source9 of Faria Income In Saskatchewan Average Farm Source of Income tin Per Gent? Period Years Income Wheat Charse Grains Live stock 1 1931»32*33 & *70 OHri n^r*.•*? 1 *2 # w J f w v 70 8 20 2 1943*44,45 #429,000,000 45 17 31 diversification tend to ob®cure details of agricultural pro­ duction an3. to Ignore swift changes which may take place in agriculture as is indicated for figures for 1946*^ Farm in- ooiae from wheat for Period 2 is affected by the fact boat in 1943 there was the smile st acreage in wheat since I93Q* The average number of 'bushels for the 1943-45 period was actually greater than Period 1. In 1946 acreage in wheat was 98 per cent of the average- acreage In Period 1 and bushels of wheat are 42,660*000 more than the average for Period 1. Figures for 1930-1946 would show there has neon little a ;y;«? r o j> a ole change In acreage In wheat and figures for 1946 show a great­ er acreage In whes*t than in any year clnce 1940* Saskatche­ wan farmers, therefore, arc not groeiny less wheat* but per­ haps because of more efficient farming methods are able to produce other products in addition to wheat* Ab for coarse grains, acreage in 1946 in cats anc barley 43-'Speech of M. Hartnett* Agricultural Eepre&enta t ivee Conference* February 7* 1947* ij it Figures to follow on production are taken from or computed from material in Economic Advisory end Planning Board of the province of Saskatchewan. .gs_ta Covering. 01- versifIcatton of Agriculture in Baakatcho’aan, la-30-1946* shoos H downward ti"and fro-;: 1.74 5 to 1546. The high points for ryu prodx.tetj.on were in 1°30 ana 17-4?# t:.cre»pe in rye for 1946 is about 1/3 of that In 194°9 and bushels about 1/4* Since 1943 productIon of flax seel haa dropped sharply* Thus the situation in r@ga.rl to coarst grains might bo said to be extremely fluid and presently unpredictable. Production of potatoes in 1946 la still lower than the average of Period 1* and yet Saskatchewan does not raise enough potatoes for its own people * Production of alfalfa* however* is In 1946 about 9 time* the average for 1331-1533, probably because there has been some increase la livestock p r o d u c t i o n * I n 1946 there were 39,934 mor® milk ceia on Saskatchewan terras than the average for 1931-1933? but there were 23*600 lees than In 1945* fbm average of 1 Other Cattle* (presumably oeef cattle] in 1931-33 was leas than 2/3 the 1946 numbers* But there were fewer on farms in 1946 than in 1945* The number of sheep and lambs* however, showed a continuous rise to 1946* Hog product!on has fallen off sharply* from a high of 1,754,600 hogs in 1943, the number has decreased to 75*700 in 1946* or less than the average number on farsc in 1031-1933* This deeream* is- the more significant as agriculturists and a few farmers are interested in having Saskatchewan secure the Orltlah bacon hog market*^ The president of the Swine Breeders’ 'Reports at Agricultural Representatives Conference, February 6 and 7, and Saskatchewan Swine breeders1 Associa­ tion* Annual Report for Year Ending December 51* 1946* 32 Association is disconcerted by the continuing decrease In­ cluding, a 25 oer cent drop from 1945 to 1946* ether products which are above the 1931-33 level but show a downward trend from tfee war years are poultry* egg®# milk and creamery butter. Prom figures on livestock and grains for the period 1930-1946* It appears that diversification may be partially a product of that effort which many farmers put forth to supply extra, foodstuffs for their troops. It must await figures for the next five or ten years t© say whether farm­ ers are- convinced of the necessity for diversification or whether they are dropping back into a pattern of wheat growing. Other land resources of Saskatchewan deserve brief men­ tion even though they are not an integral part of a study of agricultural adult education. Approximately twenty-eight millions of acres of Saskatchewan land are in forests located just south of the pre-0ass.brian shield* From some of these wooded lands com# products of fur farming, traDoing* and fishing; though as is revealed by fable VII, none of these activities account for any considerable portion of Saskatche­ wan1^ income * lining* quarrying* and oil and salt wells provide small amounts of cash income* but none of these .have yet assumed the Import a, nee of agriculture in the Saskatchewan economy* 33 TABLE V l M 6 Values of Production in Saskatchewan Source of Production Value Percentage of Total Production Agriculture #249,573,000 74.9 Forestry 5,748,457 1.7 Fisheries 1,154,544 0.3 Trapping 1,985,649 0.6 Mining 23,507,079 7.1 Elee tr1c Power 5,189,906 1.6 Construction 6,765,644 2.0 Custom and Reoair 6,739,000 2.0 Manufa etures 32,782,192 9.8 Total 1333,445,471 100.0 When the initial problem of land utilization has been solved by determining from the soil survey wh&t crops a par­ ticular piece of land will support there are three general areas related to the land and Its use which will affect agri­ cultural efficiency# These are (1) cultural practices including water development; (2) farm management; and. (3) marketing.^ Although soli may be excellent and put to the right uses, it Is easily exhausted unless handled properly# Soil drifting. In. particular, Is a menace to Saskatchewan and must be controlled by proper tillage practices, water erosion and soil productivity must be watched# Selecting the proper kind of machinery also is important to correct utilization of the ^Adapted from Tables 5 and 6, Dominion Bureau of Sta­ tistics. The Canada X&ar Book 1946. pp* 198, 199. Ay ‘Unless otherwise indicated, a summary of these three phases will be taken from topics found in Guide to Farm Fraotic# in Sa akatchewan# 34 soil* £© avoid rust and other plant disease, and to assure early maturing crops for a severe climate, cereals mu&b oe studied and rea sms seed each year* The Saskatchewan Cereal Variety Committee issues yearly* well in. advance of the grow­ ing season.* a list of varieties of grain or ops with areas 48for which they are recommended* The same ears as used in selecting grain must o# applied to selecting garden vegetables and fruits* and these mist be protected by shelter belts grown to order in the treeless prairies* Weed control and control of insect pests of plants and livestock must be watched * The eawfly and the warble £3y AQ are particular pests in Saskatchewan* with livestock and poultry production there are problems of breeding, care, and feeding; and in tkm cat# of marketable animals, producing those which the market will support and marketing when the price will be best* Provision of water in the seal-arid prairies is still one of the chief agricultural problems In Saskatchewan* in recog­ nition of this fact* thm Dominion government gives assistance to farmers or to communities In water development projects* Tram 1955 to -arch 31# 1945, the government assisted In developing 11*331 du&outs, 2,75? tbackwaterlug dams, and. 654 50Irrlg&tlon projects. But the problem of water development 4P "See printed circular, the Saskatchewan -Seres 1 Variety Committee* Varieties of ftrain Srooa for Saskatchewan 1947* ^Agricultural Hepres en ta 11 ve w Conference, Feb* 6 and ?* 50: Dominion Department of Agriculture* Report on Aetivi- & P fwr u m xe&g 35 .has not yet been solved and needs continuous work. In farm management several different factors are of im­ portance • First, the farmer amst Judge efficient si a© of fans in relation to its value producing capacity* Second* be must calculate efficient rates of production of crops and livestock, including balancing increasing yields against in­ creasing costs of production* Third* he mist so combine his farm enterprises- as to make full use of farm facilities* This involves efficient use of labor* waste land* and by­ products ; crop rotation; Insurance against price collapse and crop failure; balancing enterprises so that income will be uniformly distributed throughout the year; and soIsation of tyoes of faming to be done. Fourth, the farmer must make effective use of labor, power, and machinery. Fifth, he must achieve effective farm and financial management in relation to prices* Certain aspects of marketing, have been described in the first part of this Chapter and will be discussed in Chapter "*/* These relate to provision of adequate transportation* and reducing handling chargee of produce so that farmers may secure an increasing percentage of the profit from their products * The price which the farmers receive and which is a major factor in agricultural stability is known as one of the two or three crucial Issues in the Saskatchewan agricultural economy.^ when price is considered* furthermore * attention ^Interview with Hadley "/an Yliet February IT, 1947* 36 must turn from the local fans and the pro vino la 1 marketing, association to the national scene and the international front. The following comment is made regarding Canada * 3 exporting, economy: A population in excess of 100 million people would by .required to make full use of farm produce and timber resources that are now placed on the market each year. Actually, Sanada has only about 12 all lion inhabitants at tha present time.** Security and stability of the farmer’s economy therefore de­ pends on the price which his government can secure for him in the foreign market and duration of international agree­ ments over a long enough time that the farmer can adequately plan his production* In this connection, the Canadian government has signed a bilateral wheat agreement with the United Kingdom covering the four years 1946-1950; with a guaranteed price for two years and a negotiated price for the ether two years * Some organisations, however, are still hoping for an International agreement which will bring, world order in food marketing* ^ The extent to which Saskatchewan farmers diversify their oconomy depends partially on the de­ velopment of such agreements for other products both on a domestic and on an international scale* The extreme dependence on wheat arid the variability of factors cf land utilisation, farm management * cultural -'*“Froa a speech by the honorable J* a * 'U*o 'innon5 Dominion Minister of Trade and. Commerce quoted in The isconom- ie Annalist * Volume XVI, Humber 3» August, 1946, p. 53* 55 Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* Twenty- Second Annual Report* pp* 75-?9* 37 practices# and market 1ny practices in Pas&atohew&n omn be ex* pressed in human tsms by reference t o the mmount o f money farm people have to spend under mrylnf circumstances• In aa estimate of the year® 1919-1938 there h&m oeen the great* eat change la aggregate and per capita income payments In Saskatchewan of any of the Canadian province®* Per capita Income In Saskatchewan# for Instance# bHowb a 3?.4? decrease in 1929-1936 ever 191^-192©* over the years 1938-45 fluctua­ tions in mmt national Income paid to agriculture have been f u r g r e a t I n Saskatchewan than in Canada as a whole* Agri­ cultural income in Canada will chnnge as much as 138*01 per cent from on© year to the next; but fro® 1938 to 1939 agricultural Income In S&skatahew&n changed 424*2% per cent. Sharp changes In income affect relief rolls decisively* In 1942 only 5*489 people In Saskatchewan war© supported by direct relief; but in ,1938# 324#249 parsons or approximately thirty-five per cent of the population was in that category. ihlB pattern of variability In Income from, year to year Is repeated among districts in the province. In 194$ In crop reporting district four, per farm net income was |722; in district two, y4#XS5* the average farm family in the latter district 1ms more than five times as such to spend as the *54family In tne former a m , ^ In a study of progress of farmers in representative ®»4v Summarised from Sconomla Advisory and Planning Aomrd of the Province of Saskatchewan* Inoose distribution and Income Adequacy in sa skatchewan» 3 8 areas of Saskatchewan, it was found that the following fac­ tors ware significantly related to progress: (X) climate and soil, (2) economic conditions of farmers at the time they began farming, (3) resources of farmers, (4) care with which farmer© acquired land, and mad# improvement© on the farm, (5) si*e of farm business, (6) adjustment of farm business to soil and climate, and (7) personal qualities of the farmer. v hand in fifty-six municipal divisions comb rising the whole of the drought area in South Central Saskatchewan has been classified according to suitability for wheat growing, Class I being submarginal; Class II, marginal; Classes III, IV, and V, suitable* Data are available on relationship of these land classes to various economic factors. Percentage of private ownership and owner-operated farms, and wheat yields increases in direct proportion as one proceeds from -Class 1 to Class V* Approximately 56 per cent of the sets of buildings on farms in band Class V were of medium, to large size and in good state of repair, whereas nine per cent or less were similarly described for farms In Land Classes I and. II* These classes are also related to mortgage foreclosures, appraised values, debts, and tax indebtedness• The impor­ tance of soil types is strikingly Illustrated by the ^Stewart 3* Lana. An Analyst a of Motors Influencing the Progress of Farmers in Hep re ne n fca 11 ve Farm Areas of Saskatchewan, p. 105• 39 difference- which one bushel of wheat in average yields will make to a farm family* Assuming on the awe rase fa rm in this area there are 180 acres of wheat and. that the average price is eighty cents a bushel, an additional bushel per acre will yield an additional groim return of ^144. this is approxi­ mately enough to pay the interest on a mortgage of #2,400* It say make the difference between a farm unit In Class XX 5 £and a higher class*. A sampling., study has been made of changes in farm income and indebtedness In three periods; (1) 1929 to 1931» ( 2 ) 1932 to 1934, and {3) 19 3& to 1940* These periods represent the last of the good years, the depths of the agricultural depression, and partial recovery* Among, findings is one to the effect that farmers on heavy and medium soils strengthened their financial position between periods two and three more than those on inferior soils* Adjustments to the sharp fluc­ tuations in agricultural fortunes in Saskatchewan are mad® by increase in efficiency and lower levels of living expendi­ tures which persist Into the recovery period* Small farms are at a greater disadvantage to large farms In 1938-40 than they were in 1929-31, which mny suggest a trend, in Saskatche- wan farming. hand classifications bear a direct relationship to -'"0. 0. Soence n.nS. s. 0. Rob©. Art SooKontlo Claaaiflca- tl on of Lane!* KV -7 ’ C. Z * Hope, H- • Van Vliet, and C. 3 * Spence* 0 banes® s in Far^ Income and Indebtedness In 8 a ska tone wan * 40 taxes. Tax systems In turn bear a similarly direct relation­ ship to the essential social services which may be provided for the rural community. As late as 1935> no research of a comprehensive nature had been don# in the area of rural tax­ ation in Canada. At that writing it appeared that tax bur­ dens were considerably lower in Canadian farm communities than in United States farm areas, these estimates of taxes as percentage of net returns, however, took little account of the quality of service which communities received for R|0i their taxes* Sine© 1935 certain adjustments have been mad© in assessed valuation of land a® based on the soil survey. Provincial education grants-in-aid sine© 1939 'have been projected on a sliding scale depending, on the assessment of the school dis­ trict. The work in assessment has been transferred to a provincial group of assessors hired by the provincial govern­ ment and trained in short courses at the University of Sas­ katchewan* The new basis for land assessment requires a study of land classification. In summary there is presented Table VII'I which illus­ trates probable incomes in 1935 from farms on several types of soils. ® $• A. Mackintosh assisted by A. B. Clark, G. A. Elliott, and w* w. Swanson. Economic Problema of the Prairie provinces> pp. 228-229- GO ^ Smest 0. Hop#. An Economic Classification of Land in Seven unielnalities in South Central %a s ka t chewan 1; pp *""213-220. 41 TABLE VIII60 Probable let Income of Half Section and Section Farms cn Several Types of Soils Half Probable Section Section Average yields Grouping Sail Type ©f wheat (pollan) Co©liar# {Su. per acre) Excellent Reglim heavy clay $516 31588 16 m-0 soils MeIfart silty clay 432 .1491 22.5 Indian Head clay 307 1280 1 y .0 Fair to Oxbow loam 262 54? 16.0 good Haverhill clay loam 42 703 12.5 soils Fox Valley silty clay loam 4 859 12.0 tfeybum loam 49 597 11.5 Oxbow and lorkton light loams -10 523 .... 'Poor soils Hatton fin® sandy loam -236 28? n a Echo clay loam and loam -332 -307 10.5 Cultivating 640 acres of Echo soils around Frenchman River, &errobert» and in the Central Butte District, a farmer might hop© only for a discouraging deficit of £307 for a year’s work# Spotty crop growth due to a poor stand, on eroded or burned out soil is reflected by the probably aver­ age yield of 10.5 bushels of wheat per acre. With power farming, a farmer can hope to secure from the rich dark brown Regina soils an income of £1588 per section which Is partially reflected In an average wheat yield of sixteen bushels per acre. Although progress has been made both by- chance and, by following the dictates of technics 1 research Mitchell, H* 0. Moss, and J. 3. Olayton. Gp. clt., p. 199. 42 such as the soil survey, proper land utilisation still re­ mains as a factor in agricultural production and thus in agricultural adult education, for production* 2. The People* A 'primary fact about the population of Saskatchewan is that at present It is decreasing in accord with trends in agricultural areas In Canada and the United States. The pop­ ulation was at a high point In 1936 when some 931,54? persons were recorded in the prairie census. According, to estimates, the number has dropped, to 845,000 In 1945 as shown in Table IX. TAiiUS IX Total Population of Saskatchewan, 1901-1971 Tear Total Population 1901 91,379 1906 257.763 1911 492,452 1916 647,835 1921 757,510 1926 820,738 1931 921,785 1936 931,547 1941 895,992 1945 845,000 1951 1,007,000 1961 1,092,000 1971 1,135,000 The population estimated for 1951 I® based on calcula­ tions of natural increase and not of immigration. From *Th© Future Population of Canada**, Bulletin ;F-4, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, 1946. Pi ted in Eco­ nomic Advisory and Planning Board of the province of Saskatchewan. Income Distribution and Income Adequacy in Saghatohewan. p. 3• 43 Wte&n natural Increase Is taken Into account, loss of population Is ©yen greater than would be expected from popu­ lation figures. Table X shows that though the three prairie provinces suffered an average decrease of 82*621 persons in TABUS X62 Migration in the Prairie provinces, 1931-^1 Province Population Natural " Expected population Migration 1931 increase population 1941 1931-41 census 1931-41 1941 census Ko» Per Cent Manitoba Saskatche­ wan Alberta 700,139 921,785 731,605 73,083 778,222 131,752 1,053,537 106,405 838,010 72*9,744 855,992 796,169 48,478 6.2 157,545 154) 41,841 54) Total 2,353,529 316,240 2,669,769 2,421,905 247,864 SL3 the period 1931*1941, Saskatchewan lost 157,545 persons or 74,924 persons sore than the average of the prairie provinces. Manitoba and Alberta lost 6.2 and 5*0 per cent* respectively, of their population* but Saskatchewan* a migration rate was 15*0 per cent* The loss by migration for the whole of Canada In the saia© period was less than on© per cent • It is evident that In the drought and depression years of the 1930*s* many citizens of Saskatchewan migrated into the more prosperous and stable industrial communities of eastern Canada • Although returns from the 1946 census of the prairi® provinces are not yet available, it is generally believed that Saskatchewan is continuing to lose population* A? ''"“‘Adapted from table on Migration in Canada* in Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The Panada Tear Book 1945,nmwwrt mm. wwmimhi—— «n wmsiwiw1 nm.m 9 p * 121. 44 From 1901 * 1931# the period of heavy migration, the area momt heavily affected was urban• In 1901, 15*6 par cent of the persons in Saskatchewan were urcan while in 1931 the percentage had ripen to 31*6 per cant? rural population was in the latter year 68.4 per cent of the total. For the critical years of falling population, 1331“1941, the rural groups decreased 1*3 per cent, and in 1941 stood at 6?.l per 63cent • with a declining population, people moving from the rural areas, and nearly one-half of the province sparsely in­ habited, density of population la affected. In 1331 density per square mile had risen to 3*6?# hut in 1941 had dropped to 3*77* -There are sharp differences In density from census division to census division, which 1 ^ is variation in problems of providing essential services. Tie density of division eighteen, the sparsely inhabited northern portion of Saskatchewan, is 0.10? that of division four, the ranch­ ing area, 2*94? while division six which contains Regina, the capital, Is 16*03*^ The people of Saskatchewan are relatively a young group. In 1941 the estimated median age of the rural population was 23.5 years. That there are substantial number® of persona in the upper age brackets is attested to by the fact that 63Computed from Table 12, .Dominion bureau of Statistics, Population by Local 8ubdlvialone, Vol. II of the highth Census of Cam da, p. 1?7- rblc.. p. 7. 45 the estimated average i* 28*0.^ In the prairie census of 1936f 217,259 of the 217,315 persons gainfully occupied in agriculture answered the ques­ tion relating to age, which material is sumia&ri&ed In Table XI* although the largest nusoer of persona in any category TAB '-S X I Sl5 Age of Population. Clalnfully Occupied in Agriculture, 14 years- of Age and Over, 1936 Ages Fkrisers £ Total raise* r Stock -Farm laborers All Others (yearn) Mo. Per Cent MO . Per Cent Mo . Per Cent * Per Cent 14-1? 15,395 7.1 76 .1 15,319 7 '7 1 ^t * J. ■i*\W .0 IB-19 14,017 6.5 325 .3 13,687 15.3 5 .6 20-24 32,761 15*1 4,963 3.9 27,758 30.9 60 6.7 25-34 45,625 20.9 25,129 19.8 20,277 22.6 219 24.3 35-44 36,809 16.9 30,037 23.7 6,571 7.3 ■201 22,3 45-54 39,248 18.1 33,407 27.9 3,655 4.1 186 20.6 55-64 23,64? 10.9 21,744 17.2 1,762 2.0 141 15.6 65-69 5,859 2.7 5,379 4.2 435 .5 45 5.0 70 yrs. & over 3,676 1.8 3,687 2.9 14? . 2 h.Jjt*V*Tf 4.9 Total 217,259 100.0 126,74? 100.0 89,611 100.0 901 100.0 fall in that of the 25-34 age group, it will be seen that the farm laborer group has pulled clown the age level* Oomputed from fable 21, pp* 234-235* 66Adapted from Table 3* Dominion Bureau of statistics. Occupations * ilnemploym#nt gamings and Employment, House­ holds and Families, Vol., XI of the Census of the Prairie Provinces 193?,""pp* 472-473* 46 Independent farmers and stock raisers who are those to which 5a shatch©wan leaders are ordinarily referring whan they speak of farmers, are ecna«ntr&te& In the ana groups of 35- 44 and 45-54 • About 52.2 per cent of trie farmers ana 3 to ok- raisers are forty-five years of age or older, note that the group of farmers and stcckreisers under twenty-five is only 4.3 per cent of the total. On the other hana, 85.9 per cent of the farm laborers are under thirty-five years of age. Many are -unpaid, family workers, but 40,611 or 45.3 per cent are wage earners. fable XII which is based on data from the decennial cen­ sus and which has been set up In different categories from Table XI shows the shift upward in age In the farm operator group. Those persons forty years of age or over were 46.7 XXI ^ fans Operators Classified ay Ago group, 1921-1941, Saskatchewan Age Group 1921 * 0 a Per Cent 1931 No * Per Cent 1941 t’s O . Per Cent Under 20 years C "I A r 411 .3 447 .4 20-24 years # y 5.033 4.3 4,316 4.0 25-29 " 15,382 13.5 11,074 9.2 10,964 9.1 30-34 * 19,206 16.8 12,742 10.6 12,9:53 10.7 35-39 n 21,127 18.5 16,274 13.6 13,216 10.9 40-49 * 28,74? 25.2 36,674 30.7 26,597 22.0 50-59 * 15,253 13.4 24,177 20.2 30,739 25.3 60-69 " q oxx 8.1 10,234 8.5 17,086 14.1 70 yrs. and over * w * «2» 3.216 2.7 4,196 3.5 Total 114,153 100.0 119,835 100.0 121,054 100.0 ^ 4 dap tad from, fable 3 in Dominion 3urea u of Otstiatloa Census of Agriculture Saakato’aewan, 1941 > p. 6 m 4 ? per cent of the total in 1921; 62.1 per cent, In 1931; and 64.9 per cent., In 1941. These percentages nay be affected by the depression years of the thirties when the less wall established; younger people were forced to move away. Of those employed In agriculture and reporting schooling in the 1936 census (latest figures available in usable form), 166,625 persons or 7-8*6 per cent have gone no farther than the eighth grade. Schooling is indicated in Table XIII. TABLE XIII68 Schooling of Population Gainfully Occupied in Agriculture, 14 years of age and over In 3a3 k& t ehewan, 1936 Farmers and Farm All Years at Total Stock Raisers Laborers ethers School Mo. Per No. Per ho. Per 2$©. Per Cent dent Cent Sent Less than 5 34,073 16.0 25,999 21.0 7,95 2 8.9 122 13.9 5 - 8 132,552 82.6 71,856 58.2 60,226 67.7 470 53.4 9 - 1 2 43,867 20.1 23,606 19.1 20,025 22.5 238 28.8 13 and over 2,868 1.3 2,051 1*7 765 .9 32 5.9 Total 213,360 139.0 123,512 100.0 88,968 IDG.Q 880 100.0 There is a small difference between Independent farmers and stock raisers and farm laborers. About 79*2 per cent of the former and 76.6 per cent of the latter have finished eighth grade. The schooling of the latter group- may be influenced by the fact that the group is younger, and some correction can be made by a rough combination of figures In Tables XI 68Adapted from Table 13, Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Qcoupatlons. Unemployment S i m l a # and Employment. House- holds and Families, Vol. I! of the Sens us of the Fra trie Provinces 1^36'^'pi 534. 48 and XIII* When those 29,006 farm laborers who are nineteen years or under and who might still be assumed not to have completed formal schooling are subtracted fro® the 68,118 who have not gone beyond eighth grade, there are left 39,172 farm laborers, twenty or over who are almost sure not to proceed farther in school* fhis is a minimum estimate and yet presents a sisable problem for adult education, flm 97,855 farmers and stockraiaers who have had eighth grade or less In schooling and who may be expected to read technical agricultural bulletins may also challenge the ingenuity•and skill of adult educators• A somewhat more stringent problem may be presented by the 9,565 men ten years of age and over 69in the rural population, who cannot read and write at all* Thm matter of racial origins and nationality groupings Is or may be relatively complex* According to the 1941 cen­ sus, of the 121,106 farm operator® reporting birthplace, 67,342 were bora in countries other than Canada* fh& distri­ bution of these operators according to birthplace is as follows:^ If It can be assumed that culturally and linguistically the first three categories of operators are somewhat similar, Birthplace Canada" 11'"'rrnr Other British countries United State® Other foreign countries dumber fer Cent 53,764 44 ."4 15,643 12.9 16,093 13-3 35.606 69Ibld. Table 6, p. 655 ’^ Adapted from Table 72, Poalnlon Bureau of St&tistloa. Oeriaue of Agriculture Saskatchewan. 1941, p. 143. 49 there is left 29*4 per cent of the farm operators who might present problems of assimilation* Many of these, of course, have been in Canada for some years and on their present fans® for reasonable lengths of time. Data concerning years on present farm are given in fable XIV. Only 15*3 per cent of T&3M. XI/71 Years in Residence of F a n Operators, Saskatchewan, 1941 Years on Present Farm Total (Humber®) Birthplace (In per cent} Canada' Other British Countries United States Other Foreign Countries 0 - 4 27,764 33*3 10.6 16.8 15*5 5 - 9 19,193 1.8*3 11*1 15.3 14.4 10 - 14 19,906 14*0 14*4 17*4 20.6 15 - 19 10,705 7*0 10*5 10.3 10*2 20 - 24 11,569 7*3 13*8 11.3 10.3 25 yr®. and over 29,104 16.8 37.8 27*1 27*5 Hot given 2,865 3*3 1.8 1.8 1*5 Total 121,106 10-0*0 100 *0 100 . 0 100.0 those coming from foreign countries other than British coun­ tries or the United States have been on their farms for leas than five years, and 27*5 per cent report that they have bean in residence on the same farm for twenty-five years or more. cf the Immigrant farm operators reporting birthplace, approxi­ mately 75*3 p^r cent have lived in Canada for twenty-five 72years or more*1 Of the 121,062 farm operators reporting racial origins VIComputed fro® fable 72, 'Dominion Bureau of statistics* Census of Agriculture 3a » katohewan * 1941, p. 143* ^2Ibld*, p* 141, computed from faole 70* 50 in the 1941 00nsus# 41.? per cent of them are from the British Isles moss and 51•5 par osnt from European races* Of tii© latter group, the greatest numbers are in order, German., Ukrainian, Norwegian, and French. There are differences between these groups -In the types of farms they own and In how they manage the®, operators of English origin, for -example, have farms which are typically 4?9 acres, and they pay out |39 a season In wages per farm* The Scottish group (British Isles races) are even more pros* parous, having farms of 5®8 acres and paying out fill In wages. Operator© from other European areas are not typical­ ly so prosperous, though German, Icelandic, and Norwegian operators have larger farms and pay out more wages than many of the other groups. The Germane have farms of 452 acres, and pay out |65 In wages; while farms of Norwegian operators average 465 acres and worker© on them receive |?Q per year* Certain of the other groups, however, are not so fortunate* Ukrainian operators have farms averaging 290 acres, and pay­ out $35 In wages* There are only thirty Asiatic (Shines© and Japanese) farm operators and their farms average only 180 acres a piece, but operators pay out |338 per fans in wages. Both of these figures reflect the fact that twenty out of thirty Asiatics operate vegetable, fruit, and nursery 73farms, probably truck gardens adjacent to cities* ^Unless otherwise indicated material above and that be­ low on racial origins has been computed from ibid* * fables 76, 77* and 79* Pp. 146, 147, ana 14y* 31 fh® relative pros .srity of various racial groups as re- fleeted in sis© of fara and wages paid out can, be further clarified by figures on percentages in each group of subsis­ tence and combinations of subsistence farms• Subsistence ferae are those on which the value of products used by the far® household amounts to fifty per cent or more of the gross fare revenue* Combinations of subsistence furme are those on which the value of products used and the revenue fro® another main type (such as poultry) are required to make fifty per cent or more of gross farm revenue* The fol­ lowing are estimates of such fartas for racial groups previously discussed* Percentage of subsis­ tence and combination .Racial origin of farm opera tors of subsistence fa ms. The high incidence of subsistence farms among the Ukrainian group undoubtedly could be partially explained by many economic factor® such as relatively more recent immi­ gration, less capital when beginning farming ventures, poorer land because of both of the other factors* However, only 1*6 per cent of the 7*75? Ukrainian farm operators listing themselves as immigrants have been in Cana,da less than ten English Icelandic Nomregl&n Ukrainian Scottish German 13.6 32.9 74This figure may be affected by the small number of operators (459) in the Icelandic group* 52 years* Other Slavic gro <,os appear to have made better adjust- meats* Only 17*4 per cent of toe operators of Kuseian origin live on subsistence fans? their tfsrags farms are 376 acres, and they pay out §46 per year in wages* h ithough no conclu­ sive statements can he made hare, it would be useful to learn what cultural factors related to nationality back­ grounds are at work In these groups* Did they Immigrate as individuals or as members of well-knit culture groups? For how long do their inherited patterns of culture last In a new environment and what ar© the positive and negative af­ fects of those patterns? If so®# of their social ties ar© of value in assisting them to adjust to new environments, how can new ties to take the place of the old oe created after the first flush of Immigration .has worn off? Is a high level of living necessary to s development of satisfac­ tion with farm life, or- are factors in culture patterns opei* ating to assist them to adjustment despite economic difficulties? That questions such a® the foregoing are pertinent to a discussion of successful living,on Saskatchewan farms is sug­ gested by finding® of studies of the prairie provincea and of Saskatchewan* The author of a study of general living conditions among pioneer families in northern Saskatchewan say® that nationality and birthplace are factors affecting the interrelatiunship among level of living:, cost of living, and. social adjustment* She points out that Anglo-Saxon® and northern Europeans have the highest and Middle Europeans 53 the lowest level and cost of living* but that these groups ar© not correspondingly satisfied or dissatisfied with their way of life* Sh© concludes that despite their low level of living, Amerlcan-born Middle Europeans are among the most 715 well-adjusted settlers* Questions for adult educators to ponder over would be such as theset Ar© agricultural adult education services to Improve level of living, wording as effectively among Middle European as among Anglo-Saxon and Northern European groups? How can level of living, be raised among such groups without losing that element of adjustment? How can Anglo-Saxons and Northern Europeans be assisted In maintaining their levels of living while working toward a better Integration with their way of life? In a series of studies of the three prairie provinces appears one of selected ethnic groups Including the Russian Doukhobora, the German Menaonltee, the Mormons, the German Catholics, and the French Canadians* Some of these groups are very strong in Saskatchewan * Their settlement has been character! aed by community migration based on fami lies and by strong religious tie© interrelated with nationality factors* Mr. Bawson points out in his conclusions the strengths and weaknesses of this type of settlement* He says that first of all It makes for greater residential stability because it puts a premium on unity of productive effort* Less fortunate neighbors ar® enabled to survive the hardships of early ^Helen M. Turnbull. A Level of Living Study of Fami­ lies in the Pioneer Areas of northern Saskatohewan* p* 134* years because they ©an lean, on the community for support* These communities will,* because of high oooperatl?s endeavor* ordinarily exhibit high productive efficiency* though ecm* sumption practices may not vary accordingly but b© conditioned by standards of living, sat by the culture lav#! of the com­ munity • Certain of these groups a'how a high ability In weathering affects of depression* with consequent increase in stability* The second major conclusion concerning these groups Is that they haws developed social organisation very rapidly* Schools* churches* and other community Institutions have been built under pressure fross the group and -with very little outside subsidy* Community organisation gave to settlors, says Mr* .Dawson* *a sense of security and permanency** It also emphasised their tendency to stay apart from other exi 1 tor© groups * These groups have proved so resistant to assimilation that governmental departments attempting to establish insti­ tutions of the dominant language and culture groups have found their task difficult and costly• A similar strain was Imposed on other administrators who sought to unit® the mem­ bers of these bloc communities with their neighbors is bring­ ing about improvements In communication* marketing, banking* and. many other matters which extend far beyond a ay colony* All of these communities* says Mr* D&weon, have had their barriers broken down by forces at work In the total society * In other words * they are gradually being assimilated, 35 and ^Assimilation may be facilitated by extending types of social organisation to those ethnic communities if adminis­ trators learn how to work with the inevitable tide. •. At lea at * leven years have elapsed since Professor D&waon wrote these words, and in the meantime the process of assimilation 1ms continued. It probably is no longer so important to work with the tide. But Investigating the cohesive and resistant elements in these culture patters to discover how they could oa duplicated In the developing Canadian culture is more important than ever as the older cultures are breaking down. As is indicated in fable KV, the rural people of Saskatchewan are of many religions and their nationality groups are reflected in those religions. Though not large, the sects appear prominently in the list. yennonibas prob­ ably of German origin, and Mormons undoubtedly from the United States are in the list. The Roman Catholic group re­ flects those of French origin, though there are many more Catholics than French in the province, persons of Ukrainian origin probably account for the Greek Urt-hohox. 76C. A. Dawson. Group 0ettlament« Ethnic Communities in Western Canada, pp. 377-3-07 TAflt.S XV77 Rural Population by Principal Hall, Ions Denomlnations Saekatchewan, 19 41 Religion Mimber Fer Gent Adventist 3,032 • 5 Anglican 63,306 10*5 Baptist 11,807 2.0 Brethren end Tint ted Brethren 789 *1 Confuei&n and Buddhist 138 • 1 Christian 1,395 .2 Church of Christ, Disciples 1,457 *2 Christian faience 416 .1 Evangelical Church 2,980 .5 Creek Orthodox 29,910 5*0 International Bible Students Asen* 1,802 *3 Jewish 609 • i Lutheran 83,921 14.0 Vermont t@ 28,242 4.7 Mormon 929 .2 Pentecostal 5,320 • 9 Presbyterian 31,390 5.2 Protestant 418 .1 Roman Catholic 182,180 30.1 Salvation Army 558 .1 United Church of Canada 134,304 22.4 ether 15,434 2.6 Bot Stated 509 .1 Total 600,846 100.0 How an average rural Saskatchewan family lives .may oe estimated from various statistic© about. and accounts of the province; though this must be ta&en as an average, with the realisation that there will be wide variations fro® district 70to district* » Adapted .from Tabl© 37, Dominion 'Bureau of Statistics. ■Population by Legal Subdivisions. Vol• II of the Eighth Sensus'oF1"' Sana d a Jpp~m'^4M^w ^®Unless otherwise indicated, the story of typical Sas­ katchewan communities is synthesized from Interviews with University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan wheat Fool, Agri­ culture Representstlwe Service employees, and other persons such as housewives, and by accounts cited In other chapters The aosb imposing structure In the little rural village ie the red wheat elsv&bor dui.lt so as to stand three or four stories high. Other* buildings in the village will he one Story frame sti uctures* One of these buildings may be do- wo ted to the local consumers co6pe.rt.tive built, mb the cur­ rent saying goes, on a lump of 00a 1, a gallon of fuel, ail* a busnol of wheat* and a bail of binder twine: cornerstones of a farmer* s economy * As times have got- better, the store will have put in a line of groceries Including perhaps sosie flour milled from the farmer's own wheat, at the central co­ operative flour mill, the store may carry a small stock, of work clothes including work shoes from the Saskatchewan govmrnment factory * The village may have a church, usually either Protestant or Catholic depending on the dominant nationality group in the community♦ It may bo Greek Orthodox to accommodate the Ukrainians in the district. A comm uni ty center built co­ operatively may be found In the village, Put more than likely the rural school will be used for community events. There wilt likely be no commercial movie. One® every save xml weeks a Saskatchewan Wheat Pool oper­ ator or a man employed by the Saskatchewan Film Board will he around on his regular circuit to show sixteen millimeter films to the youngsters In the school during the day and to the adults in the evening,. This movie fare will be reason­ ably varied, and may include a travelog, such as **3ong of the Ski1*, something in agriculture as *Th© Cow and Its 5 3 Relative**, perhaps m health film as faction of the Human Heart** an4 oib^r*. If the eerier or school Coes not have electricity# mm it very well ®av not# the film operator mmj use batteries from farmmrw* care or tractors? to run his machine * 'the film shewing may be held as an event toy Itself# or in on *?1 tb a Hhe&t '.Pool * agricultural society# hortieul turn*! society, or other community meeting* If there ie e te1k after the film showing by an agricultural represent teblve t? bloat Pool field man# the soesfeer may toe hard put tv hold the attention of thorn© older adults in the front itown who have coca to hear the talk and the teenagers in the back *wat« who are waiting impatiently for the meeting, to be over and the dance to begin- Some additional distraction may be crested by small children who had to oe brought along beesuf-e their parents could not leave them alone- If the music after the talk im poor and the dance a *wash-out*# the technical agrleulturiete who cam# for the educational .cart of the program may have to take a hand. On© will *gr&b the fiddle* and the other act as floor manager, the affair may close with coffee and doughnuts. If the commercial movie as a source of entertaindent Is infrequent# the legitimate theatre is unknown except again as the local community creates Its own stage* High school young people or those who a,re somewhat older may have a club affiliated with the Saskatchewan Drama League. Once every sever**! ©ontbs this group may put on a play borrowed, fro® the 59 Extension Department of %hm university or written by out of tlx# stub maebers* this type of entertainment b# supple­ mented in the nor# prosperous ecR&iBuniltee In the winter by eurltng on to® eo&peretiro rink* In the spring, suras r» or fall months this program say be varied by picnics at a aowsunt ty pioixio ground built by the local rural community* by attendance at a local or regional fair# or by field day at the local experimental stmtion or sose farmer*a grounds* Wten roads art clear* fare fatal lies way oomm into town by automobile* though the prosperity of the family will part-* T9If determine whether they e&n own, a oar* la winter when roads are bloeked* social events in toe local ooammlty may be cancelled* or families saey drive to the village i il Oig wooden-covered wagons drawn by Clydesdale or Per a heron horses* A saall stove will prob&bly be carried in the wagon to guard against the below-sero temperatures • Some of too aart pros* perous farmers may move into town for the winter to avoid be* Ing shut off entirely fro® community social life for several weeks at a tie®* »msyt however* must resign themselves to m severely strioted life in the winter months* The extent of social life at home will depend e^ain on several factors Including the family9s notion of what con* stltutee the good life# The most usual to mi of home entor- ^ X n 1944*45* there were only ?B§153 licensea Issued for ears In all of Saskatchewan* while t* t-re are oetweea 130*000 and 140*000 fars* operators rep re 4. ^wtoumi farm units* 60 talament Is probably the radio* At least, that In reported as the typical pioneer family’s extravagance, and the pioneer family Is apt to be economically lees better off than those ■80In other parts of the province* Probably because of dis­ tances radio listening is not a community group activity, but a family activity. The farm family probably does not have access to a public library and readins matter sill vary 81with the character of the family. The typical pioneer family possesses no hooks, and procure© neither books for entertainment nor technical agricultural periodicals from 82any other source• In more prosperous areas, farmers are better off. The family will probably take some fans paper such as The 'Western Producer. The mother in the farm family may have been married a® young as nineteen years or less, and ©he was In all proba­ bility married by age twenty-five. Her younger children may be attending a local rural school or she may be helping the& with their sohoolwork at home• Her older children may from time to time receive high school lessons by correspondence from the provincial Department of Education, and receive tutoring In them at the rural school, die or more of her sons or daughters will probably go off to a city in 80Helen M. Turnbull. Op. clt.« p. 49. 81There were only 22 public libraries in the province in 1944. 8e# Department of Education of the Province of Saskatchewan* Annual Report, 1944-45, p. 76. 82Helen M* Turnbull. Op. olt., p. 49- Saskatchewan or in another province* htmn she mid hsv husband retire» they may go into town to live. The fans home may have such Improvements as ice box* electricity* and running water* but those will be reserved 83to the cxore prosperous or ingenious farmers. The farm family may and probably does have a telephone* though in 1943 there were only 48*380 rural residence telephones in 84Saskatchewan* In the home there may be among, other photo­ graphs a picture of the king and queen taken in celebration of their last visit to Canada* flie level of living of the farm family will vary consid­ erably from district to district* and. be in so mm areas rela­ tively poor* Bleakness and isolation may be the lot of the farmer and his household. The extant to which the conven­ iences of life are present may affect adjustment to farm ltf% for it has been, suggested that 11 a high level of living* a high cost of living* and a high degree of social adjustment are related*** However* factors affecting these basic factors *do not influence them all in the same direction*•* Thus nationality* birthplace* education* and age of family may correlate either positively or negatively with basic ^-%or a discussion and statistics somewhat outdated on far® living:* see 0* S. Brltnell* Op. alt.* Chapter ¥IX; and A Submission by the government of Saskatchewan to the Royal Commission on Dominion-Frovl'ncla1 Relations, Chapter XX. 84Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The Canada fear Book, A9A5, p. 722. ®^Kalsn M. Turnbull. Op. olt.. p. 154. €2 factors* or may bear a relationship to one and not the other* Materials on the variability of the fana population on the one hand, and farm management studies which explain in­ come levels in terms of cultivated acreage and estimates of the living arrangement of farm people on the other hand* tend to suggest the riddle of the hen and the egg* Assuming: for the moment that level of living is related to satisfaction with farming as a way of life, is a satisfactory level of living achieved because of a farm run in a particular way, or is the efficiently run farm the product of a complex set of drives and aspirations of the farm family which are related to deep-rooted cultural patternsi The answer to such a question though not presently available Is extremely important to the agricultural adult educationist. Assuming that any educator with a modicum of vision has as his ultimate purpose helping farm families to secure a happier and more success­ ful living, for themselves and their children, how does he achieve his goal? Poes he help to raise the fan level of living, by preaching diversification and better utilisation of land, or by helping to construct community halls and develop rural electrification? Should he deal with facts and figures or should he work on emotions and prejudices? Is there one agricultural adult education program or are there as many programs as there are nationality, age, and education groups? That Inquiries such as the above may be pertinent is testified, by facts heretofore presented on the people* These inquiries are reinforced by such statements as the 63 following based on a study of progress among a sampling of families in various Saskatchewan soil zonesi The results of an analysis of the relationship of nationality to progress for zones and soil types iadlcatod. ...that the imtiona111 i ©s which showed tii© most favorable progress.*•.showed favorable progress^regardless of the area In which they had settled.56 A eonsid®ration of adjustment and maladjustment factors poses problems of far-reaching consequence to agricultural adult education leaders. When the issue is resolved concern­ ing what attack to make on improving agricultural life, there ia still the question of what Saskatchewan farmers can do about certain aspects of living standards. Saskatchewan has lost an estimated 1'57• 545 persons In the period 1931- 1941, and an additional number between 1941 and 1945* 'ftith each reduction In population the burden of providing essen­ tial services through provincial taxation or voluntary means becomes greater for those who arc left. Vet the movement of population out of the prairie provinces may have been caused by an excess of population which the provinces could not 87support. The people of Saskatchewan are further handi­ capped by their agricultural status. They must import most finished products to which are added excessive transportation costs not bom® by persons in the eastern °S'It®wart K. Lane. Op. eit., p. 85* Farmers snowing favorable rates of progress are largely of British ana Scandinavian origins. W . Burton Hurt * Iontemporary Demographic Movements Underlying Canadian Agricultural Development* pp. 37-39* 64 provinces The problems of agricultural adult education as baaed on tfa© land and the people are as technical «e the findings of .modem agricultural research, as varied and complex as the people who inhabit the province, and as wide In scope ms the economics and interests of Canada and of the foreign nations to which the destiny of Saskatchewan Is linked* do Province of Saskatchewan* 4 Submission by the Government of Saskatchewan to the Royal Commission on Poial nl on* Frovl nclal Me la t ions * Part VXI* chapter m ADULT KBUatTiuh FOR PRoD'UQfXOT 1. The Agricultural Representative Service* How can 3 a s ka tchewan organl ze to meet the problems of soil conservation and improved agricultural production? How can farm communities be made better places in which to live? Thm following answers to such questions are given to farmers of the province by the reorganised Agricultural Representative Services. Firstf we must intelligently plan the organi­ sation of groups devoted to agricultural progress* Second, we must utllifc© the vast reservoir of agricultural lnfora&tion available as a result of scientific research* Third, we must co-operate with our neighbours* Only by working, together can we pool our icons and successfully apply the sele.nti.fic data at our disposal . This arm of the provincial Department of Agriculture consists of some thirty-six agricultural representatives who with their director and assistant director have become key professional workers In the newly constituted Saskatchewan 1Co-operative Agricultural Extension Program* Although this service as presently envisioned has de­ veloped sine# November, 1944, the nucleus of it appeared as far bach as 1914* Thirty-two years of develops ant makes It ^Th® bureau of Publications, lour Aftrloultwral Repr©senta11ye Service* pp. 2-3* 66 an old agency In a province which Is celebrating its forty- second birthday* In the sleveath Annual, Be port of the De­ partment of Agriculture for 1916 there appears brief mention of consideration given to the proposal to establish a *dis­ trict representative service*11 In response to this proposal four mmn holding the degree of Bachelor of he lone# in Agri­ culture from the Manitoba Agricultural College were employed In the spring;, of 1915* In addition to their diplomas these men were possessed of certain practical qualifications hav­ ing, *11 wed the greater .part of their lives on farms in Western Canada** and knowing well the conditions of western agriculture* That this new service should have been insti­ tuted at this particular time was an indication that Saskatchewan*s destiny had already been foreseen. The serious loss resulting from the crop failure in 8:*s;th-*e3itrn Saskalol.er;* ' in 1?1A which, ecu If have been largely averted by rirot tillage methods* satphsi sited the r>*ihv for pet erectly located repre­ sentatives of the department in that large and import ; . : i t section of t* f or?vines* These four ssen in districts which dic-tanc* rrust have mane forbidding were expeotef to perform sMlfcld tarks, fict only ware they to demonstrate better sn€?thods of predic­ tion* but they 5f*srt to encourage dl verslfl cation of produc­ tion* oTomot& young people* s societies’.* &nd assist In improving rural life* Apparently wheat had already begun to unhinge the economy of ?a skatohew&n # for they were to look «*> ■ Department of Ag.rieu.1 iure of tie Province of Sn skat che­ wan* [rlcventh Annual Report, p. 12. 67 to securing• stable markets and profitable prices for that product, and to assist in establishing-, cooperative associa­ tions and creameries*^ The range of duties of the new agri­ cultural representatives showed that there were already present certain fixed notions about how to improve agricul­ ture In Saskatchewan: (1) security was to be achieved by diversification; (2) stability was a goal to be sought; (3) profitable prices were the ouaineas of the district representative; and (4) the way to get good returns was through cooperative associations* On© other important item was suggested, in this first report. The district represen­ tatives were to assist in promoting agricultural societies. The link with the University was therefore already forged; for the societies were a responsibility of the director of agricultural extension at the University of Saskatchewan* Arrmng@men.ts for the service were disrupted by the first world war. Through the years, the number of represen­ tatives Increased, but the service lacked vitality. .During the depression the function of the agricultural representa­ tives was weighted by the administrative burden of dispens­ ing relief* There were sixteen representatives at the 4outbreak of the second world war* Following; the coming;. Into power of the cooperative commonwealth government, steps were taken to expand and i»- ^Ibid., p. 13* 4 Guide to Farm Practice in Saskatchewan, p. 153• 66 prove the service* On March 30, 1945§ the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan enacted The Agricultural Represen­ tatives Act* 1945, which provided the framework for the re- organisation* instead of being a small and unimportant part of the deputy minister1s organisation* the agricultural rep­ resentatives were provided with a director and subsequently an assistant director who could devote full time to building up and supervising the service. Although the spirit of the act would, indicate that the province was to bear the main burden of expense, the Rural Municipal Act was amended at the same time to permit use of municipal funds for agrioul- 5t u r a l representative work. The basic framework of the organisation was changed fro® that of twenty-one representative districts* 1944, con­ taining an average of about 6,500 farms to that of thirty- six districts containing approximately 3,500 to 4,000 farms. The number of farms per district varies with the type of farming* At the present time, for Instance, district four, which is a ranching area, contains only 1600 farms. Each district corresponds to an Agricultural Conservation and Improvement District as defined in the agricultural represen­ tatives act, being composed of such rural municipalities and Ibid.. p. 163. See also Bill No. 89 of 1945 of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan* An Act Respecting Agricultural Rep re se nta11ve m* 6Department of Agriculture of the Province of Saskatchewan, Thirty-SInth Annual Report* p. 191* and Inter­ views with M* E. Hartnett and E* S. SrookeXbank, February 3, 194?. 6 9 local Im p ro ve m e n t districts at the lAmutm^m,n% Governor in Council may as of Jamie ry, 1947f one agricultur­ al representative ted. been appointed for each of the thirty six districts* The increase in two years fro® twentyon© to thirty-six representatives and' the increased ®ppronrlatione# as well as otter provision© for the service, are manI f e a ta11one of a fundamental change which Department of AgrtouIture lemaers appear to he trying to bring about* This change does not mmmm to be concerned primsrily with purposes, hut ratter with pro feee Iona It eat Ion of staff ambers and. with vitalising, work tsong the farmers. Professlonalising the staff Is compounded of a variety of elements many of the® having to do with giving agrieultur* al representative© a feeling of status* fne present deputy minister who Is credited with having initiated the reorganl- sailon points out that all the agricultural re or# eenta ti ves appointed under the new act must be graduates of colleges of agriculture* The recently appointed director Indicates that though the reorganisation ha® taken place since the last change in the provincial government, there is no thought of replacing past appointees in the service with other eandl- dates* Mew men are to be employed only as additional places become available in an expanded pro gram* The agricultural 7 department of Agriculture of the Province of Santatehewan* Agricultural Reareeentative Service (miaeo- gr&phed eheet}, "'SaSary''"S 'r"x’^ -^T*'1 w 1 TO representatives mu&% he made to feel secure in their jobs, and have rights and privilege** accorded permanent civil ser­ vants, these statements are reinforced by such comments from leaders as Agricultural representatives are on high priority,1'1 meaning that they will receive favorable eons id- a eration In appropriations of the Legislature, It might be inferred from such statements that an effort was being made to remove the service fro® the vagaries of political fortune* The appointment of a director* and assistant director appears to be another step In the same direction* Individual agricultural representatives thus be­ come responsible to their own head rather than directly to the Minister of Agriculture whose other duties are legion* The planning responsibilities of the new directors are partly shared by those of four newly appointed supervisors, experi­ enced men, who are responsible for direct control of agri­ cultural representatives within each of their areas* These mmn have been relieved of responsibility for particular districts in order that they may give their full tisae to coordinating work within their several areas* Efforts are made to free the representatives from feel­ ing they are bound by fixed jobs. In his opening remarks to the agricultural representatives at a conference, February 6, tbs director insisted that *nobody expects agricultural rep­ resentatives to be yes-iaen.** if they did not agree with the . A* Hartnett at Agricultural Eepresentatives Confer­ ence, February 6, 19^7* n pulley of the eervloet ho urged, they ought to say so in earthy I t B f m p that could be readily understood* An examination of the background of the present direc­ tor, who was .for many years professor of agricultural titan* slots, reveals son© attempt to Ilins, the service witn profes­ sional educational Institutions* Mrior to cw. oleting plans for the reorganisation, to# deputy minister *- the director studied extCfiSlon education at the mwmmr school of to# Colorado Agricultural and neoromleai College * Men from educational and technical institutions* are .in­ vited to addrase the agricultural representatives* not only on questions of technical agriculture but an matters relating to thetr interpretation of the agricultural representative service• In a ©inference of December, 1946, a .Dominion Department of Agriculture man was Invited to speak os *fhe Monition. of the Dominion repartment of Agriculture 'Services in the do-operative Extension P r o g r a m A t the seme confer­ ence tlit Dean of tne College of Agriculture, Univera1iy of Saskatchewan, preoented hie views on how u*# agricultural representative might operate sib ta agricultural l#as#r in g his district* umn mr® required to attend regular training conferences, mn& are urged to read such professional mater­ ials as tin® fluid e to Furs l*raotice la i&a&atobew.&jn* fheir old form of r® port in?? has been replaced by now etaann 1 8a equal to half the number named by the municipality and to m appointed by the provincial advisory council, and the district agricultural representative. Besides sallag technical agri- cultural information available to local committees, the dis­ trict boards are charged with advising, the Minister of Agri­ culture and his department, planning a comprehensive farm program for the district, and making useful recommendstions to the local agricultural eoaslttess.26 A© the precis® nature of the district board’s work is still in question, Thomas Howies, agricultural representa­ tive of district thirty-three, was asked to report at the agricultural representatives conference, February 7, 19^7, on the first board aeebing held in his district* He summar­ ised procedures, indicated weak ana strong elements, and stressed the Importance cf laying the proper groundwork. Before the district board pasting, ,*c called on each member of the board, discussing with klm tra kinds of problems which logically might be of interest to an entire district. Out of these discussions came a list of concrete problems which might be reasonably tackled and solved by the board and of which each board member was informed. As district thirty-three is a mixed, farming area, with black soils and degraded black soils, questions for discus­ sion included a eonsideration of the dry lake problem and of community pastures* Mr* Howies praised the board members for appearing with facts In hano, ino iu&ing maps of area affected and information about feasibility of m e n projects 2%fe# Bureau of Publications. Your Agriculture. 1 Repre­ sentative Service, p. 5* 83 as community pastures. Despite careful planning, the prob­ lems selected were not unifonly significant to all members of the board, because in an area as large as district thirty*three farm problems are sharply varied, inly six out of the nine members were Interested In dry lakes. Mr. Howies feels that it may be almost ImposslDl© to secure a single prdblea which will have significance Ibr all members• Ha scored himself for having neglected on© board member in pre­ liminary visits, because that was the only man who -did not appear for the meeting; and he suggested that an invitation to the initial meeting, would carry more prestige*value if issued by the Minister of Agriculture or the deputy, rather than by the agricultural representative. Mr. Rowles continuously stressed the psychological ele­ ments in the situation. He described in. some detail the personalities of board members, and the sense or feel of the meeting. Members were not quit® sure whether they were doing the right thing, he believed, they were somewhat deflated by being told by a visiting agricultural expert that their earnest resolution on community pastures would, do little good In councils of state because authorities were already in accord with the sens® of the resolution. Bowles drew the moral that board ©embers had. to be made to feel important and to be activated, to teamwork. He closed with the happy thought that the board had met for only one day which was entirely satisfactory * a two-day meeting would only have en­ couraged members to use one day to set up agenda for the second day. Oof fee and calces at board meeting intermission 84 were a satisfying touch.^ Am a final step In assuring coSdlnation of agricultur­ al services available to Saskatchewan farmers, there Is a provincial advisory council which is not directly connected with either the local committees or the district boards. Beyond serving as a codrdinating agency, it Is charged with advising the Agricultural Representative Service on develop­ ment of specific farm programs, appointing members of dis­ trict boards, and acting as an advisory body to the provin­ cial Department of Agriculture. It consists of the -Deputy Minister of Agriculture, the Deputy Minister of Municipal Affairs, the Dean of the College of Agriculture, the direc­ tor of the Agricultural Representative Service, the directors of the Extension Department and of the Department of Women*s Work, University of Saskatchewan, and one member each appointed by the Deputy .Ministar of Agriculture for Canada, the Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities, the Saskatchewan Federation of Agriculture and the Saskatchewan Livestock Board. In actual practice a committee of the coun­ cil consisting of the superintendent of the Experimental Far® at Swift Current {representing the Dominion), the direc­ tor of the Extension Department (representing the Universi tyi and the director of the agricultural representatives f. Howies* ^Report on a District Board Meeting.#w Agricultural Representatives Conference, February 7, 194?. 85 coordinate the work of other agencies In relation to the pg Agrlcultural Representative Service. Figure 1 shows In graphic fora how the Agricultural Representative Service envisions the Saskatchewan go-operative Agricultural Sxteaslon Program. 28The Bureau of Ptx'blications, tour Agricultural Eenrese&ta 11 ve Service, p. 8; and interview with M* E. Hartnett, February 3, 1947* Figure SASKATCHEWAN CO-OPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROGRAM M IN IS T E R of A G R IC U LTU R E 1 ---- DEPUTY MINISTER P R O V I N C I A L A D V I S O R Y C O U N C I L SUGGESTED AVENUES FOR RURAL IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT BOARD S A S K A T C H E W A N A G R I C U L T U R E C O M M U N I T Y D E V E L O P M E N T — 13 — ^fti@ Bureau of publications* %our Agricultural Repr®aeiata11 ve Servlee, p* 13. 8? Be#pita the fast that the Agricultural Bepresent&tlve Service give a the sense of 11 be coming*1 rather than of '•being*, it 1ms many accomplishments to its credit* Historically a basis has been laid for activities of agricultural represen­ tatives and men are available fro© the pr©-1944 program to assist in developing the present one* The report for the fiscal year ending April 30, 19A6 shows the continuing, ef­ fects of the war* Agricultural representative activities are organised under the following, heading®i Cl) Investigations on behalf of the armed service® (2} Faria labour (3) Establishment of veterans (4) E* M* Councils and agricultural conservation and improvement committee® (5) Field crop Improvement (6) Livestock Improvement (7) General^0 Agricultural education Is carried on through these ac­ tivities not by cut and dried lectures or demonstrations, but by using whatever technique Is necessary to fit the situation in hand* Agricultural representatives assist in organising agricultural improvement and farm labor committees* veterinary districts, and Junior clubs* They supplement their work In organisation by assisting committee® or clubs to choose projects and Implement them, they give demons trac­ tions or arrange for demonstrations at fairs, field days, or general meetings on such matters as sheepshearing, proper use of farm machinery, beekeeping, and horticulture. They 30.Department of Agriculture of the Province of Sas­ katchewan* * Third Annual Report of the 'Director of the Agricultural Representative Service,* pp* 120 and 123* teach veterans newly com© to farms and established farmers through Individual counsel oa mqnXpmmrt, b u t Idlngs, and farm practices# Many farmers visit the office of the agricultur­ al representstive to get bulletins and receive help* direct assistance is given by the agricultural representative to the farmer in securing seed, sprayers, and herbicides, and in organising pure-bred cattle sales# Some agricultural representatives, after conference with Dominion and Univer­ sity authorities, seeded, fertiliser on legumes grown on grey bush soil, and arranged for seeding of legumes In order that plots might be available for demonstration to farmers* occa­ sionally agricultural representatives give talks before municipal councils explaining particular agricultural poli­ cies, or before farm groups on a variety of topics#^ A summary of activities for the period from May X to December 31# 1946, a period not as influenced as the entire fiscal year 1946 by war activities, will be found in Appen­ dix A. The broad character of the agricultural representa­ tive^ activities can be ascertained from a study of it- He interviews farmers at bom« and in his office, in person or by telephone# distributes pamphlets and bulletins as well saw press publicity; gives radio talks or assists in preparing, talks; shows films; attends agricultural comaIttee meetins®» veterinary boards, and instructional meeting®; judges or as­ sists at fairs; promotes and assists at demonstrations and 51lold., pp. 119-133. field days; organises and assists in junior activities; gives talks; and attends a miscellany of other types of meetings. Activities not covered by the list so specified can be as- soiied to be Included in the breakdown of days in office (2,23?) and days in the field (4,481 or sixty-seven per cent of the time); or by the Item called ?Days worked with adults•* Activities should be judged in terse of stated objec­ tives of the Agricultural Representative Service, the goals of the service can be inferred from frequent ©njolaments to agricultural representatives. In one of the bulletins recommended to them, is this statements Any program In Agricultural development must take into considerations 1. The needs of the farmer kml the particular district In which is© re aid©®. 2. The co-operation of the farmer in the hand­ ling of his own problems. 3* Projects which will be of actual financial benefit to the farmer. 4. Long time planning, with a view to providing, a more stable Agriculture by; (a) m k Ing the farm a more profitable place to live. (b) Stabilizing the fans income by means of diversification where possible. (c) Making the farm home a more pleasant place to live by improvement of surroundings. (d) Stimulating community betterment. («> Encouraging co-operation with & view to reducing production and marketing costs.>2 The Honorable I. 0. Kollet, provincial Minister of Agri­ culture, suggests that the agricultural representative should look on the whole province as one farm, within that ^Agricultural Representative Service. A, dup.grested kprlcultural ProCTam for 3askatohewan. p. 1. framework fee should encourage people to discuss the economic position of agriculture, and should give some study to «odo- logical problem®• If the province la ono farm, then one way to achieve stabilization is to work for greater diversifica­ tion. The agricultural representative must 11 lick the prob­ lem of the dry years,* and must assist in securing greater volume of production. CoSperative farming, too, must some In for its simre of attention in solving the economic 32problems of agriculture# the theme of stabilization is carried on ©y the deputy minister. F&ra production, fee says, should be thought of In terms of marketing. If it Is so viewed, stabilization can be achieved, fey two means; (1) the best use of land, and {2} maintaining living standards of people * Under the second means fee put® priority on encouraging people to remain on farms and on diversifying to meet the demands of world mar­ kets * 3askatehewan is not and should not be tied to a wheat economy# He continue® with an enjoinder that to carry out this program the Agricultural Representative Service should not spread itself too thin but should devote Its energies to & few major problems such, as (1) building a feed reserve (necessary for livestock growing in a diversified economy); (2) persuading to better land use with resultant Improvement in cultural practices and in diverting non-arable land® to pasture5 (3) working, filth junior groups to the extent of * C« Kollet* Agricultural representatives loafer- enoa, ?e'oruary 6 , 19^7* 91 twenty to thirty per cent of the time\ and (4) using a iasa 35approach through radio, proos, and largo cieetings* One of hue supervisors indicates that hi s favorite defi­ nition of agricultural extension to that given by the direc­ tors **To Garry useful Information to rural pooole * * The object of this activity is ’* improving farm living*1 or *rais- lag the standard of living* on the farm* this requires (1) a suitable farm efficiently operated, (2) an adequate f a n home with attractive surround­ ings and sufficient farm q u a Idings to meet the needs of the far®, (3) some thought for posteri­ ty, which means succeeding generations can continue to far® on this land * A summary of ourpbses, objectives, and procedures of the Agricultural Representative Service can be derived from the foregoing, statements* The service is devoted to raising the standard, of living of the Saskatchewan farm family through making agriculture a more profitable occupation and through, improving the conditions of daily living* These latter two objectives are to be achieved by < 1) encouraging farmers to take a more active part in solving their own problems, (2) emphasising land utilisation and diversifica­ tion of agriculture, (3) encouraging young people in club work which will promote better agricultural practices, <4) utilising such other methods of isaas media ms will pro­ mote the general purposes of the program., and (5) J'U * E. Hartnett* Agricultural Representatives donfev m o@, Fe bruary 7 * 194? * 34 ^A. 31a oka took* blfeh.il ants « 92 stimulating hose and ooanmnity betterment. With this summary in mind, tt is useful to look at one activity of the agricultural representative, the field day, as outlined In Table XVII• Some of these field days were „ . ,,,T -35j i«4. i •' ■»«- Field Days and Demons t ra bl o n s Participated in by Agricultural Representatives, day 1 to Deceit her 31, 1546 field Days .Relating to Drop Growing Field Days hot Eclating to drop Growl lip: hind dumber Attendance hind ' lumber Attendance "f’r._.va ra machinery 104 hoed 16 Insect 2 Barley 5 12,336 850 70 10? sortIculture and Bees 9 Poultry 2? Sheep 15 miscellaneous 8 355 898 405 1,045 Total 127 13,363 59 2,703 sponsored by agricultural committees, and thus farmer© were encouraged to take a part In solving their own -problems. .Land utilisation is served by some of these field days, out they do not emphasise diversification. The largest attend­ ance was at farm machinery field flays and these- were proba­ bly attended bg those Interestin’! In n o w i n c wheat. hone of these field days appear to be related;! to home and ecxsriun ity betterment, (unless those In the miscellaneous category are such). An occasional comment as the fallowing,, however, in­ dicates tha t events other than main demonstrath. ns are scheduled: ^Adapted from table In Appendix 93 Th® fils* *Kitenen Ooiaes true* has proven valuable and interest!nr; to farm wo^en and can bo shown at these field days aIons with a discussion and dis­ tribution of the Department of Pecans truetian buiUuiiis ''Modernising 'farm Hoses1', and *A Guide to Farm Home Planning and Modernization.* bp attracting the far® wofign to these field days more farmers turn out *36 Another way of ascertaining the meaning of the &grioul- tuml Representative Service is to study those activities which representatives consider the most important phases of their worfe* Highlights previously discussed provide such a medium. €f the thirty-five reports submitted9 seventoon were written either by new agents who could do no more than recount their training experiences, or by men who toox the opportunity to summarise the year's work. Highlights as noted by the remaining eighteen representstIves are summar­ ised in Table XVIII. The first two items have been couched In general terms* Setting uo and wording with agricultural committees has been described, in another section, and strictly speaking junior club work la not adult education. This table does not indicate distribution of the representative's time, but an evaluation of I tone to which he devoted his time* 36 ....•V. K. Merryweather• Hxgn.ilF.ntB. 94 57 Highlight* of ©^nt: -of Eighteen .gricultureI FeprecentstIves* Rina o f A c t iv ity □#r o 2 < 3- S* ©#tiia.p vio and' wording" with agrleuI tura committees Junior :iub wpric Livestock projects r:epre s«m ia 11 vs® & * b* e* a# *« f * *i* 1* J • c# 1. m *e t ^®o©n litter oo^ petition Feed and fodder survey implementing* Funioipal Boar Polley Hlvestoe* improvement through br#ac t m t 1 r*c f© r dlBmm*e IP#v#lopi iif, oaasran i ty pa ® turem Developing feed a nf fedder r#«#rv#® Implementing Veterinary "orvJ o© .Pet Implementing tzmlnlon Pas uni ,mil Palioy Frlfi0# Albert !%t dattle *atc «»?r* *fcow Activity of swine breeders Flucing gilts and boar® imptas: ri pur# bred sir# and fa free area® laid day® relating, to livestock 4* Cultivation projects a* *1 ald days 1* o t r i g combine field day® b* »Inter wl*i survey c* eed control d* fertiliser trials •« ^oll teste f* Treating leafy spurge S* £»teblishi»fs demonsir®tion plots fiu SJeveloplng c'teill in handling t^ rey bush soils ther l*nd utilisation projects a« jw%n£ s i i te a r s iim l lands to g rass b* * Ilocating lands for veterans e* at#r project® 6m Horticulture b. c* Aficoarmgiag fermsrs to be growers of certl flea potato seed Farm yard aad mrden competition bt&lnln* exhibitors for Provincial Frtilt tow 6.» Field c horticulture mud. beekeeping 'leeellaneous a* . a king individual contact® with f are* era b« n e t t in g fa to co rn er i newsoa *cr c# lending o ut agricultural repre®e“ t^tlw© d# .■sta&Ushing agricultural libraries #• i©curing office and stenogra©her f* ^xrm variety shows g* p hawing films nr* slides lu oecomliig eeo~tre&® of honey producers association i * * "’i ~® 14 is? i i t 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 a 3 1 I 1 1 1 I X I I 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 i i 95 These eighteen agricultural representatives tend to highlight events consistent with certain objectives of their service. Fourteen of the eighteen men stress the a g r icul- tural committee which encourages the farmer to help in solv­ ing his own problems; and twelve of eighteen., junior club work which promotes better cultural practices among young farmers*to-be• The challenge to assist the farmer in diver­ sifying his economy is met by livestock and horticulture projects. Mass media are relatively unimportant in the thinking of these agricultural representatives. Only one m m wmm in­ terested tn showing films and slides and another in using the local newspaper. There are plans underway, however, for assisting the agricultural representatives through a radio program, and until this comes into a©lag. there may be continued lack of interest in the item. The matter of stimulating hose and community betterment is not prominent in the thinking of agricultural representa­ tives. Cue man mentions home improvement, and another, a farm yard and garden competition. From the objectives of the service, it is inferred that the agricultural representative must be skilled in scientific agriculture and must know how to work with farm people. The philosophy of leaders of the .service is that in working with farm people, nationality and language differences should be minimised. Though some agricultural representatives may have Ukrainian names, they are not selected because they are 96 Ukrainians nor have they necessarily been placed in 38Ukrainian districts* Correspondingly few agricultural representatives relate group differences in highlights of their work. One man in district twenty-one, however, points out that there appear to be different ways of working with German as contrasted with Ukrainian groups. lith the latter, one must find the natural leader ana work through him*. An­ other man suggests that perhaps he .has insufficient Infoma- 39tion about farm families and their interests. In view of the broad objectives of the Agricultural Representative Service and the sociological problems which representatives have raised, it seems pertinent to study the background and training of the representatives• The direc­ tor states that men appointed at present ami In the future will probably be graduates of the College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan. In the University calendar is this statement: The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture will be conferred on students who have met all the requirements governing the General Course or one of the Specialised Courses and have obtained a sufficiently high stand lug; as judged, by an award of merit points* Tb© general course requires in fields not strictly agricul­ ture such subjects as English, economics, the natural ^Interview with £* E. Brock©Ibank, February 5, 1947, • on philosophy of 1. S. Hartnett who is credited with originating, plans for the reorganised. Agricultural R©presen­ ts ti ve Be rvi ee. ^.D. Bluchaniak and. L* S. Stalwick. Highlights. 97 sciences, physical training; and in the fourth year students may elect political science, mathematics, economics, philoso- phy a nd history, or history of ©??rtculture« All other courses are in technical agriculture, and electives in th© fourth year In that area outnumber the non-vocattona1 courses* If the student takes Spec.lali.aed courses, his speciallnation ordinarily comes in the fourth year in such fields as animal husbandry, field husbandry, farm mechanics, farm management, dairying,, poultry, horticulture, soils, soils and farm man­ agement, economics, and biology* Those who desire to special­ ize in agricultural chemistry must do so In both the third and fourth years* The calendar states that the College of Agriculture alms at fitting graduates *aot only for farming:, but for leadership and good citizenship.** However, politi­ cal science is an elective, and there- are included no such courses as rural sociology, general or educational psychology, history and development of farm organizations, teaching 40 vocational agriculture, or rural leadership. Gaming to the Agricultural Representative Service with training primarily in technical agriculture and with farming experience, representatives are given assistance intermit* tently through training conferences* fable XIX lists topics discussed at two recent conferences• U n i v e r s i t y of Saskatchewan• Calendar of the, univer­ sity of Saskatchewan Session 1946-4?, pp. 119-145. *■* 98 41TABLE X I X A Topios Discussed at Two Agricultural Representative Conferences Topics of Conference Pec. la-20 * 1946 Introduction, Cloister of Agriculture The'ftole of the 01strict Board in toe Co-operativ© Agri * Ext. Program The Position of Dos* Deot, * of Agri. Services in the Co-op* Ext. Program Ex t@nsion .?hi 1 osophie«, Objectives and. Methods A 194? Program for Junior Clubs in Saskatchewan Plans for Farm Boys# and Girls’ Camps Sask’s Crown Lands and Poli­ cies for the Administration of them Acquisition of privately Owned Lands In Community Pastures h Soils -van’s Ideas of a Land Use Program Grass and land Use Problems Problems in Land Use in Chaplin R. Mm Prelim. Results of the lork with Selective Herbicides in 1945 and. 1946 at the Hesearch Laboratory o f Plant Ssology, Univ. of 3askatonewan The Role of the Agrl• Representative as the Agrl. .Leader in his District. Extent of Assistance in sub­ ject matter--Sp©eialists who may be available to Agrl* Representatives In 1 9 4 7 from the University Agricultural Production for Panada________ ___________________ Topics of Conference Feb* 6-7. 1947____ Introduction, Minister of Agriculture Field Day arrangements Parole Ely Campaign A ’and Use Program -i3) >sltion of Private lands in Community Pasture Plane f o r a Feed and Fodder Conservation Program Forage Drops Extension Program Progress Report on the Radio and Information Division of the Agri. Fee. Branch Farm Safety and Accident Reporting Objectives and Plans for an ®SS Prod, and Improvement Program Field Pest Situation and Plans for Control Objectives and Plans for a Swine Prod, and Improvement Program Swine Equipment Additions to Field Day Program Report on a District Board Meeting Th© Place of the *<* ricultural Representative >©rvic© In 3taolliming. Agricultural Production 41From Esport of Proceedings of the Agrlaultura *. . -apre­ sents tl yes Oonfereno©. December 12-20* 19S o T 'and'"?ropo Agenda, for Agricultural He ores a n tat 1 vac Sonferenco, February o and 7 $ 1947. 99 Professional trairila#r an University training, la hea vily weighted in the direction of woaatlor*&l agriculture* I1 ha objective of ho-sie and community receives little attention in either program, and there are very few topics addressed to how to work with farm people* Technical men from other branches of the Department of Agriculture or from other departments of the government may be asked, to help or may ask for help through the Agricultur* al Representative Service. One service, however, is specif­ ically planned to aid the agricultural representative. This is a series of radio programs which wore to have begun on larch. 1, 194?* The supervisor of the Radio and Information Division, Department of Agriculture, says that these pro­ posed far® radio programs are composed, of three parts* The first is simplified and "Jazzed up* technical agricultural information, *straight production information#* The super* vieor*s contention is that most agricultural information has been so technical as to be Incoherent to any except persons with a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture degree* The sec* ond is an up-to-date news service on materials of interest to farmers, as progress on cooperation, rural electrifica­ tion* The third part consists of announcements of activi­ ties and achievements of f a m organisations * Th® supervisor feels that the program, will beocm© Important only as the representatives supoort It by sending in news items and re­ quests of listeners, so that as an extension method it is *integrated into a comolet* agricultural extension 1O0 »4aprograi/ 2* Agricultural Adult Education Services of tin® University of Saskatchewan* In the College of Agriculture, University of Saskatche­ wan, are three departments which work directly with farmers or far© women: the Extension Department, the Sosiea's Exten­ sion Department (sometimes called the Department of Women’s W&rk) r and th® School of Agriculture* Members of trie first two departments may themselves give talks to and lead dis­ cussions In farm groups: but members of the faculty of the Extension Department tend to become administrative officers assisting groups In organization and providing them with proper facilities for their programs * In addition, the two extension departments are agencies for channeling technical services available in other departments of the College of Agriculture or in other colleges. For instance, if a farm leader should wish to secure a. judge of livestock from poul­ try husbandry or a speaker on land economics from farm man­ agement, he would probably contact the Extension Department which would secure help from the proper department and make arrangements for payment of the faculty member’s expenses* The School of Agriculture provides vocational training for young farmers or farmers-to-be who are in residence at the ^Interview wit I * 'M • Harding, February 3, 1947, and speech by W. h* Bard* ^ at Agricultural Representatives Conference, February ?, 1947* For a statement on Rad1o as a Uedlum for Agrl,eu 11u.ra 1 Extension» see Appendix d* 1 0 1 University for x»n& one or two years o f tps I n •«. xtg, * ‘fhe obi la&ophy und or lying these three agricultural adult education services is that help should be given when requested* &one of the department# doe© promotion work, though each has printed or mimeographed circulars stating what services are available to farm organ!zatlons or individuals from farm families*^ Certain, activities now o©lng. carried by the .Extension Deperteent were begun under the provincial Department of Ag­ riculture where tney were incorporated In the duties of th© superintendent of fairs and institutes* la the 1910 report of the Department of Agriculture appears a statement of Dr. P. Hadley Au'ld to the effect that his official connec­ tion with to© Department of Agriculture as superintendent of fairs and Institutes had terminated on February 28 9 1910, when he was appointed director of Agricultural Extension for the University of Saskatchewan. At the same time the agricultural societies sponsored by the Department of Agri­ culture and the chief medium through wnleh fairs and. Insti­ tutes were promoted were transferred to the oar© of the University. *Tr;© Dirac?tor of Extension has therefore, since the opening of th© College cf Agriculture, acted as the 4* * Interviews with John GU Bayner, February 17, 194?, and Bertha 0* Oxner February 19, 1947* 44 Department of Agriculture of tii© fro vines of la skate he wan* Sixth Annual Report.* p. 171* 102 agen1 of th© Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture, unamr the general administration of th© Deputy Minister, in super- vising the affairs of th© agricultural societies ,*45 On Hay X, X92B, another act was passed by the .Legisla­ ture ereating the horticultural societies, theme also are KK supervised. by tne bxtension Department. Apart fro® these two sets of societies which operate as media close at Land through which the purposes of extension c&n he carried out* * ex ten si on wo r A Is carried on t hro ugh * * * * Horn &mt% 'mm* C1 u &s, organised farmers’ associations, Boys’ and Girls* Agricul­ tural Clues, Girls’ Horn®cmft Clubs, Study Clubs, and any . Ay- other groups that call upon the College for assistance# In fable XX will be found a list of rural organizations with which the Extension Department cooperated in 1940. the alias of the Extension Department as stated in the University Calendar are to assist In sinking available to the members of fare communities in Saskatchewan all usable infomationf from all reliable sources , about fars questions, homemaking and rural life; to encourage the prac­ tical application and use of cuer information, m m to promote the development of a sound rural economy and a wholesome and attractive rural civilization* In carrying out these purposes the Department partici­ pates In such actIvities a© are listed below: ^Departoent of Agriculture of the Province of Saskatchewan* Fortieth Annua 1 Report* p* 12* ^Interview with John a. Hayner February 17, 1947 * * university 4* . .U'4sl ska tone wan. Calendar of tue univer­ sity of A aafca tefeewan Session 1946-47,' p. 141* 103 TA8T15 Rural 0r gon i za b t o is s -orken Through and Aitu oy Extension Department, 1940 type of Organisation .Number with which forked Agricultural Societies 75 Wheat Pool local Committees 143 Line Elevator Company Locals 49 Ho rticultura1 So© I et 1ea 23 Soar us of Trade 21 Agricultural Improvement Associations 18 Rural hunielpallties 17 Rotary Club® 4 K.iwanls Club 1 Kinsmen Club 1 High School Club 1 United Farmers of Sena6m locals 3 xouiiK Canadian Hub 1 Liberal Club 1 Ooimiiu.nl ty clubs 2 Catholic Ley Association 1 Co-operative Associations 2 School Boards 3 Dominion Ixperimental Faras 5 northern Areas Branch 7 Study aroups a Saskatchewan Holstein Club i Saskatcbewan Shorthorn Cluba a Retail Merchants* Association i Homemakora * Clubs 5 Dairy Herd Improvement Association 3 Total 390 Agricultural Supervises activities ©f agricultural and horti­ cultural societies Provides judges ,and speaker** for exhibitions, seed fairs, poultry shows,., field clays,, crop comneti* 48Adapted from typewritten statement given to author by John O'. Fay tier, February 18, 194? * 104 tlons, short eeurs«% rallies, ana other tyoee of educational effort Organize® and services listening. discussion grcunm for- national Farm Radio Forvm Conducts Short courses including those financed by and held at the University, and Dominion- Provincial youth training courses Provincial Seed Fair Provincial Fruit Show University Fares oe@x Provides educational assistance by mail through bulletins, eorr©soondenee Assist® in special projects such as orchard project Assists In organising, and keeping active young people*a groups such as agricultural club activities, farm boys arid girls os.fm? Educational services other than agricultural (these are sometimes referred t© as the Adult Educational Ser­ vices of the Department of Extension) Organises and services listening discussion groups of Citiaens* Forum (radio) Conducts correspondence study for adult study groups offers special courses for extra-farm groups, and on & variety of topics 105 49Loans fIlaa Special activities listed above may change from year to year. Short courses will vary in content mud in att@ndaf.ioe. Des­ criptions of these activities which are to follow should be regarded as illustrative. Th© agricultural societies whIch began in 1884 had as their original purpose sponsorship of fairs and exhibitions; and this has remained their chief emphasis though they oc­ casionally undertake other activities, To their being out- of-step with present agricultural developments Is attributed their curtailed work and effectiveness. In 1929 9 for in­ stance, the societies were reported as numbering 162 and ms 50having over 30,000 members.. In 1944 these societies num­ bered forty-seven and their members, 3,666. However, in this last year there had begun to be evident more activity 51among: the societies.' It was reported in 1945-46 that *partly because of stimulation by th© Agricultural Represen­ tatives, but largely b@ca.us© of th© transfer of energy from, war to peaceful endeavor, there is evidence of new Ilf© in Cp the Agricultural and Horticultural Societies.* ^University of Saskatchewan, galender of the Univer­ sity of Saskatchewan, Session 1946-47, pp. 141, 142, "and interviews with extension staff. 50 *John G. Eayner. *Education in Agriculture for Adults as Offered by the University of Saskatchewan,* p. 276. 51Department of Agriculture of the Province ©f Saskatchewan. Fortieth .Annual Report. pp. 12-16. ^University of Saskatchewan. Annua 1 Report of the President Academic Year 1945-46, p. 95* 1 0 6 Exhibitions held by agricultural societies involve such activities as entries of agricultural and domestic products for which prises are given and horse races with money paid In purses* During 1944 seven agricultural societies con­ ducted fat stock shows, Th® number reached by these fairs and exhibitions, of course, far exceed the number of active members, and th© latter may 'be no indication of the popular­ ity and effectiveness of the agricultural society* there would be a natural drop, for Instance, in number of socie­ ties sponsoring fairs and exhibits, merely because as transportation Is Improved farm families prefer to go to some urban center rather than to their own community grounds. The Saskatoon exhibition hoard r©sorted that 1944 may have been financially the best year in Its history, and that response exceeded expectations* A few other groups reported much th© name situation* Th© addition of special events shows a trend toward varying Interests and Increasing educa­ tional valu© of these affairs. One society -provided free tuberculosis x-ray servie© to the public on the fair grounds and experimented with a special far® machinery demonstration conducted by the University staff 4s many of these affairs are annual, money and property have been accumulated in building exhibition grounds and providing for prices. In addition, the s o c i e t i e s receive grants from the provincial Department of Agriculture, as ^Department of Agriculture of the Province of Saskatchewan. Fortieth Annual Report, pp. 13-16. 10? indicated in fable XXI* The list of meritorious activities T a b le x x i 54 Grants to Agricultural Societies by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, 1946 Regular Grants Grant Ava1lab1© Activity (Aaxianua) Exhibition ’ T25o7oo Junior Swine Olub Fair 30.00 Junior Baby Beef Club Fair 36*00 Junior Dairy Calf Club Fair 36*00 Junior Poultry Club Fair 25*00 Junior Beed Club Standing Crop Competition 10*00 Junior seed Club Seed Fair 10.00 Grants for Meritorious Activities Spring or Fall Fair 25.00 Seed and Foultry Show 25.00 Poultry Show 15*00 Seed Fair 10.00 Standing Field and Garden Competition 10*00 Educational Field Day 10.00 Sending Teams to Farm Soys* and Girls* Camps 8*00 Community Rally 8.00 Trip to Experimental Farm, the University of Saskatchewan, etc. 8.00 Agriculture Lecture 5*00 Youth braining Course 15*00 for which grants were available in 1945-46 may indicate what activities the government would like the socl©ties to under­ take. A society which sponsors a youth training., course re­ ceives $15*00 presumably towards defraying expenses for building, light and heat. It may also b© reimbursed for g * t* ~ Adapted from Extanaion Department, University of Sas­ katchewan* Grant# for 1946* p. 1. A a amount from 43*00 up, depending on the program of the society, Is the grant for meritorious activities. I1 he schedule of grants for ouch activities as given above ar© for the government year ending April 30, 1946* Essentially *■* ime amounts a re to be available in tba year hsgirinin ~ r 1, 1946. 108 bolding, a field and garden competition or an educational field day* Other activities recommenced for sponsorship by agricultural societies are radio listening groups, annual rallies, and assisting young men to attend the School of 55Agriculture. Table XXII shows the shift in emphasis from 1923 to TABL5 XXXI56 Shift in Stapbasls of Activities of Agricultural Societies 1923 - 1942 Mum be r He Id (As’ Per Cent Sponsored reported by tli© by Agricultural Activity Extension Societies Department 1923 1942 1923 1942 Agricultural exhibitions 147 38 96 93 Farm- boys and girls camps 4 18 98 teams 4 tesas Plowing matches 16 0 94 0 Crop contests 61 5 97 80 Seed and poultry shows 71 5 90 80 Farmers meetings 108 72 73 24 Boys and girls club® 0 250 0 17 Farm equipment demonstrations 0 41 0 34 Youth training courses 0 42 0 9 Far© radio forum groups 0 106 0 2 1942 of agricultural societies. Th© horticultural societies operate on much the same •principles as the agricultural societies, except that members exhibit flowers, fruits, and vegetables rather than seeds and livestock* In 1944 eleven exhibitions were held by chartered horticultural societies. In that same year there Ibid.. p. 2. 56Adapted from table In University of Saskatchewan. Annual Report of the President Academic fear 1943-44, p. 55. 109 ware 1,448 active members: more than in the preceding war 2*7 years but less than the early years of the 1930#s.* Wording In the field of horticulture in, a province ded­ icated to wheat and mechanized farming Is a difficult task* farmers, It is said, do not Ilk® truck gardens which must be cultivated by hand* Because of the reluctance of the wheat farmer to truck garden, son® of the active horticulture societies are located In cities and larger towns* The prov­ ince does not grow enough potatoes for its own use* To at­ tempt to remedy this last situation, there was recently formed the Certified Seed Potato Growers* Association of *>8which the Extension horticulturist Is the secretary. During the 1946*47 season, some ninety-six adult study- listening groups scattered over Saskatchewan have been par­ ticipating in the farm radio forum, under the general supervision of the Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan* fbe forms, begun about 1941-42, is sponsored nationally by the Canadian Association for Adult Education, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian Federation of Agriculture; and In each province it has local sponsors * In Saskatchewan these latter are the Saskatchewan Federation of Agriculture, the provincial Department of Agri­ culture, and th© Extension Department of the University* tz*r Department of Agriculture of the Province of Saskatchewan * Fortieth Annual Escort. pp. 32-3-3* ^Interview with D. ft. Robinson February 17, 194?, and University of Saskatchewan. Annual Report of the. President Academic Tear 1945-46, p. 102* 110 The provincial headquarters of the organ!z&tion Is in the Extension Department where the extension horticulturist gives a portion of his time to organization and broadcasting 59work. The fori® combines the following features; Bad.io broadoast once a week on a 03C national network, The broadcast Is usually in the fora of a discussion by three or more people. Provincial newscast by each Provincial Fs.ru Forum Secretary on' a provincial network during the last five minutes of the weakly broadcast. This Is -a news summary of Forum opinions and activities in each province based on th© Forum Findings of the preceding week. Printed study materials on the topic of the broadcast,, prepared in advance by the national Fans Pad!o Forum office and distributed to the Forums In each province by the Provincial Pa rat Forum offices. The main study material is a weekly bulletin called rtFarm Forum Guide*. Grout? dissuasion bn the Forums on the sub­ ject of the broadcast, Immediately following the broadcast* Action by the Forums• This includes: 1. Reporting the Fori® Findings (conclu­ sions of the groups) each week. 2. Sponsoring action projects of value to their own local communities.^ 3* Organizing new Forums. 0 A typical local form of farm people gathered in a home, a school, or a community center will organise a forum group n t h a chairman, and a secretary* The latter then registers th© group with the provincial secretary at the University. The local secretary receives each week for distribution the questions for discussion on the next broadcast and other 59Interview with D* . Robinson February 17 and 18, 1947, and national Farm. Radio Forum* Farm Form Handbook* 60 National Faro Raulo Forum. wo. ait»» p. 3» Ill available or pertinent material perhaps from the University’s regular farm. materials* ?h® group will probably meet regu­ larly from November through March on Monday evenings. They listen to th© broadcast from Bs30 to 9s00 p«su» tnoa meet as a group or groups for discussion of the questions mailed out by the forum office on the subject of the broad cast* Mb the conclusion of this discussion, they agree on answers nhieii will go to the provincial secretary a c tne serio© oi tuei.r meeting* Thee© answers will be used oy the secretary along with material from other fori® groups for the five-minute news summary the next week. Mailing charges and n portion of the salary of the provincial secretary w h o In the case of Saskatchewan is a regular member of the Extension staff, are supplied from small fees and fro® grants by the national sponsors. It Is estimated that the provincial secretary’s office operates on about 12,000 per year, with approximately #400 coming from the foruss and the rest from the scensorsP1 The financial statement as of April 3# 1946, »*nd for a season’s operation is given in Appendix Q* Each forum program must be geared to a Boninion-wide audience. But local adaptations can be made in*the discus­ sion group and through the materials which are sent out from the provincial office. The provincial group, furthermore, is drawn to the national forum by reason of th© fact that 61 National FSarsa Radio Forum. Op* clt*; and Interview with D. R. Robinson February 17 and 18, 1947. men fro® -their province say apnear as experts on the form* FU Stutt of the country organization department* Paokaiohe- wan Co-operative Producers Limited, particle*:,tec. in the broadcast discussion on 'December 2* 1 946, on the outjact 1 Do Scientific Advances Reach the Ft^ar?’1 Two other m&n on the same broadcast were also from Saskatchewan* ^ Topics are broadly enough phrased so that with local adaptations they can rend 11;/ be made to fit a variety of situations, as can be seen from Table XXIII * TA’SLg XXXII63 Topics of the 1946-47 Season of the national Farm Radio Form® Entitled 11 The Farmer and tha Future1 Pat® X2.PA* Date Topic Oct*28 Nov* 4 11 18 Nov* 25 Dec* 2 9 16 Jan* 6 13 Series I Are Faria Living Stand- Jan*20 srds High? What about Farm Taxes? What about Farm Home Improvements? What the Forums Say 27 Feb 3 10 17 24 Series II Is Research Meeting Farm heeds? Do Scientific Advances Beach the Farmer? What about Ohraurgy? What the Forums Say Mar* 3 Series III - 1947 Agriculture is a Risky 10 Business limt Should the World Federation Do? 1? 24 Series ill(Continued) Commodity Agreements and. Cartels what the Forums Say Series IV What Makes Prices? Are Farsi Trices Compar­ able to Industrial Prices ? Th© Future Fans Price Program that th® Forums Say Series V Have Farmers a Stake in High Wages? Would Social Security Solve the Farm Labor Problem? Who Will Farm in the Future? What the Forums Say 62 p* 1. Farm Forum Guide* Vol. 4, Number 5, December 2, 1946, 6'^ -'National Fa to Radio Forum. The Farmer and the .Future (Printed leaflet)* 113 Approximately 50 per cant of toe forums in the last two seasons have Bent In reports each week, Tho forums current­ ly reach about 500 farm families, or less than one per cent of the rural 'population.# Those H ster!.nr, however, So get a deal of concrete information about agricultural production not only through the broadcast but through a variety of sup­ plementary material, mostly on agricultural production. Bulletins sent out with the guide include those on diseases of horses, soil drifting, fertilisers, diet and health., prairie weeds, safety, the Food and Agriculture organ Isation, and the Canadian Federation of Agriculture# Agricultural adult education in a broader sense, however, Is the chief outcome of the forum# *Farmers on the prairies are frequent­ ly surprised to learn that their neighbors in ntarlo or the Mari tines hold similar views'* to t hairs a no have similar problems to solve. Sending news and views from all parts of the Dominion bach Into remote areas tends to overcome feel­ ings of remoteness and isolation# Cut of these meetings, also, have come a variety of action projects. These included sponsoring farm machinery field days, cooperating to build community halls, obtaining travelling libraries, and sponsor- 64 ing a fl&wfly control program# Because agricultural adult education agencies in 3askatshewan are trying to bridge the gap between the farmer 64Report of national Farm Radio Forum Saskatchewan Region, Season 1945-46, arid interviews wit;) Z># ft. Roolnson, February 1? and IB, 194?. 114 and the technical agricultural groups, a summary of opinions on the topic *Do Scientific Advances Beach the Farmer*1 Is of particular Interest. Forty-nine of th# Saskatchewan forums representing a total attendance of 560 persons, turned In their reports which are summarized la fable XXIV• TABLE XXI Summary of Opinions of Saskatchewan Far® People on Questions Belating to the Topic rtDo Scientific Advances Reach the Farmer** Percentage of Question and Answer Forums diving _____ Answer Question Is How has scientific Information helped you on your far®'? By providing Improved varieties of grain Improvement of livestock, Including poultry Information on the us® of fertilizers Livestock disease control Improved feeding of livestock Cereal disease control Insect control Improved machinery Proper summer fallow and other cultural methods By providing machinery demonstrations Information on weed, control Providing new varieties of vegetables Question 2: How did you get this information? Pamphlets or bulletins Farm newspapers and farm magazines Farm broadcasts Experimental farms Extension Department, University Agricultural Representatives Cth#r farmers Rural far® courses Field days gc Adapted from 'D* R. Robinson. Saskatchewan Farm Radio Forum Nummary. December 2, 1946, typewritten statement given to author. Where no .percentages are given. It Is assumed that the answer was given by so few forums as not to warrant comout1ng percehtages. 83 33 25 22 18 18 18 14 56 46 42 31 29 16 16 115 TABLE XXIV (3ont*} Summary of Opinions of Saskatchewan Faria People on Questions Relating: to the Topic 11 Oo Scientific Advances Reach the Farmer11 Percentage of Question and Answer Forums Giving Answer Question 3* Bow could Departments of Agriculture and Agricultural colleges improve their methods of bringing Information to the farmers? More field days, demonstrations and meetings 53 More agricultural films 51 Bulletins and pamphlets in plain every­ day language, better Illustrated, and more attractive 33 More Agricultural Representatives and greater use made of this service 29 More boys and girla clubs 18 More farm radio programs 18 More publicity regarding available services, meetings, demonstrations, bulletins, in newspapers and on the radio 16 Prepare and distribute a catalog of bulle­ tins with notes explaining the different topics dealt with Bulletin® mailed to all farms taxpayers More illustration stations A periodical published by Department of Agriculture and Extension workers Farm broadcast on the air between 12 and one o’clock in all time sones Farmers thesis elves should take store Interest 6 More pamphlets and bulletins Pamphlets and bulletins more readily available Enlarge the program of agricultural short courses and the youth training program An Illustration station In every •municipali­ ty* Farmers will try soa#thing, they see* Although the sampling on which Table XXIV is based is small, It probably represents highly selected people who make more than ordinary use of technical information and thus would be more than ordinarily Inclined to report ser­ vices of t@cto.ical agencies favorably. In view of efforts 116 to diversify the economy of Saskatchewan, it is significant that the largest percentage of forums reported members as being; assisted by scientific Information on improved varie­ ties of grain. Help on Improved cultural methods and summer fallow wiiiah are essential to a continuing, prosperous economy even with present emphasis on grain growing are men­ tioned by so few as not to be Indicated oy percentages* In Table XXIV answers one and two under question two should be viewed, along with suggestion number three under question three. These selected farm groups are getting their information primarily from pamphlets, bulletins, farm newspapers, and farm magazines; yet they would appreciate having, their reading matter couched in * plain everyday lan­ guage* , and *better Illustrated and more attractive.* one forum, however, proposed a scholarly piece of paper work which should bring joy to desk workers: *©e suggest that a catalogue of bulletins with proper notes explaining the sub­ ject treated on, be- distributed to all farmers and that this catalogue be kept up to date by supplements and periodic revision* Aside from its interest as an adult education method, the farm, forum offers in these weakly reports a fruitful source of information on thinking of farm people* Table XXXV is merely a summary* Opinions as they come from the group are phrased in the language of the people writing them 66 Ibid*, p. 4 I I ? and are replete with local color• beyond the uses, however, to which this information Is out for improving forums and stimulating .interest of fora members, it appears to be an unexploited. source of info motion. The Extension Department oooperat^a in offering both at the University and around the province a series of short courses which are variously financed and sponsored. These courses will change In character In accordance with the de­ mand for them and. the facilities for handling them. Because of overcrowded conditions at the University, the Extension Department offers only two courses under Its sole sponsorship in the season 1946-4?« These .are a gaso­ line and. diesel engine course of four weeks In -January, and a blacks®ithing and welding course of two weeks in February* Students will be in residence unless t h e y live at ne&roy points. Dost of courses Is met by the University ana through fees. Students may be of any age or any educational 67background* Since the depression there has bean In operation some form of joint endeavor 'between the Dominion and. the province In providing non-credit training for young people between the ages of sixteen and thirty. These courses vary In length from three days to six week®, are jointly financed by the Dominion .Department of Labour and the provincial Depart­ ment of Education, are staffed ana supervised ay the '"Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan. Short Coursea in 4gricultural Englneerl flu?. 118 Extension Department or the Department of ”<;oia@n*s Extension, and. must be sponsored by some local farm organ!zation. The sponsoring, organization is responsible for collecting fees, providing some building facilities, and publicizing the 68course. The most elaborate and colorful of these courses has been a coeducational course of six weeks duration held in the winter at the Kenosee Chalet, a resort owned u;/ the provincial government, Young people attending must pay their own transportation and five dollars per week for food and lodging, the Extension supervisor testifies that excellent board is furnished by ex pa riding no more money than that available from this fee. Budgeting the money is a part of the training of young women in home management. The instrue* tion of the latter covers home management, clothing, handi­ crafts , and horn© nursing. Lectures and demonstration for the men, given by farmers who are graduates in agriculture from the University, include material on farm motors, farm mechanics, field crops, and livestock. The Extension supervisor maintains that courses at the Keno&ee school have as their primary purpose stimulating new and broader interests. To satisfy the feeling of the young people that they should get practical help in agriculture ^Dominion-Provincial Youth Training Program 1946-47, Saskatchewan. Financial Asalstance Available to Rural Young People Wishing to Attend the S-o'Eool' of"Xgrfculture; Loren 0. Paul,1:form'fetter regarding short’ courses in agriculture supervised by the University during 1946-47» and interview with Loren U. Paul February 18, 194?• 119 for product Ion, technical agricultural material is Included; but Instructors try to impart other mm toriala arb to leave with young pecole some avocations! interests which *111 carry over after they leave th© school* Joint activities of young, man and women serve these broader purposes* They in­ clude participation In a student council, dramatics, social recreation, singing, games and physical education under the direction of personnel from the Saskatchewan Recreation move­ ment; study groups on family relationships; classes on citi­ zenship and, cooperatives; and a variety of lectures and demonstrations on such subjects as poultry dressing, farm­ stead planning,, development of labor-saving, devices for the home Other Dominion-Provincial youth training courses include a two-week general agricultural course covering farm mechan­ ics, farm motors, field crops, ooultry, horticulture, citi­ zenship, and livestock; and three-day courses covering any one of the subjects offered in the two-week course * these courses like that of six weeks must be sponsored by a local organization and will be offered only when farm organiza­ tions take the initiative in asking for them. In orber to emphasize the fact that the agricultural representative is the person who channels all agricultural effort in his com­ munity, farm organizations are urged to secure Initial 69Dominion-Provincial fouth Training Program, Saskatch­ ewan. 0o-Eclucationa 1 jfouth Training School; raid interview with Loren 0. Paul February 18^19^7* 120 information through, their agricultural representative and to ©ah# the request regarding. sponsor#hip throu**ki lixm* T h i s al­ lows the agricultural representative to assist in organising and publicising the course*^ Table XXV su&mariz>m material on Dominion-Provincial youth training for 1945-46* TABLS XXV71 Dentinion-Provincial ’iouth Training Program, 1945-46 Length of Course Number of Courses Attendance Five nonthe (School of Agriculture) Six Weeks course at university in 1 16* genera1 a gr i culture Cne month local course in general 1 12* agriculture Two weeks local course in general a 64 agriculture Three days course on far® mechanic® 41 1*250 and other topics 10 179 *These figures indicate the number assisted by the student aid program leather than the total nusg*?r in classes* The Dominion-Provincia1 youth training nr©gram allows for special aid to students as well as for money for instruc­ tors and materials. The figures for the five months and six weeks courses In Table XXV Indicate the extent of this aid* That so few students are directly aided X& attributed to the present buoyant economic condition and to the fact that TODo®inion-Provincial louth Training Program, 1946-47# Saskatchewan. Two Week Xorlcultural Short Course and un­ titled circular on rural courses and courses at- the Univer- #3. ty of Saskatchewan; and interview with Loren 0* Paul February 16, 194? . T1' Adapted from University of Saskatchewan* Annual Beport of the president Academia M r 1945-46, pp. 96 and 10?• 121 veterans may receive aid under other regulations* Veterans may utilize any of these short courses given by the Extension Department* or may attend special courses at Prince Albert* Of these latter, one in general agricul­ ture rune for six week© in the fall* spring, or winter* stud the other in farm machinery lasts for four weeks* These are both financed by the Canadlun Vocational Training Program and are under the supervision of the University. These two courses are augmented by a five months course which consti­ tutes the first year of the two year course given in the School of Agriculture at the University. The six weeks course emphasizes farm motors and machin­ ery, out includes some work on crop production, livestock, poultry# and other phases of agriculture• The four weeks course Includes the construction# operation, adjustment, and general repair of gasoline and diesel engines arid, of machin­ ery* There are tractors and engines available for the study of ignition, starting and lighting systems* valve timing, fuels, carburet!on and lubrication as well as a full line of farm machinery with which to work. Courses are taught by trained and experienced agriculturists who are also farmers, and are designed for men who will be on farms. Presumably because of this last purpose students must be recommended by the Veterans land Act authorities who have charge of assisting veterans to secure proper farming 122 land.*^ in mil of %hesm short courses it will do s@ea that emphasis is on technical agriculture and particularly farm machinery. Extension authorities are attempting to intro­ duce through supplementary lectures and discussions mater­ ials on horticulture, far® home Improvement, ani citizenship. An attempt Is made to meet the nm&d for diversification by courses on livestock and poultry. From time to time the University Extension Department gives institutes for special groups composed not of farmers but of professional people who work with faraers. The officials and field staff of the Veterans’ Land Act come in for a one week refresher course on soils and land evaluation. From time to time the Extension Department sponsors or assists In sponsoring special exhibits, fairs, or snort courses, or other kinds of education projects. One of these ie an orchard pro J.ct which may oe sponsored by an agricul­ tural society* It requires the enrollment of a minimum of six farmers who agree to undertake small farm orchards under the guidance of University officials (in this case the Ex - tension horticulturist)* The purpose of the project in to 1 Loren G. Paul, for® letter regarding short courses in agriculture supervised by 'the University of Saskatchewan, during 1946-471 Canadian Vocational training, untitled cir­ cular describing 1947 courses for ex-servicemen who plan to farm; and Interview with Loren 0. Paul February 18, 1947. "^Interviews with John F* Varey and John GharnetsKi, February 22, 194?. 123 encourage the greater use of fruits in the diet of the farm family and will demonstrate to the community the possibili­ ties in home fruit growing* Ground must be summer fallowed before being planted to orchard, orchards must be properly protected and tended, and annually the society sponsoring the orchards must hold at one of the orchards a horticultur­ al field day for which the Extension Department will provide a speaker and demonstration# The society may be reimnursed by grant from the provincial government for this project which is classified as a meritorious activity under regula­ tions governing agricultural societies# During, the past season there have been in operation some twelve such projects representing about 140 farms* Fruits required in the rtmu8t* list for the orchard are selected, varieties of orabapplee, plums, plum-cherry hybrids and cherries, red raspberries, and gooseberries; currants and strawberries may be added if 74desired.* In line with this interest in horticulture, the Exten­ sion Department and the Horticultural Societiesf Association jointly sponsor a fruit show in Saskatoon* The Extension horticulturist is the secretary of the fruit show committee. In the 1945 fair the largest number of entries were crab- apples, followed by plums* Other fruits best adapted to Saskatchewan were also shown; but some exhibitors hsd 741 Extension nppartment* University of Saskatchewan. Outline of Orchard Project; and Interview with P. R. Robinson February lS,'' 194?. 124 entered fruits not recommended for general planting, sued as grapes, banking cherries, sour cherries, pears, apricots and butternuts* It Is hoped that this fair is having an educa­ tional value, for *fro/n casual comments made by those in attendance it is apparent that many of our people are not fully awar© of the advances which have been made during the past twenty-five years in the development of 'hardy fruits for 75the prai ri e s * * ^ The big annual event at the University -and that with which the Extension Department assists is University Farm Week, held usually in the winter. This program lasting for five days gives opportunity for educational and official programs sponsored on succeeding days by the Saskatchewan Branch Canadian Seed Q-rowers’ Association, the Saskatchewan Field Husbandry Association, and the Saskatchewan Agricul­ tural Societies* Association. A special program is offered for farm women and Is arranged by the Department of doaen'i Word* In order to take advantage of all special programs going on during this week* other organizations also hold their meetings at the same time. Two of these are the Sas­ katchewan Certified Seed Potato Growers* Association and the Saskatchewan Agricultural (Soilage Grads* Association. During the 194? meetings the seed growers listened to such Illuminating addresses as 11 The Effects of 2-4-D Upon the Wheat Plant1*. The agricultural societies spent a 75 0. R. Robinson. Heport of Second Saskatchewan Provincial Fruit Show. pZ T."^ " 125 considerable tlme learning how to promote junior club groups and what were opportunities In education for rural young people* During this week there is held the Provincial deed Fair for which a member of the Extension staff is in charge of exhibits* An attendance at the fair of 700 was reported for 1945-46; but some doubt has been expressed as to the value of the .Provincial Seed Fair as presently organized. In 1931* for Instance, 231 exhibitors entered $44 exhibits and 12*366 in prizes were paid out* I n 1946 only 95 exhibi­ tors participated with 178 exhibits, and iJ725 were given In *76 prize money* ' The Extension 'Department is charged with publishing all bulletins addressed to the f a r m e r on Saskatchewan production problems. These may be secured by farmer si writing for them* Table KXVI lists bulletins available in 1947* It will be seen that sain emphasis is on agricultural production. A few other mimeographed bulletins are available in the several departments of the College of Agriculture. Much agricultural adult education la also done by mem­ bers of the Extension staff and of the College of Agricul­ ture, who answer voluminous correspondence from farmers. *76 College of Agriculture, Uni varsity of Saskatchewan, Programme of University Farm Weqk January 6-10, 1947; and University' of Saskatchewan Annual Be port of the. Fra aidant Academic 7®ar 1945-46, p. 957' 1 26 TABLE XXVI7? Bulletins t o r Distribution from the Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan, 194? Subject Agricultural Km%l nee ring. Farm Work 3bop Grain Binder Adjustments the Automobile and. Farm .Light­ ing Plant storage Battery Gasol 1 ne Eng 1 ne I gni 11 on The Traetor"sweep Maintenance and Operation of the Plow and One-way 01so Engine Fuels Engine Lubrication The Header and Header Barge for Grain Harvesting Water and. Disposal Systems for Hoses in Rural 3a skatefaewan Seed Gleaning on the Far® Maintenance and Overhaul of the Far® Tractor Live Stock The Herd Boar Swln© Production In Saskatche­ wan Movable Summer Pens for Pigs Piggeries Care and 'Management of Horses on the Farm Breeding and Feeding Beef Cattle Care and Management of Sheep on the Farm Dressing and Curing pork on the Farm The Mineral Needs of Far® Animals The Cax*e and Feeding of .Dairy Cattle Subject Wheat as a Feed for Pigs and Other Live Stock Some Commpn. Diseases of Horses and Cattle in Saskatchewan Parasites of .Live Stock Problems of Ergot in Feed and Seed Types and Breeds of Farm Live Stock A portable Feed Hack for Cattle Field Crops iheat Varieties and Their Production Oat Varieties and Their Production The Growing of Flax Flax Diseases Rye Production in Saskatche­ wan Root-Rot Disease** of Cereals Sweet Clover in r*skatchew&n Alfalfa Seed Pro untion on the Grey Woodec *oils of No rthern Las La tohewan Crested wheat Grass Helps in the Control of Perennial Reeds Varieties of Grain Crops for Saskatchewan Dairying Butter faking on the Farm Cheese -ax1ng on the Farra Variations In Butterfat Con­ tent of LiIk and Cream Testing LiIk and Cream for Butterf&t 77’Adapted fro® printed circular* Extension Department* University of Saskatchewan- Bulletins * 127 ta b l e x x v i (Oont* > Bulletins for Distribution from the Extension Departments Uni varsity of Saskatchewan, 1947 Subject Subj act Care and Ba-nagc-mont of Baby Chicks Home-Made Brooders Flock Improvement and. Pedi­ gree Poultry Breeding Rais 1 n g. Turkey a Avian Tuberculosis Judging for 15gg Production Feeding of Poultry Fattening Poultry for Market How to El11 and Pluck Poultry Poultry Housing Farts Management Sim re Rental Terms far Saskatchewan Farms Ho rt 1 cui. ture Horticulture in Saskatchewan Vegetable Gardening In S&ska w o he wan The Preparation and. Judging of Ho rticultura1 Exhi bits Fruit Gardening In Sa skatehewan #1g oe1 lane oua Guide to Fans Practice in 3a skatohew&n H.ainf 1 1. R e c o to .s In 3 a t o h e v a n fert11a%%rn In 3askatehewan Stock Judging for Boys Grain Judging for Soys The Effects of Hail injury on Wheat and other Drops Report of Director of Exten­ sion on. Agricultural societies Report of Director of Sxten­ sion on Horticultural Societies Regulations Governing Boys* and Girls* Baby Beef, Dairy Om If, 3wine, Poultry and Bead Clubs Although the director of the Extension Department draws mo distinction in his definition of adult education between vocational and non*vocational courses for farmers, certain aids of the Extension Department are often listed, as Adult Educational Services or as Educational Services ether than Agricultural* Because of distinctions made in describing these services, they will be mentioned only briefly. One is sets of correspondence lectures ordinarily bought by volun­ tarily organised study groups. In 1945-46 there tere a 128 total of 460 such groups with an enrollment of about 2,300* Although these groups are not included in agricultural adult education, they do enroll many rural people* In view of this fact, it is significant that of courses available those which are most popular are not those listed as agriculture, 'but such topics as * Demo ora ey Begins at Home, * ?l Child Psychology,* ’Opportunities in World Organisation,* *Credit Unions,* * International Affairs,*4 and * Helping Children Grow u p .-78 ' Other activities carried on by the Extension Department which are outside the scope of this thesis are work with the drama league®(not commonly known as agricultural adult edu­ cation) and the citizens radio forums; and Junior chubs en­ rolling young people between the ages of twelve and tw &nt y - o ne years• The Department of Women*a Work embraces several differ­ ent kinds of projects similar in organ1zstIon but different in content fro® those carried out In the Ex ter. eion Depart­ ment* In place of agricultural societies there are home­ makers clubs; In place of junior clubs, homecraft clubs; and in the matter of Dominion-Provincial youth training there are courses separate from or coordinated with thoac for young men* Although this department began because of demandn from 'Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan. An Outline of Courses for 3tudy Croups; and University of Saskatchewan. Annual Report of the President Academic fear 1945-46, p. 1G0. ~ ~ 129 rural woman, the present director would not class all of Its aotivi ties aa agricultural adult education. She would point out that homemakers clubs may be organised. by urban as well as rural women, and that many projects are in the fields of homeiaakirag or citizenship rather than in agriculture♦ In the description to follow those activities rill bo stressed JQ which the director would label agricultural adult education#1 In the fall of 1910 Lillian £. Beynon, * LI Ilian Laurie’1 of the woman* s page, Manitoba Free Press, travelled to meet­ ings of agricultural societies along the Canadian P&cifie Railway line east of Regina* Out of her contacts with women who attendee! these meetings came a sex*.ies of clubs which In January, 1011, formed tne mueleus of the first annual con- vention of the homemakers cluus of 3-as.da to he wan • fna burden of Miss Beynon*s addres# before the convention set the stag© for the clubs. She pointed out that not long since men laughed at the ’•book fanner*; now they were learning that the tecimioal agriculturist could tell them a good deal about their business. In the setme way, a&id she, It had been dis­ covered that * housekeeping is also a profession, and....that wosian is not a natural bora housekeeper.’* Wom&n were much too scarce in the' farming areas, she pointed out, * to wear them out over the wash tub and th e churn when an engine can 79An. extensive Interview with Bertha u. Coiner, February 19, 19^7, is the basis for the description of the Department of Women’s Work. This Information is supplemented oy other source materials as noted in succeeding footnotes. 130 be purchased at a very reasonable price*#..11 $001 en1 s clubs In which women could study their profession were her propos­ al. Topics in which they might be interested, she suggested were car® of children, gardening, ventilation, drainage, food, architecture, business methods in the home, house plants, model, kitchenss in fact anything that might make living easier and more enjoyable on the prairies*®® The convention program included meeting® on a variety of topics such, as cooking, growing of strawberries, and social life in the country; and out of the first meeting came a constitution of the homemakers clubs which linked them to the University# A homemakers club might be organ­ ised at any public meeting for women called either by or under Instructions of the Director of Agricultural Extension, SiCollege of Agriculture, Saskatoon.*1 The number of clubs increased steadily thereafter until It became necessary to hire a woman assistant at the Univer­ sity to work with the homemakers. From this beginning, there developed both an elaborate organisation of clubs and the present separate department of women's work with Its staff of seven full time professional home economists whose duties include many activities besides those of working with, the clubs. College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan. Heport of the First Annual Convention of the Homemakera * Clubs of^Saskatchewan, pp. ps-SST"1 8 1 Ibid.. p. 8* 131 k homemakers club Is organised and functions much as an agricultural society* A group of women (rural or urban} must undertake on their own initiative to form such an organ­ isation, by making their intention known to the director of the Department of Women*m Work and receiving preliminary In­ structions on how to proceed* When the club 1# organized it may receive such aids from the Department as assistance with programs, lectures and demonstrations by the host# economists on the staff* and printed material sent out periodically from the central offlc®. Clubs are organized in districts and districts com® together to fora a provincial organization* At each annual convention of the homemakers clubs, the direc­ tor of women’s work reports to the convention on the progress of the elubs during the year. km an aid In program planning there are elected at the annual convention provincial conveners who head the follow­ ing standing committeess agriculture and Canadian Indus­ tries, arts and literature, education, home economics, International relations, legislation, and nubile health. The director of women's work or some of her committees work with these conveners to prepare program suggestions for the coming year. Suggestions are sent to the clubs which .repeat the provincial organization by having conveners of the samm standing committees. It is not obligatory that clubs follow suggestions, but they may do so by having each of their local conveners responsible far programs falling within the 133 general framework of the provincial program notes. ~ The interests of these WD-uen*s clubs are broader than those of the men’s societies. Toe women pride themselves on their affiliations with such org&nisatlone as the Associated Countrywomen of the World, the league of Nations Society in. Canada (presumably this affiliation will be changed in light of international developments), the Canadian Association for Adult Education, and others* Their standing committees rep­ resent a wise variety of local, national, and international Interests. In fact the constitution of the homemakers club says, *hn? programme designed to improve conditions in the home or In the co®»unlty is a legitimate field for club O'*? endeavor * * Although clubs are dedicated to being non-political and non-sectarian, the women ere practical enough to want to fol­ low up their studies with action to the extant of petitioning their local or provincial governments in support of particu­ lar projects# At the 1946 convention the Director of Woman’s Work said to the conveners, The various provincial government departments real­ ise that they need your influence In promoting improved programmes In Agriculture, Health, Recreation, Legislation, and Education. To exer­ cise this Influence wisely, It Is essential that gt you study progressive action In various countries# ^Department of Women* * Work, University of Saskatche­ wan. Hand-Book Homemakers* Clubs. Ibid.. p. 9. 84Saskatchewan Homemakers * Clubs. Director1 & Report-- Annual provincial Convention, June 11, 19- 133 Those -projects related speciflea 11y to agricultural adult education for proauction include sponsoring, of rural young people* s clubs; sponsoring and arranging f lower and vegetable shows which may have as an outcome the developing: of flourishing horticultural and agricultural societies; training girls for competitions at fairs; ana financing girls wishing to attend various farm girl activities - in activities undertaken bj the women for themselves In their own clubs, the breadth of their interests Is Indicated by the provincial convener* & suggestions for ly46-4? for committees on agriculture. They include suggestions on how to study and where to get reference materia 1 on the follow­ ing topics which might be of Interest lb local clubsi 1* the Dominion Experimental Farms, which in 1946 celebrated their sixtieth anniversary* 2m District agricultural representatives and agricul­ tural conservation Improvement boards and committees* Home- makers are urged to cooperate with men*» groups in arranging community meetings and in serving on district boards and agricultural committees. 3* Soil surveys. 4* The international aspects of agriculture. Under this heading are listed for study the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Federation of Agriculture. 5* special agricultural projects. The development of new varieties of plants. 1 3 4 6. Junior agri cultural clubs* 7* Cooperation with agricultural or horticultural societies.^* During, the year ending April 30, 1943, the homemakers clubs undertook to have talk® or papers read on a host of topics related to poultry, dairying, livestock, crop produc­ tion and soil conservation, and particularly horticulture. International aspects of agriculture e&me in for some study with three different clubs Investigating agricultural activ­ ities in Russia and particularly collective farming, These activities were quite apart from other eonsiderations given to agriculture in demonstrations, discussions, and debates. Subjects of agricultural talks sponsored by homemakers clubs in 1945 will be found in Appendix D. Am of jslay X, 1946, there were 365 active horn©makers clubs with an estimated total membership of 6,203 and nineteen members at large.'" Dominion-Provincial youth training courses supervised by the Department of $omen*s torlc are on much the same basis as those under the Extension Department, thm Department in addition will arrange in the coeducational schools that portion of the program relating to young women. Projects under Dominion-Provincial youth training; in­ clude a short course participated in partly ©y young, married ^"Saskatchewan Homemakers * Cluos. Suggestions for Con­ vene re of Agriculture and Canadian Industries- 1946-4?* 86University of Saskatchewan. Annual Report of the President Academic arear 1945-46, p. 111. 135 women, which runs for two or three weeks tn a community. This is non-residence and many times will meet afternoons and evenings to accommodate schedules to hours when women will be free# Regulations regarding inia course are the same as for short courses for young aen already described* These schools for women give instruction In sewing techniques, handicrafts, foods, and family relationships handled by staff members of the Department or persons es­ pecially hi.red for the occasion* Instructors are supple­ mented by public health personnel who teach home nursing and personal hygiene, and by local agricultural specialists who handle technical agriculture* During 1945-46 there were ten of these courses for women, with a total registration of 20$$ Homecraft clubs supervised by the 'Department of women's Work are for young people ages thirteen to twenty-four years, and in some cases thirteen to eighteen years, and so would fall outside the scope of this dissertation. The director of women’s work hopes that eventually the schools will take over supervision of those in the teen ages and that her de­ partment will be free to work with out-of-school young people. Like the Extension Department, the Department of Women’s Work works through a variety of organizations In that staff members are available for talks and demonstrations on such occasions as Experimental Farm days, field days, meetings of 87ibta.. p. i n . 136 societies of all kinds# conventions, and far® women’s week at the University. The six staff members presently employed arm home economists, to succeeding ones of who® are given the following fields to supervises (1) food, (2) clothing and needlework, (3) handicrafts, {4} clothing, handicrafts, weaving, (5) girls work, home decoration, furniture renova­ tion, and (6) girl® work, clothing* The director herself is particularly Interested la housing and home management * She hopes to emphasise on# aspect of this work oy bringing, on her staff a woman especially trained in rural housing who will confine her activities to that field* in the summer, the Department employs three or four extra people for field work. The director looks forward to the time when she smy also employ a specialist in child training and psychology, and a series of district home economists working In the field much as the agricultural representatives. The School of Agriculture Is designed to fit young men for a better life on the far®. It enrolls young people at least seventeen years of age, physically strong and of good moral character, who have had eight years of education or better and who have had at least one saaaoa's experience from seedtime to harvest on a farm. The student body varies in background from season to season. During 1946-4? of the 230 students, about 65 per cent are veteran* and about 50 per cent, married! the average age is approximately twenty- three years. The present director Is of the opinion that the majority of seventeen year olds are not mature enough to 137 know their vocational aspirations, and that students with only eighth grade education are at a distinct disadvantage• He favors the is ore mature young, man who already lias a farm or has made up his mind that he wants to farm, and iius had tenth grad© or better in education* The complete course of the School of Agriculture covers two years of five on ids each, which if successfully com­ pleted leads to a diploma in agriculture* The course is so designed that a student may take only one year, however* Although the School is established for present or prospec­ tive farmers and follow-up records show that* op per cent of the graduates are farming, a small number of tne students do continue on to the College of Agriculture In order to become 68 technical agriculturists. hs in other programs of agricultural adult education for production there is much la the two years directly re­ lated to livestock and their care, crop production, soil conservation, and farm management, hut a consistent attempt Is also made to face the facts of rural community life and to give such Instruction as will lead to general Improvement in community living* Community life In rural Daskateh©wan, says the director of the School, i® not well developed* 'foung men in M s school are well aware of the bleak lives they m y have to live back on the farm, ret they as a ^University of Saskatchewan* Calendar of the Univer­ sity of la skate lie wa n Session 1946-47, op. 136'"-138, and interview with William B. Baker.. February 19, 194?* 138 highly selected group educationally speaking can m so de­ velops a. as to Improve cohi®unity living and thus their pros­ pects of happiness* At present, for instance, membership of the agricultural conservation and Improvement committees are being drawn very heavily from School of Agriculture gradu­ ates* School officials therefore feel it desirable to in­ troduce such materials as public speaking and parliamentary procedure; studies of the family, school, church and local government; Instruction In building of home libraries; arid study of community organization and leadership* Student assemblies given over to discussion of a variety of present- day problems afford another avenue for Introducing students to a variety of subjects* The older age group and the fact that 50 per cent of the men are married probably accounts for the very keen interest in family problems* The past year, says the director, hm had Intended to have three lec­ tures devoted to family relationships, and found himself allotting three weeks Student activities afford, another means of stimulating interest In and practice for rural leadership in community and agricultural affairs* Students are enrolled In live­ stock, field crops, and farm mechanics clubs, and support a glee club and debates* Clubs are used as a teaching, device. A recent agricultural livestock club purchased steers and School of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan. Practical Training for Farm Operation; Interview with william S •' Baker February 19, 'i'SH?;~srKi observations, of author on visit to school* 139 and hogs on which they practiced with feeding schedules and general car©* In the spring they sold their animals and re* celved good returns. Another time the same club purchased hogs from the University and entered them in the dressed meat show. The livestock club of 1946 developed a special show called The Little Royal. In 194-7 students in the school expanded this to Include exhibits and competitions not only in livestock but in field crocs, poultry, farm mechanics, and literary work. This event is hold in the livestock pavlllion of the University, and in the evening is 90 ended with a dance in a nearby ballroom. The afternoon hours of the School of Agriculture are al­ most entirely devoted to these club activities. hne of the more interesting committees is that on curriculum which dis­ cusses changes in the school program. 'During the Christmas holidays second year students are encouraged to make surveys of their home communities• Curing the 1946 season seventy- five of these surveys were completed, showing rural organi­ zations, school districts, types of populations, churches. The survey device serves as a new introduction to a communi­ ty in which, the student may have lived all his life, and often interests him in organizations in which he might like to participate. He may find shortcomings which he might remedy through taking leadership In his community• In Appen­ dix S will be found material on background of students. 90Ibid., and Saskatchewan Vocational Agriculturists* Association. The Little Royal. 140 3* Peripheral Agencies. Four agencies In Saskatchewan might be termed peripheral agricultural adult education institutions * The first of these is the provincial Department of Co-operation and Co­ operative Develoassent* the second* the Saskatchewan Film Soard allied with the Dominion or national Film Soard; the third, the experimental farm services? and the fourth, the organisation functioning, under the Soldier Settlement and Veterans * Land. Act* The Department of Co-operation and Co-operative Devel­ opment employs on# extension specialist whose primary responsibility is to assist groups In organising, agricultur­ al production eoBoeratives of all kinds * His help extends to the pre-organizing* organising, and post-organising stages for grafting, machinery, sheep production, pure bred sire, honey production, and farming codperatives, as well as 91 others which come within the scope of agricultural production? ' The extension specialist prepares special bulletins on ©operatives, answers correspondence concerning them., visits Interested groups, and helps draw up by-laws consistent with legislation on coBperatives. Particular emphasis is being put on ooBoerative farming In which either machinery or all resources are pooled* Cer­ tain aspects of Saskatchewan agriculture make such anter- ^Onless otherwise indicated, material on the Depart­ ment of Co-operation and Co-operative Development is taken from an interview with Harold 1. 0hapman February 24, 1947. 141 prises effective ana necessary for efficient farming* Fara- era pooling capital tor ®aahlnary can acquire that equipment which will enable them to operate large scale power farms on a competitive basis, to rea«e® overeaplt&llssatton in macfcln- ©r|, and to raise farm acreage to the level advocated by farm management studies for profitable production* The Laurel Farm Co-operative Association has enabled the origin­ al shareholders to help establish their sons in farming, and to replan their homes and buildings in a central location. Grouping of buildings allows them to have meetings every Monday after breakfast so as to plan the week* s work. The association owns the buildings for which electricity is pro­ vided. A community garden, a machine shop, and an orchard are benefits accruing to the whole community * The division of labor reduces hours of labor so that, for instance, the man on the tractor does not have to milk cows when he fin- * 92isli.es his day s work. Assisting, such an enterprise as the Laurel cooperative is one of the jobs of the extension specialist* For groups studying production cooperatives, there have been prepared bulletins of four to eight pages in length, which discuss a topic, provide questions on it, and list additional reading. Included in the bulletins ©ay be aids on group study a® in Study Bulletin Humber 2. The following 92“H* S. Chapman and $ • L* Ledland* Froferesa of lo-operative Farming in Saskatchewan * 142 bulletins are those which have already been prepared: 1 * Introduet ion 2* History of Farming in Saskatchewan 3. Principles of Co-Operation As Applied to Co- Operative Farming 4* Co-Operative Community Pastures and Co­ operatives for the use of Machinery 5* Co-C-oermtiv© Pooling of Laiu t abour and Other Resources 6. Co-Op©rativen for Dairy and poultry ProduetIon Re-establishing the Veteran 7 • Co-Operative Living, in Palestine 8* Russia's Collective Farms 9* Co-Operative Group Farms of the F.S.A* 10* Communal and Collective Farming Enterprises 11* Organization of a Co-Operative for the Use of Machinery 12# Organization of a Complete Co-Operative Farm5*^ The Department of Co-operation and Co-operative Devel­ opment carries on other activities not specifically agricul­ tural production education but closely related to rural adult education* These include publishing bulletins regard­ ing cooperative action for women, guides to forming communi­ ty canning, centers, and others on topics such as coSperatlve 94frozen food locker plants* iiuoh emphasis Is being placed on ao8.perat.lve ca: junlty centers for which a special commit­ tee has been formed to channel information and to draft an education program for assisting communities in organizing and utilizing centers properly* The Departments of Educa­ tion and .Public Health are also represented on this committee??-* ox "Taken from title pages of study bulletins Issued by the Department of Co-operation and Co-operative Development - 94See bibliography for bulletins described# p tz "^Saskatchewan Community Centre Planning Committee. Progress Report to November £>, 1946, p# 1. 143 * Through a Joint arrangement between the province of Saskatchewan, and the Dominion, a visual aid?? program serving both children arid adults Is operated by a director who serves as the executive for both the national Film Board and the Saskatchewan Film Board* For the province it is the Depart­ ment of Education which is the interested agency arid pro- 96vlcles part of the finances* The program is designed to put the sixteen millimeter film on a professional basis In a rural province which has a dearth of commercial entertainment, though there is no attempt to compete with commercial movie houses* Being partially under the sponsorship of the Department of Education, visual aids are used as teaching devices both in youth and adult groups. For this purpose there are nine field representatives paid by the Dominion, twenty-two teachers employed by larger school units, and ten Iffee&t Fool district representatives travelling both to school and com­ munity centers within prescribed circuits. In line with the educational purposes of the program, It Is essential, says the director, to employ teachers* The additional skills needed to run machines can be given in a short training course, but film operators must knot how to develop discus­ sion growing out of the film before they cose on the program* Not all of the operators are teacher trainee, out as Unless otherwise indicated the description of the film boards will be taken from an Interview with E* F. Holliday February 54, 194?. 144 unqualified operators leave, those newly hired roust qualify as public school teachers* Only a selected number of the films could he called agricultural, and only a part of the groups are adult* For those film hoard evenings which might b® called agricultural adult education, the follow! li pa ttorn is used as for all adult meetings; 1* Meeting opens with a sing song* 2* Showing of Canadian Screen Magazine, a newsreel. 3* Feature film related to the subject of the evening1s roe©ting * 4. Controlled discussion led by the teaeher-operator*. 5* Second, showing of the feature film to clarify points in the discussion* If there is any ilmm left over, the operator will have other films he can show. Agricultural films which might be stowed to adult audi­ ences are those on soil conservation, horticulture, field crops, general agriculture including s o m e for rehabilitation errof veterans, livestock, dairying, poultry, and insects. 1 Many of these films available through the Rational Film Board are produced by the board * s technical staff and bo ga will have a maximum of educational value. To ensure a continuous use and distribution of films, 97 'National Film Board and Saskatchewan Film Board. Art! c ult urs. 1 Pi 1ms . 08 See monthly activities reports of the National Film Board. 145 community film libraries are being, established throughout Saskatchewan, in cooperation with major local organisations* Some twelve such libraries have already been set up. There is some -question as to whether any Dominion agency engages In education. It is pointed out that In Canada education is the business of the provincial govern­ ments and that Investigational work is the responsibility of the Dominion* It might be said, therefore, that the Dominion Department of Agriculture services local agricultural adult education agencies. To carry out investigational work the Dominion main­ tains the following: institutions 1 n Sa s ka t e he wan i 1. Experimental Farm, Indian Head; 2m Experimental Stations, Swift Current, Scott, and MeIfoFt; 3. soils Research Laboratory, Swift Current; 4. Forage Crops Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon; 5* Soil Survey Laboratory; 6m Forest Murmery Stations, Indian Head, Sutherland; 7* Plant Pathological Laboratory, University of 3a skat che wan , 5 a s tea toon; 8* Entomological laboratories; QQ9m Forty-two sub-stations and Illustrations stations* Despite the fact that some will say the Dominion is 99Letter to author from S* 3* Archibald December 4, 1946. 146 confine6 to investigational work, others will admit that demonstration is on© of the meet effective forms of educa­ tion and In this field the Illustration or sub-station is the link between the farmer and the experimental farm or station* Dominion officials arrange by contract with farm­ ers to use their farms for demonstrations* These sub­ stations are ordinarily grouped around a main station* The Dominion oays the farmer on a per acre basis and in response the farmer agrees to operate under the guidance of the re­ search men at the nearby station* Besides acting informally as a source of Information to individual farm visitors, the demonstration farmer will allow his farm to be used one or more times a year for educational field days. These field days ae well as special events at the main stations are usually or preferably held In cooperation with agricultural representatives promotion activities, or meet­ ings of local agricultural societies or some other organiza­ tion as the Saskatchewan Wheat Fool. It might be said, therefore, that Dominion educational efforts are incidental to its main programs and may be operated through another regular agricultural adult education agency. It la probable that as the agricultural representative program is expanded, all such efforts will be channelled through that service, and the Dominion research workers will be relieved of exten­ sion duties ha has heretofore had. Proposals have been made whereby the agricultural representative may be briefed In latest research and he rather than the Dominion man will 14? lOO carry it to local fares grown®. Many other services such a® publication of bulletins and regulatory actions are the responsibility of the Dominion but these again would probably be channelled through provincial agencies* Under the Dominion Department of Veterans Affairs is a unit called Soldier Settlement and Veterans1 land Act* In Saskatchewan this unit employs about forty permanent workers and. twenty to twenty-five seasonal workera who assess land to be purchased by veteran®through loan® from the Dominion* There are many different arrangements for purchase of land. Veterans may plan to do full farming, or they may purchase small holding® which, they utilize la conjunction with Job® In urban centers* Although the main job of the field staff is appraisal and that of the office staff, administration, employee® give incidental education aids to the veteran. A copy of Guide to Farm Fraotic# in 3 a aka t che wan will be sent him, and he will be told to seek further information from the University and the Agricultural Representative 'Service. In addition field men may drop around to see the veteran when 1Q1he is established and assist him with farm problem®• 100Dominion-Provincial Conference on Reconstruction. Agriculture* pp* 50, 51; Interview with 8. Thomson February' ' 25» 1947 ; and speech of L* 3. Thomson, Report of Froseedings of tbs Agrlcu1tura1 Heoresen tatlye Conference BecesberiT$-20# 1940."" 101Interviews with John M* fare-y and John Charnetski February 22, 194?. For a statement of aids to veterans see Dominion Department of Veterans Affairs* Back to Civil Life * 1 4 8 In employment of the field staff emphasis is put on vo­ cational agricultural training ana experience. The settle­ ment supervisor Is required to have at least high school graduation and preferably a Bachelor of Science in Agricul­ ture degree; to possess a knowledge of soils* field husband­ ry and animal husbandry secured through practical farming experience; ability to appraise land; and other personal qualifications such as ability to meet the public, good 102 physical condition, tact, and good Judgment. The cause of agricultural adult education for produc­ tion In Saskatchewan is well served* The / r lcultural Reoresentative Service and three divisions of the Sollege of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, devote full time of staff members to problems of land utilization, diversifica­ tion, ana farm management. Some attention Is given to home and community betterment particularly through, the ‘Department of Women* st Work, the School of Agriculture, and the short courses of the Extension Department* The work of the major institutions in the area of agricultural production Is supplemented by that of two Dominion agencies, the experimental farms services and the organization administering the Veterans* Land Act; by m pro­ vincial agency, the 'Department of Co-operation and Co­ operative Development; and by a Dominion-Provincial agency, the Saskatchewan Film Board allied with the National Film 102' The Public Service of Canada. Settlement Supervisor., Veterans hand Act. Grade X and 2. 149 Board. These six agencies are busily engaged in helping the farmers of Saskatchewan to fara as well as a knowledge of scientific agriculture Indicates they ought to farm. aim?thh iy kOFil CULTURAL AP* LT £DUSATIOM FHH MAH >’HTIKa- As wheat overshadows the economy of Saskatchewan, so does the Wheat Pool loo® over the other marketing: organiza­ tions of the province. Of the two or three brick red eleva­ tors in the average country town, one is almost certain to be a Fool elevator, and. often the Fool Is the only company represented. By cheer volume of business and sis© of plant, It has made its weight felt fro.® its beginning.* In the wheat economy. It has consistently gathered strength until it now controls a sisable proportion of the grain marketings. In Its Initial year, 1924, the Saskatchewan Fool handled I41*0 per cent of deliveries of wheat for the province* In 1945-46, the Saskatchewan Fool Elevators reported their pri­ mary handlings of wheat and coarse grains in country eleva­ tors as being 50*52 per cent of all receipts for grain in Saakatchew&a• This figure represents .about 71,329,000 bushels of wheat and 52,561,000 bushels of coarse grains (oats, barley, flax, rye)% 123,390,000 bushels or approxi­ mately 29.62 per cent of the total grain marketings for o western Canada ^Bara Id %* .Fat to a. Ora 1 n Growers* Cooperation In western Oamda, p. 340. 2Saskatchewan Co-operative Frooncers Limited. Twenty- Second Annual Heport, p. 8. 151 Her do©?s tills represent all the activity of the Fool. the parent organization formed in. 1924 for pooling farmers* wheat on a contract basis was the Saskatchewan Go-operative vVhest Producers Limited, since changed to the Saskatchewan Go-operative Producer© Limited* This organisation has been responsible along with other farmers groups for bringing in­ to being or amalgamating with subsidiary organizations known as the Saskatchewan Pool Elevators Limited (the country ele­ vator system), the Saskatchewan Pool Terminal© Limited, 3askatche'wan Go-operative Livestock Producer© Limited, Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Construction Company Limited (con­ struction and repair department of Pool Elevators) and the ■% Modern Press Limited (publishers of The Western Producer)* This combination of organizations is known as the Wheat Pool. In November, 1944, Wheat Pool delegates voted to under- 4take a program of industrial development* Wheat Pool buildings now under construction at Saskatoon will provide space for a flour mill, feed plant, elevator annex, and a vegetable oil plant* The last is to o© used In extracting oil fro® flax and other seeds* To utilize second and. third patent flour from the new mill and low grade wheat, a starch fbld., and Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited, Submission of 3askatehewan Co-operative .Producer© Limited and It©'SubsIa1ar1es to Commission on Taxation of Go-operative© 1555. 4Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. Twenty Cne year© Of .MHHHHMMl iN«»Wu'W**iiWi,lifr *n ■M* iniwimi P * 9* ^Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited. The Sheat Pool Enters i5a and glucose plant Is being planned arr:! manufacturing glycol 6for antl-free&e is being Investigated* It is expected that products from the nevr plants will be marketed through the consumer cooperative stores with which the Pool haa no official connection but for which it is partially responsi­ ble • Thus the Wheat Pool has been built into a gigantic grain handling organisation with secondary outlets in live­ stock marketing and industrial uses of grain* in 1943*46 the Pool had assets of >50,9&1#143. 22, a working capital of 119,423,579.39, and. a membership of 129,412*? It Is said that the pool elevator is *the farmers* SStatue of Liberty** it represents the agriculturists* use of cooperation as *a means for profitably uniting forces for the avoidance of unnecessary expense, for the obt&iraaent of better value for produce, and for the withstanding of oppression**^ The history of the fight against oppression begins In the latter part of the nineteenth century and Involves farm­ ers in the three prairie provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan* Prior to 1906 when the first fa raters market- 6Saskatchewan Wheat Fool, twenty On® Years of Progress. Pm 9* 7Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited. Twenty- Second Annual Report, pp* 2, 32# and 44. 8Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. Twenty One Tears of Progress. t>. 1* 9 Statement of H* w* Wolff, veteran cooperator, quoted in Herald 9. Patton. 0$£* cit., p* 351* 153 Ing or@anlsis.tlon was launched, the underlying factor in the wheat marketing situation of western Canada was **th&t the area and the volume of grain .production had Increased much more rapidly than the physical facilities for shipping and. handling it** To bring a railway to the west the Dominion Government had offered monopoly privileges to the Canadian Pacific Hallway; to relieve the seasonal strain on limited rolling stock, the latter in turn had made monopoly conces­ sions to elevator companies* The unorganised farmer had to sell his grain to the local elevator man on the buyer’s 10terms* In answer to private grain handling organisations farmers in 1906 organized the Grain Growers* Grain Company Limited at Gint&luta* Saskatchewan» With capital fro® farm­ ers in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the Company purchased a seat on the grain exchange and opened for business September 11 5* 1906. In the period from the first launching of a farmers* organization until 1996, the grain farmers cooperative move­ ment has gone through four stages. In the first, 1906 to 1911, the Grain Growers* Grain Company operated in opposi­ tion to private groups, as a trading agency on the Grain Exchange* The Company had to forego patronage dividends, mark of the true cooperative, but did secure as much as pos­ sible of the middleman’s profits for shareholders and 10Ibld., pp. 15-18. 11iaid.. pp. 45-49. 154 patrons. At the same time the Company acted as the voice of the farmer in securing favorable action in govem&eni circles**^ Out of persistent agitation, In the years 1911-1923 the grain growers with government help secured arid, developed their own elevator systea. in 1911 tn@ Saskatchewan Co­ operative Elevator Company was organised* this was followed in 1912 by the leasing of the Manitoba elevator system to the grain growers, and in 1914 by the formation of the Alberta Farmers Co-operative Elevator £omoany• These groups were cooperative in the sens© of allowing one vote per shareholder regardless of shares held, and. of limiting shares purchasable by one person * In addition, only agri­ culturists could buy them. But as an alternative to patron­ age dividends, the Saskatchewan Co-operative increased returns to farmers selling grain by the wagonload, am: thus spread the benefits of codper&tive grain handling* In the third stage, 1923-1925, wheat pools were organ­ ized in the three prairie provinces* These operated under arrangements made with both the farmer-owned and the regular line elevator companies* Mr* Patton says of the pools: They were born during, the post-war agricultural depression, and represented an attempt, on the one hand, to reproduce as completely as possible, on a voluntary basis, the collective selling system Identified with the operations of the Ibid*, Chapters XVIII and XIX, for discussion of the four phases to be reviewed and cooperative principles at work. 155 Oan&di&n Wheat Board; arid on the hand, to adapt to the marketing of grain la extern Canada the Pqliforata plan of non- r *lt contract poollii£,t « • » " ,r Chares In the elevator companies are hold not by individuals but by the pools as representatives of the agriculturists* However, when surpluses are available, the Saskatchewan Pool Slevstors Limited declares refunds of excess charges payable only to mesibers and ordinarily cm the basis of volume of business per seabar* Since the absorption by the Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat Producers Limited of the elevator company, the other subsidiaries have been organized on the basts of sixteen shares of stock of each company being allocated to the directors of the pool, so that the latter -say also serve as 14directors of the subsidiaries* Thus the Saskatchewan. Wheat Pool with its roots in the grievances of a few grain farmers prior to the turn of the century has grown into one of the foremost marketing organisations In the world* The Pool proper had its being in the desire of farmers to share in greater degree in profits fro® their grain, on the on© hand by -participating In patronage dividends and on the other hand by eliminating control of private grain speculators* That the first purpose has been partially mat 1:lbld., pp. 363-564. 14Saskatchewan 0o~©peratlve Producers Limited# Suhmts- sion of Sa ska t ohswan go-operative Producers Limited: and ' its Subsidiaries to Pommiesion on Taxation of go-operative-3 ,' 1 5 6 is testified by a poster o n 194? m e o t i n ^ e of the Saskatche­ wan Pool 2 leva tors Limited* advertising the distribution of $6,5.30*000 In patronage refunds and Interest payment checks.^ Cue member of the Pool country organisation department says of this activity: *..♦631 General Meetings were held during 8 days (February 27 to March 8) at which patronage refund and interest cheques were distributed to 25,102 members who attended these meetings• This attend­ ance represents about 5 2 f of the 'total number of growers to whom cheques were issued# Considering the condition of the roads and the transportation problem* this fin® attendance reflects the Interest and strength of the organisation* ^ The marketing and price problem 'has been recognised as having both domestic and International implications; and as being intimately tied up with stability and security#*7 If the farmer Is to chart his proauction and expansion activi­ ties int©11igently# he must not only receive an adequate price in the current year, but also be assured of a reason­ able price in the immediate future# One codperator says that the purposes of a cooperative plant as expressed in tens a of the farmer's economic need, cannot oe satisfactorily served except as government and the cooperative movement 18work together* " ^Saskatchewan Pool Elevators Limited* poster* Letter to author from Joe L* Buckley* dated March 17# 1947 # 17'*'Extensive Interviews with Jo# L* Buckley* February 11# 14# and 15* 194?, have been used as a basis for the descrip­ tion to follow of Wheat Fool activities# These Interview© have been supplemented by other materials as noted in succeeding footnotes# 1 pt Interview with Leolie J * bright, February 5# 194?# 157 Thm Wheat Pool is vmrj aacfe. interested, for Instance, la the Marketing of wheat through an international agreement* An explanation of the draft drawn up by the governments of Great Britain* Canada, United States, Australia, and Argentina. in 1943 appears in one of the Pool rnmaoaii. The $ame handbook calls attention to tue efforts of the Wheat Pool in bringing about the establishment in 1943 of the dominion Wheat Board as the sole buyer of wheat. ^ The story of the creation of the heat Pool out of the dealands of farmers, and the development of Its widespread activities has bean told to furnish a background for under­ standing the comprehensive philosophy of the pool’s educa­ tional program ana. the latter1 s substantia! investments in educational projects. As is said in a publication of organ­ izations of the three prairie provinces, to describe the Pools as ^colossal grain handling organisations1 is the same as to describe the Christian Church as *an organization which builds cathedral®.Ostensibly the primary purpose of the Saskatchewan Pool is marketing grain; but actually that mar­ keting is a means to the end of "building. of a better agri­ cultural economy, bringing to the farm horna comfort, happiness and security**®^ As the farmer who markets grain "I Q waskaiehewan Oo-opemtlv® Producers Limited. T.he Wheat Pool and Its Accomplishment** pp. 8, 1?, and 18. Canadian Wheat Pools. The Wheat Pools and teatern Community Life, p* a* oi~ Saskatchewan Pool Elevators Limited. *7h& Problem of Agriculture and the Halation of the Pool Elevator Agent to It,* p. 7. X5o Is also a consumer of goods and services, his consumer in­ terests are almost as important to the Wheat Fool as his mar­ keting functions* As he is also a producer, the Pool Is indirectly and occasionally directly concerned with the quality of production. When th© Saskatchewan Wheat Pool is labelled as an agency promoting education for marketing, th© broadest interpretation .must be given to its education philosophy. Although the field man who is the educational agent of the wheat Pool Is charged first with seeing that th© wheat Fool organization works, he is exp©otec also to assist any and all co&perablves, and. on the side he will carry out other tasks for the general education of farmers 22and farm families. Education for marketing as interpreted by the Wheat pool is based on th© idea that the educated marketer of pro­ duce is the avowed comparator and. th© happy and secure farm­ er. This sentiment has been expressed In connection with the function of the Wheat Pool committee. First th© commit­ tee man's attention is called to th© fact that his primary duty Is to organize farmers to deliver to Pool elevators., to ©ducat© them to membership, and. to maintain loyalty of farm­ ers to their own ©levator system* Then there follows this statements All the other functions of the committee derive from that foundation* The building up of ^Saskatchewan Co-operative wheat Producers Limited. what Does a Field Man Do? community co-op®rattve associations; support of co-operative development in other fields, and community activities, a,re all related to the bringing of more grain to Pool Elevators, because the more active a grower Is in the broad co­ operative field, and. the more he knows about Its principles and ideals, the more certainty there 1® of his continued intelligent support of his own Elevator System* ^ Although the field man or district representative is tlie paid educational worker of the Saskatchewan wheat Pool, members of the country organization department would say that th© heart of the educational movement is hb© bheat Fool committee which is elected primarily for organization and educational purposes, and lias no other official function in the Pool* As presently organised, the Saskatchewan "htat Fool maintains its link with its shareholders through a system of sixteen districts divided into subdistricts from each of which there is selected a delegate* The delegates are the representatives of the Shareholders in all matters as provided In the Articles of Association* * • • • * * # • • » • » • • » » * « » * * # The responsibility for formulating the policies of the Association rests with the delegated* The delegate in turn Is responsible for organizing, prefer­ ably at every shipping point, a Wheat fool committee to be elected also by shareholders* The committee is t ji€r 1 o ca 1 ’“-'Saskatchewan do-operative Wheat Producers Limited* 11 The Personnel and Function of the Country Organization Department, * P* 6. 24Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* Hand Book Wo* 1, pp* 26, 27* 160 link In the Wheat pool organisation*. and performs- an organ­ on izlng and educating function*^ Th® suguested activities for a Wheat Pool committee appear in. Figure 2. hn official­ ly stated the activities of the committee relate to keeping the board of director© informed of the local situation .and. keeping the local membership Informed of the principles and progress of the Pool; assisting in any educational enter­ prise which will further the cooperative movement* educat­ ing and organising local membership for delivery of all produce to the Pool; and helping the operator adjust and correct business misunderstandings; making reeommendations to promote the interests of the Pool; ano calling meetings of growers at request of the Board of Directors* for 26nominating candidates for da legate* In 1945*1946 there ware 1,173 committees, 1,083 of which were reorganised.^ On each of these committees ware five to eleven person©, representing a total lay educational group of 5*865 to 12*903 workers. By working primarily with these committees rather than with, individual farmers, the paid field man has an extension educational staff of sizable proportions* The- strength of the committees can be aacer- ^%askateh©wan Go-operative fhe&t Producera Limited. *Th» Personnel and Function of th® Country ..rgs.nlzatlon Department** p. 4. 26Saskatchewan Co-operative Producer© Limited* hand Book Mo. jl.* pp, 28-29. 27Saskatchewan Co-operative Producer© Limited. Twenty- Second Annual Report, p. 61. as Figure 2. Suggested Organisation and Activities of Vfheat Pool Cusrdtiees The Ceemdttee agriculture .Mucation >ub-Cemmitte@s Co-operative hdueatior irain, Calf, and Swine Clubs, Demon­ strations, Field iys, etc,, in cooperation with the lihivcrsiiy of askatchewan and other interested organisations. 3ub, to ;testern Pro­ ducer; a&courag© use of wheat Pool library; Promote Study and listening Oroup| Arrange Growers* ia©et*» Lugs I Encourage organ­ isation of Or edit Monj Co-op Associa­ tions, etc,| Study an unity problems, uch m Health, etc. I Pool Elevators .ncrsaa© Girona ge; Im­ prove s tand&rds af servicei ecom© familiar nvitk th© use of: th® Car Order look, took >'Anz increase patj *k ' to livestock Poolj Improve Standard of servicei Study problems Chairman Convenors of sub-ccE©itt«es Vice-Chairman if the ccimttee decides to Secretary divide tho worfe. iSSSSSo a. Increase of shareholders. b. Check shareholders list. e* Hepart to H* C. debased sharehaiders and those wm Imre .left the district. Jodal k Hecreational mrz with other or­ ganisations where possible; Conmunity entertainments, pic­ nics and sports | Or­ ganised games for chi Mren j saccurei ons to SKporisiental f&rm and points of interest "Adapted from a mimeographed sheet prepared by Th© Country Orgardsation Department, Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers limited, i6a tain*a by referring to fable XX in Chapter ill. Cut of the 390 organizations with which the Extension Department of the University of Saskatchewan cooperated In 1940, 142 or aoout 36.4 per cent were wheat f^ ool local comrs.ittoes . Chen the suggestion was made at the Agrieultur 4- j 10 v,/ re o a nta 11 ve * Cion - fereno© that requests for field days be routed through th® agricultural representative to the University, the Extension 29 director showed some hesitancy In agreeing. ' He pointed out that a number of Wheat Pool committee© had already mad® re­ quests for assistance from the University In sponsoring ©vents. There is no doubt but that mnnj are impressed with the vitality of the committee. A guess might be ventured that the establishment of the local agricultural committees in the Saskatchewan Co-operative Agricultural Extension Pro­ gram has been inspired by the successes of the Wheat Pool committees. Committee© work in a variety of ways. One representa­ tive calls attention to a committee's sponsoring a one-day '-co'bpeirmtiv© school for young people. Each semper of th© committee pledged himself to Interest a young farmer in co- 30operative work.' Another tells of a committee meeting, be- 31Ing given over to eomptalnts about the livestock pool* At OQ John Q* Hayner* s report at the Agricultural Repre­ sentative© Conference, February 6, 194?. ^Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* Report of. the Country Organization department, December, 1945, p. 3. ^ Ibld., February, 1946, p* 4. 163 Ihaunavon, 3askatchew&n, young; and old committee men are contrasted with one another. The younger men had visited five to ten growers apiece, and had signed up some with the Pool; while the older ones 11 were ©aught flat-footed*** *The older sen/ says the field agent» *will pull up their soe&s* 1*w sure* as they were left out in the sold at this meeting**^2 The matter of heaping these committees alive and vital is of utmost importance to the Pool* One way of doing, this Is to see that older men are replaced by younger ones* par­ ticularly as they cos# up from the ra.ii.ke or sack from the service* The members are elected* of course* and the paid staff can only urge changes* But as one man says, the *replacement of deadwood goes on* continuously. One field man recounts the activities of a new committee with all young lads* only two of Whom had been on a committee before, and says that he must meet with them several times because *tteey are eager for Jaiow ledge •*-*-* Another field ©an gives a paragraph of a report to th# story of a young, man who had driven into town in a lumber wagon to attend a committee meeting* He was elected secretary of the committee* an im~ portarit Job, and accepted without hesitation. Young people are constantly fed Into the 'Sheet Pool 32Ibid* » June* 1946* p* 5* 33C M d „. June, 1946, p. 2. 54Ibld., December, 1945, pp. 3,4. 1 6 4 movement through attendance at eo&peratlve schools fro® which they can graduate into adult activities* A University of Saskatchewan Instructor attending on® of these schools aoa* mented that in her opinion rtfh© wheat fool is the only Saskatchewan. organisation capable of bringing out the young people to public meetings When a community la codperative minded and. wishes to branch Into various activities out lacks leadership* th© Wheat Pool ©ommlite© may b© blamed by the field man* The idea Is apparently deeply ingrained In Wheat pool philosophy that committee people have a responsibility for active lead- 36ership in all community situations*"^ Th© delegates who meet with and help out committees also have an educational responsibility* This note appears in on© report* Delegate Schmidt held a meeting at his home on Mon­ day evening to organise a Farm Forum Group* Six. attended and after listening to the round-up it was decided to organise a group and ®8§t again for the next broadcast on January 7th.3? Wheat Fool ecam ittees are encouraged to hold regular meetings* and according to Pool by-laws must do mo at least four times a year. For thee® meetings* the professional ^ Ibld., January, 1947* p. 5* bid* * January, 1946, p. 4. ^ I bld., December* 1943, p. 2. 38Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited. Hand Book Lo« 1, p. 28. 165 staff of the Country Organization Department prepares mater­ ial which may be used as a basis for discussion# Materials are Incorporated In bulletins or monthly programs* On the first page is a suggested agenda one of which is given below In fable XXVII• Th® monthly program contains in addition to TABLE XXVII39 Suggested Agendunfor Monthly Meetings of Wheat fool Committees lumber of Suggested Items Item _____ _ ________ 1. 3 • 3. 4. 5* 6 * 7. 8. 9# the suggested agenda, a discussion of some pertinent topic which may be the item on cooperative education of the commit* tee meeting# Some subjects of these monthly programs are the followings More drain through fool Elevators 39^Adapted from agendum in Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat 'Producers Limited* *A Message to Wheat Pool Committees'1* inside cover* fhis agendm is repeated In other monthly programs * 40Weekly newspaper of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. 41From title pages of monthly programs of the Wheat Pool committees* Saskatchewan Wheat fool. Minutes of last meeting Business arising, out of minutes and unfinished business Communications and correspondence Deliveries to Pool Elevators, and. station analysis Th® Western Producer circulation Pool policies Co-operative education and studies of the co-operative movement Relations with other co-operative associations and junior organizations Mew business and local activities 1 6 6 Wheat ancl Security Control and Ownership You and. Your neighbors Use of the Oar order Book The Volee of Organised Agrloulture Livestock Marketing and the Producer four C o m It tees Tell Us a Story k Message to Wheat Pool Committees state ^edieine The Heed of a Co-operative Union in Canada The Personnel and Function of the Country Organisation Department Debt Adjustment Co-operative Faming Co-operative Life Insurance Many of the topics pertain to the regular marie©ting and business functions of the Pool; out some are devoted to in­ teresting Pool co m it tee men in the general welfare of fan groups* The bulletin on stmt© medicine nuts a very strong case for Intervention of government in building & health pro gram * During the war years, committees ware active in victory loan campaigns and Heel Cross work* Therefore, In February, 1944, an attempt was made to bring thinking around to ©ore permanent action programs. In nA Message to Wheat Pool Com­ mittees* these specific projects were suggested; (1) organ­ ising farm* citisen, and labor radio-listening forays; (2) interesting neighbors in a national health program; (3) edu­ cating youth In cooperative schools; (4) sponsoring Dominion- Froviitcial youth training programs; (5) sponsoring farm machinery field days; (6) sponsoring junior clubs; (7) organ­ ising. for coSperative Marketing of livestock; (8) building a united cooperative front through assisting; with other cooperative organlrations; and. (9) creating im atmosphere of 167 cooperation In the post-war worlcl.^ Committees must report their activities annually to the subdistrict meeting,. In a recent letter from the head office to the committees, the following, suggestions are given concerning what other committees might want to know about activities: 1. Heport all Wheat Fool and other Go-operative meetings held during the year. 2. Mf t you been able to increase the attend­ ance t 3. Do you use the Committee Programme and other material cent from Head Office? Is the In­ formation 'passed on to the 0 ha re holders? 4. Shat has your committee and Pool Elevator agent done to increase deliveries to the .pool Elevators? Have you worked on the *Call to Action* programme? 5* What has your committee done to assist In the Rehabilitation of Veteran.®? 6* have you planned ways and means of organising co-operative shipping of livestock? 7. fell the story of your work, with other co­ operative and. community services in the district. 8. The future lies witn youth -- Are you develop­ ing Junior 01ob'?f Co-ooeratlv© Schools, Ptatrni Radio foi»s, Women’s Organizations, an*, other agencies In which the whole community may participate? 9. Have you introduced any new or special feature. In your committee meetings during the year? 10, What are your suggestions,for further Co-operative development?^* It can be mmmn from the way In which questions are put, that committee members are not to be honored but to act. Thar# is a belligerent tone in a *te of the queries* This spirit which represents an Internal discipline in the Pool ^Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat Producers Limited. *4 Message to Wheat Pool Committees,* pp. 2-4. ^From a form letter addressed to The Secretary, Wheat Fool Committee, by the Country Organization ■Department, 1 6 8 cooperative movement is a partial explanation of the strength of the movement* The way in which field sen coerce lax committee men, committee men ©core elevator agents, and the head office flails Individuals in the whole organization, gives the Impression of a demoera11ea1ly disciplined group at work* To read of field men and to hear of head office men, all imbued with missionary spirit, la to be transported in a certain spirit to seventeenth-century Mew England where the elders were wholly bent on casting out sin* When a mmn is elected by the wheat Fool either to a voluntary or a paid job, he takes on a responsibility not only for himself but for his neighbors, and If he fails, h© is rejected by the movement• The following comment by a field man concerning, a local meeting of Fool farmers illustrates the ruthless quality underlying the building of the movements We never got by their local grievances which were many, and petty ones at that***** Looks like the only lesson they will learn, or the way they will learn, Is if 'both Elevator and Co-op* were closed up.44 God and the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool are hard taskmasters* This exacting missionary spirit, however, sustains the professional staff in their job* As explained earlier, the Pool divides the Province into sixteen district©, and for each of these there is a paid district representative or field man whose primary job is to work with the committees; and in addition there are two men who operate on a provincial Aii^Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* Report of the Country Organization Department* May, 1946, p* 3* 169 basis, the on® a Ukrainian language man and the other a Fr ench-s peaklng Catholic* flies© men on©rat® under the guid­ ance of a superintendent and an assistant superintendent heading the country organisation department with headquar­ ters in the Wheat Fool, building, at Regina.*^ The district representative® are key men in keeping the Wheat Fool and the cooperative movement forging ahead* They are the handy men of the oodper&tlve movement, and must b© prepared to take a committeeman*a wife to the hospital, repair an engine for the elevator agent, j ump into & pen to a now & fmraier how to stamp livestock, or talk on codperation before a normal school group* Because of the broad philosophy of the Saskatchewan Wheat Fool and because of a special agreement district repre­ sentatives must spread their efforts to cover both the entire- cooperative movement and a variety of worthwhile com­ munity projects. Sometime in the 1930*% an agreement was drawn up between the Saskatchewan Cfo-operatlve Wheat Producers Limited and certain other cooperative organisations to the effect that the latter would make money contributions to trie Pool in recognition of work which had been, clone and was be­ ing done to further cooperative education. The same pamphlet which describes the agreement notes that because of the attack on cooperation, the Pool representatives may have ^The g cooperative Union of Saskatchewan* go-operative Fact Book. Wheat Pool-4. 170 46to concentrate on their own needs. However* reports of field men show that through 1946 at least they are still assisting In organizing all types of aoBper&ilve associa­ tions . Another factor In the widespread Interests of the field man is the very cordial relationships of toe Fool with the Extension Department of the University of Saskatchewan* fhe assistant superintendent of the country organization depart­ ment points out that the Fool delegates want to have the University tied to the life of the people to whom it belongs* This attitude on the part of Fool delegates influences pro­ fessional staff to cooperate in urging committees to under­ take sponsorship of many University events and to do person­ al promotion work for those events* i'hen the head of the newly formed Adult Education Division of the provincial De­ partment of Education presented his proposed program to district representatives, members present replied that In order to support his program they would need to be satisfied on a number of points, asong them.: That the programme of the Branch would not tend to undermine the activities of the Extension Depart­ ment of the University of Saskatchewan* with which.ae had such profitable relations in the past. * The regard of the Wheat Fool for the University has been expressed in concrete terms by grants of money. During 46 Co-ordination of work of Fool and Subsidiary Oo-aaoan- les, pp.113 4 * Ibid.. p. 4. 171 the early part of the depression, the Wheat Pool gave §7,000 ’•without strings** to the Extension Department, so trst the University might help people whose 11 souls were weary*1 to urn® their time more profitably. At present the Saskatchewan Co­ operative Producers Limited makes a regular yearly grant of 48§7*500 to the Department to h® used In junior club work,■ At the University far® week* the organization provides a 49banquet for one of the farm groups. thus the agreement with the codperatlve associations and the ties with the Uni­ versity as expressed in financial terns provide a broad working basis for field men* Although work of district representatives will vary with the areas in which they work, the account of chief ac­ tivities of one representative will show the scope of the job! 1. Aids in conducting a week’s cooperative school. 2. with sound equipment and educational pictures, travels to meetings in towns not covered by national Film Board circuit. 3* Works with agricultural representatives in organiz­ ing junior clubs, 4, Works with Wheat Pool committees, meeting with each stt least once a year* In this particular district there are 48University of Saskatchewan* Annual Beport of the Pres let an t Academic Tear 1945-46* p *" T 5^ 7" and Interview with John 0. 'R&yner February 17* 194?. 49’'College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan. Programme of University Farm Week January 6, ?, 8* 9* 10, 194?. 112 ninety-seven slemtors and. ninety**three skipping points with ninety-five committees, two of which are not at shipping points* 5. Oodrdtn&t#* work of Fool on variety test plots at direct!©n of University authorities*3° Lika the agricultural representative, the Fool wheat nan spends a good portion of him time working, with farm organisations* particularly cooperative associations, where he may talk to members, show motion pictures, or assist in the discussion of problem* before the group, fable XXVXIX presents a summary of such meetings attended by the field staff ©f the country organ imti on department for the year ending, Hovember 30, 1946. ^Interview with Howard, fyler, district six, February 11, 194?. 173 TABLE XXVIII51 Meeting.* Attended by Country Organization staff for Year Ending November 30, 1946 Type of Meeting Humber of Mae tings Attendance General Meetings Wheat Pool 372 Livestock Pool 2 Poultry Pool 2 Consumers Cooperative 133 Dairy Pool 1 Juni 0r Qra 1 n G1 ub s 9 General 588 Total 1,107 67,18? Motion Pictures 265 Committee, Club, and School Meetings Wheat Pool 662 Livestock Pool 8 Poultry Pool 6 Consumers Cooperative 70 Dairy Pool 1 Junior Grain Clubs 1 School 20 Total 7 6 8 1,363 With a regard again to the fact that each representative has somewhat different duties, a yearly schedule for the 50 ty pie&l representative can be charted in 9033© detail. The year opens with a staff meeting at Regina or Saska­ toon in January. This meeting is given over to reports and discussion of the latest Information from heads of SI- Adapted from Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* Report of the Country Organisation Department* November, 194l5T~ C-3 ^‘“'The following yearly schedule has been adapted from Saskatchewan Go-operative $heat Producers Limited. What Does a. Field Man Do? 174 cooperative organisations, and plans on how to use such In­ formation* fable XXIX lists subjects discussed at such a meeting In January, 1946* The remainder of the winter Is TABLE XX XX*55 Subjects Discussed at Staff Meeting of Country Crganlmtion Department January 3# 4, and 5* 19-46 Subjects 1. Pool policies. 2* Saskatchewan Co-operative Dreamery Association, Ltd, 3. A grIculture Bepres©nta11v© S e rv1ce. 4. Department of Co-operation* 5. Organization ^ork. (a) Democratic Control. (b) Wheat Pool Committees. (c) Agents Study Groups?^ 6. Routine. given over to periodical meetings with directors and travel ling superintendents, a district delegate® meeting, and country meetings* Some special jobs may have to be under­ taken . *Wftmn meetings 1 go off1 as farmers go on the land,51 the representatives help boys and girls lay out variety test 55plots 0 ' While visiting these young experimenters, the ^^Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited. Report of The Country Or^nl mtlon Department * January, 1946, 'l§*"'r""i. 5k^ Agents are those who run the country elevators and with who® district represents.tives must work closely* KtZ the variety tests are carried out by young people who are ordinarily under the age of farmers included in this study, they will not be discussed further. A. very good ac­ count of them with results obtained, can be found in "Saskatch­ ewan Co-operative Producers Limited, Junior Co-operative YSIMPX Testa 1944._ These junior grain- Tilte ¥s ~ a re o re <11 ted with’' coming within four percent of the accuracy of workers on the experimental farms. The variety test projects are considered to be a training ground for future farmer- coBperaters. 175 representative takes opportunity to visit Fool agents and delegates to spread the gospel of organisation and education, foples he may discuss with these men are the cooperative schools* choosing and financing young, people who are to go to the regional schools* ©redit unions* mutual benefit assoc­ iations, school oodper&tlve programs, junior clubs or home­ craft clubs * livestock pool shipping and other programs for education or action. Immediately after seeding there Is a district delegates meeting to he attended* Early In June the field man accom­ panies the director to committee conventions, assisting oom- mittee secretaries with registration and financial details* *H© also has a * spotf on the program * * Attendance at these conventions Is followed by putting on country picture shows and going to meetings of all kinds• then come regional one- or two-day schools in the district, and in the mid-summer the big eodperstiw© school at the University. With young people attending this school, the representative lays the foundation for future work In M s district by organizing, school cooperatives and credit unions and calling attention to the Mutual Benefit Association or the Canadian Co­ operative Implements Limited* Because of the need for trained farm leaders, work at the school is considered a very important part of the representative*s program* During the summer months the field man helps with eo- 8perat.lv© rallies and picnics and with Class A and 8 fairs usually sponsored by the agricultural societies, At the 176 fairs he sets up exhibit -and rest tents, and prepares to tali! with the people. After the fairs and before the final in­ spections of variety test plots the harvest is on and the representative mn®% give his attention to Fool elevator de­ liveries. Marketing of grain, livestock, poultry, eggs, area®, forage crop seed and honey is not purely a seasonal matter; so that this must often be attended to at other time® of the year also* With the cosing of fall there is the annual meeting of the Canadian Co-operative Implements Limited. In addition the field man must assist in organizing far® forum and study groups; find, sponsors for the two-week Dominion-Provincial youth training schools? help with Junior club fairs and pic­ ture shows; and attend the annual meeting of the 'Wheat Fool at Regina and local annual meetings out in the country• Special Christmas programs round out his year. In addition to this regular routine, the field man fills in his time with special projects or emergency organization activities. For instance, when farmers put on special drives for redress ©f economic grievances, the Wheat Pool men are charged with coordinating activities such as circu­ lating. petitions, holding mass meetings, sending delegations to Ottawa* They will secure lists of cream shippers for the Dairy Pool; urge merchants to ship eggs to the Poultry Pool; act in an advisory capacity at organization meetings of various cooperative ventures; help in drives for rural libraries, the Red Gross, Aid to Russia, Medical League, the IT T Anti-Tube roulo e 1 s League* In niore strictly academic fields, theyJud^e at eodperativ© essay contests, distribute cooperative literature, promote the use of the Pool library, report special events to the newspapers, organise cod©eratIves in schools. Then they must welcome men settlers, straighten out misunderstandings on Pool business, assist the Depart­ ment of Agriculture or the University in special farm sur­ veys , and * trouble shoot*. One of the most delicate and arduous tasks of the field man is to he a kind of watchdog for the fiheat Pool in par­ ticular and the cooperative movement in general• C»© man notes that a particular point has 90 per cent Pool member­ ship but secures only 42 per cent of the grain; he will question this b a l a n c e Each representative reports to headquarters on how committees are functioning, strengths and weaknesses of local cooperative associations, and efficiency of other members of the paid staff. In one case a representative recorded what he thought must be a suoeess- ful whispering campaign against the Livestock pool. A kind of informal census on agricultural prospects of a par- sft ticular community may be carried on by a representative. Cn© man s&ys of a credit union in his territory, *They have 56 Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited. Report of the Country Orronlaatlon Department, March, 1946, p. 2. cz7 Ibid.» February, 1946, p. 4. ISM*, fe'arch, 1946, p. 4. ITS been pretty slow on education work, and. nine eh&ps own all but 1350*00 of the $6,000*00 of assets.'*^ over zealous ness swat be watched, also* After attending a very poor Fool meeting which it took him seven, hours to reach in a sixty mile train journey, one disgruntled representative s&yst This community has a 0o~op. farm, Credit^ Union, Co-op* Community rink and is planning a |£0,000.00 Co-op store. Is this- the-reason we can* t get a decent Pool ©eating here?®** Thus by watching and diagnosing community difficulties, the field man attempts to educate for effective action through cooperatives by reporting inefficient workers and toy working to Iron out difficulties and to secure active voluntary Fool workers« Organisation activities in the field of Qo&peratives take tbe field man into si any different avenues of education* On one occasion he may merely discuss a proposed project such as a federated warehouse with a group. On others he may actively assist in organising a cooperative hall or a community rink, by outlining procedures for developing ooSperatlve ventures and returning a. second or third time to help with tfe® project in the process of developing. At the same meetings he may also get in some words on a baby beef club, and ?ool mark.ting versus the income tax.®1 59m a .. Uay, 1546, p. 3. 60Ibid., March, 1946, p. 2. 61 , _ Ibid., December, 1945, a. 3# February, 19-pfe, pp. 1, 6; March, X 9to, p. 2. 179 One field man ocoupled the key position of chairman at a meeting of fool committeamen and directors of seven consumers cooperatives to discuss provision of petroleum products On© Job In the last two or three /car® which has been of the utmost Importance to the field man Is assisting; re­ turning veterans to get settled on farms and Integrated Into their communities. The Saskatchewan Council of the Canadian Legion has gone on record as expressing aonreciatton to the Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited for their very generous financial and personal assistance to veterans under 53 the Veterans1 Land. Act. One field man has spent some time with the veterans at the Matador Co-operative Farm» helping 64then with *hltch and plow troubles**. A local Legion offi­ cer In the summer of 1946 asked to Interview the representa­ tive of district eight, in order that he might talk over with him the Veterans’ Land Act, Poppy Day, and rehabilita­ tion In general. This was taken by the country organisation department to be a fine opportunity to be of service to all veterans The field man works at M s Job mo continuously that h# is apt to seek out Individuals to convert to the faith, cne 62Ibid.» January, 1946, p. 4. ^ Xbid., August, 19461 p* 5• 64Ibld„. June, 1946, p. 7. .. August, 1946, p. 4, x m representative reports: *Spent evening; with Mr. Jones. fried to give his the picture re wholesale in this corner of the province• Still another nan tells of keeping up the moral© of a former active workers Spent some time with eac-de legal© Lax da 1 to keep him up to date on things as near as possible. Believe he is doing more for the movement now than when he was delegate* He has time on his hands and meets & lot of people and Hires to talk Pool. ^ The variety of racial origins in Saskatchewan, as described In Chapter It, .is reported by the assistant super­ intendent of the country organisation department to be *no problem* to the co0pe native movement, because the S'heat Pool creates a common meeting ground. Tc accommodate themselves to the nationality groups, however, the Pool field men occasionally us© special iech^ niques, and th® country org&niaatlon department employs two special language representatives. h sequence In kodochrome has been prepared on the round-up for cooperative shipping of cattle at Lorlte where special work is done with Indians 68from the File Hills Reserve. k field man reports from Abernathy: Ur* Joe Ironquill one of the Chiefs of toe File Hills Heserve gave us a very good talk. In fact, I should say it was without doubt, th© Ibid.. January, 1946, p. 4. Ibid.. Deember, 1945, p. 3. 68Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* twenty- Second Annum I Report, p* 30. lax outstanding ad dress of the A Ukrainian field man is eoMissioned to work with nationality groups rather than with Pool orgmiii&a tlons * Ho travels to meetings of the Ukrainian Self Hellene© League which Is a unifying organisation for the Ukrainian Greek orthodox Church, Union of Ukrainian Community Centres , Ukrainian Institute, Canadian Ukrainian Women's Association, and Canadian Ukrainian Youth Association* At a recent meet­ ing in Sd&o-nton, the field man was calls a upon to convince the president of the league that the co5perstive movement in Saskatchewan Is not synonymous with the Co-operative Common­ wealth Federation Government* The work of such special language m e n m m fcfr* Str&tychuk of the Wheat Fool has appar­ ently met with particular favor In Ukrainian groups. The league meeting at Edmonton passed a resolution endorsing the codperative movement In general and asking the Alberta Wheat Fool *to follow Saskatchewan and Manitoba and engage the TOservices of a Ukrainian Field Man** Komulus Beaulac, the French speaking field man, works with such groups as the French Adult Education Society of 69 a«katch©wan Do-operative Producera Limited* Report of the Country Ormniaatlon department. June, 1946, p74* 70lb id.. B© cam bar, 1945, p# 4* Though soliciting, goverrvmant support, the Wheat Pool like other cooperative organlsetione is theoretically non-political, and field men must keon the organisation from being; identified w 1 th par­ ticular political parties* Sc© statement In Co-ordination of Work ct F >q! and. Subs I diary Companies« r>* 4 ^ l’™r" 182 Saskatchewan* He is charged with attending meetings and speaking In the native tongue on various topics relating to 71the work of the Wheat Fool..' Apparently in support of Mr. Beamlacf© work# the Pool In 1945 purchased, six looms which were turned over to Reverend Father deaudoux of Prudhomma* to he used for Instruction purposes. 11 Father 3©audoux,H nays the wheat Pool letter discussing the purchase *carries a vary useful programme of handicraft work through the French Adult Education society in 3a ska tohewan.* fhie assistance to the French Society Is in accord with the philos­ ophy that what improves the community also Improves the wheat Fool. In true cooperative fashion the stipulation is made that similar classes using the new purchase can be set up anywhere in the province with no restriction as to race* 72nationality* or creed. Hr. Beaulac reports in July, 1946, that *!!er* Beaudoux Is contemplating, the re-opening of the weaving -schools as the Provincial Government will pay the teacher.*^ Thus a special project stimulated by Wheat Pool men becomes a permanent .part of the educational activity of the province. The codperatlve schools which have been mentioned in connection with work of the Wheat Fool committees and the T^Ibid., November, 1946, p. 6. 72R. L. dtutt. R|h Wheat Pool Memo to all $1strict Representatives, April 5* 19WI™* 73Basketohewan Cooperative Producers Limited. Report of the Country Organisation Department. July, 1946, p. 2. 183 field men are an activity which involve both teen-age young people and young adults and so fall partly within the scope of this thesis.. There are two types of schoolsi the one- day cooperative school held at a small local point, and one- week regional school held in 1946 at Regina, Saskatoon, 74Prince Albert and. swift Current* Table XXX summarises TA3LS XXX75 Report on One-day Co-operative schools Held in October, November, and December, 1946 Fool Districts In which Schools Held Number of Schools Number of Students Number of Adults 8 10 437 1,750 13 3 230 250 14 2 100 (Cold) 15 9 350 1,000 Total 24 1,107 3,000 attendance at the one-day schools held in 1946. One of the chief ©vents of these one-day schools is to choose the young, people to he sent to the regional schools which are more selective in members hip and longer in ^Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited, Twenty- Second Annual Report, p. 31* In a typewritten statement given to the author by Joe L. Buckley # there is mention of a central school also. It ?;ay be that one or more of the regional schools are now taking the place of this school which has 'been held at the University of Saskatchewan. ‘ -^Adapted from Report by J. P. Str&tychuk in Saskatche­ wan Co-operative Producers Limited. Report of the Country Organisation Department* January, 1947, p. 5* 184 duration.*^ Table XXXI presents statistics concern lag, the regional schools. TABLE m & X 77 Report on Regional Co-operative Summer Schools, July 3-6 and 8-13, 1946 Bex of Students Rusher of Students Enrolled at Prince Regina Saskatoon Swift .Albert Current Total Enroll­ ment Average Snroll- saent Soys*^ 54 50 83 71 253 64.5 Girls 40 12 25 12 89 22.3 Total 94 62 108 S3 347 86.8 The course of study planned for Prince AIbert, 3aska- toon, and. Regina in 1946 Included lectures on Agriculture in Saskatchewan, Canadian Citizenship, Assembling and Marketing of Field Products, .Mew Horizons, Saskatchewan's Co-operatives, $o-operatioxi for Service not f o r Profit, Co-operative Farm­ ing, Co-operative Dairy and Foultry Marketing, %om@n in Co-operation. Panel discussions of the enrollees were devel­ oped around the topics $fey Co-operative? Youth Looks Ahead, and an Open Forum ^Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited. Twenty* second Annual Heport, p * 31 * — - — "rnr"' Adapted from The Co-operative Union of Saskatchewan. Report on 1946 Co ^ operative Summer School, p. 1* and Olaf fly fund, H* A . Wagoner, and Iff. 0* hambie. Report of the third Annual Oo-onerativ© School at Swift Current.’p• TT ^®The tars **boys and girls*1 is a misnomer. Although mom® students were ms young, as fourteen, about Imlf were eighteen or over, in these schools, and soie were reported as forty-one. *70 * ^ The Co-operative Union of Saskatchewan. The Co­ operative Stammer School ♦ 1&3 7U* sohoot at swift Currant rncita^o taifea on holt Uriftio ^o~a??*r&ta vy rnuv,' a*-# hor--. o.;-^ - m m tivo MsLTKftt* 9f d a » ll t o A. a t I o n , • ■ !& ~ o p e r ^ t i va . . iv i^ o lO e * "'o,^ v o ~ operatives*» ao~«;io#ratiTo Xn*ur«m;2*# friaoiD.l*^ «r.': "motion® of bl» 0&~QpmntXv& Mowamaiib, 30~Ofii*railo3 □istrtoati^n of riojiiu^ra1 raftU’i* nro^.mm x*&& filled out ului trips to ih# Uoils tabors to ry at t£a» txperiwritui ’^oa.Tof the hor*** paolel2t& plant** m n d Pool tlifttowj with poultry #nd farm 3w‘m o b ir o r y 6*^on»trs*tl€*iiii; .rut ^ i t h a fat* o th e r jraport of bfc« aohoola at 5a&baboon, bftriiim* m i d ?rlnsa tloert as-kon soiatlor of stuussjls'1 ra&otion to th* school®* :: touon^r! »r« in a©o»ro wtti.i raec^aatf*tVon* of 81o t m r t ro w s feli&t they no«6 a r ® © ia * » t i* i l s o le o I* Cm t h ia £$ore tba peool* at irift. lurr#ni olsslr for fchslr *ohool -fclvtt juunt:;' people &<&«©-&* tetter scquaiot^t tl?.n at otloy aehcola tec&u*# t h e y 1 ivo in o%iort«rs a£J&*ant to t h m stobool#®^ ■'n tfc* wiy of r*are*tl3tt» tb* siuoe&t* at vr* othar fioltoalw &»k for more tours to point* of int*f**t ar*a orJgan~ tta£ reoraatltm* Thatr snggesilois® for itgorov^sanb of taaotihf sna tii® curriculum arm mai* Tfeay &M*„hasia* ©or# nee of fllisti* a loogar sen hoot (possible ***#£«)* $k£% "' ■’ffeird Aiifitml C©-~op*r»tlv* School* ^T'h# ^or-op*r»tlv* Union of Saskatchewan* R#oort J L j t t o s m a m y .g , , a a . i« r Sskmal. p . i . #5? cat f >:■'J Assembling* FreeaS3ing A Marketing Poultry Assembling and Market i]*0 Hatchery Bo ney & rxet ing Wholesaling and Manufacturing 1 Co-operative Assns.s Purchasing As-ans • 483 Community Service Assns. 138 Miscellaneous Service Asans* Co-operative Credit Services: Credit Unions Co - o pe ra 11 ve Credit Society Credit Union Federation Funeral Benefit Services Superannuation. Society Co-operative Fidelity and Guarantee Co. 56 163 1 1 X 1 1,133 25 61 15 15 a 1 5 490 138 56 163 I 1 1 1 1? 44 461(1) 164 157 20,988 6,852 138 62,375(2$ 8,273 3,157 5,351 1,237 3,686 99.,Ibid. Adapted from Table XIV, pn, 77, 19? T&BLh XXXII ( 3ont.) Go~eper&tive Organizations in Saakatehmn (A© reported for the calender year 1944 or for fiscal year nearest to that date) Type of Organisation Number of orp». Places Member of Assna. Suslness Member­ ship Total business TOTAL iy44-45 876 2,109 986 299,686 199,408,589(3) TOTAL 1943-44 839 2,270 1,023 286,333 182,451,851 TOTAL 1942-43 802 2,213 905 250,846 105,352,785 TOTAL 1941-42 768 2,081 829 243,250 64,443,528 TOTAL 1940-41 697 2,022 209,020 77,197,572 TOTAL 1939-40 532 1,787 187,808 71,901,405 TOTAL 1938-39 475 2,259 184,372 50,201,683 TOTAL 1937-38 438 2,027 198,988 19,359,015 (!) Decreeee In membership accounted for by amalgamation of two co-operative federations. (2) Refers to business for the twelve months ended December 31st» 1944. (3) Includes a duplication of livestock ana forage crop seed sales amounting to 12,261,111. maintaining a large paid educational staff, it may have been responsible for a considerable portion of the growth in the ooSperative movement* CHAPTER Y e v a u m t j ' ■ or k DllDT E&UOAtlON FOB PRODUCTION AMD MARKET110 There are two typos of standards by which the worth of a program of agricultural adult education may be judged. The first of these can be called an intrinsic standard by which practices of the -various agencies are examined In light of their stated purposes. The second can be called an extrinsic standard by which the purposes and practices of the agencies are evaluated in relation to the land and the people. The first practice of agricultural adult education In Saskatchewan Is the practice of enthusiasm. The observer newly arrived in Regina ©r Saskatoon is impressed with the energy of workers in the movement. He senses a feeling of great plans afoot. Provincial officials as well as profes­ sional persons are busily overhauling and reorganizing the Agricultural Representative Service. Dominion, provincial, and University men are earnestly working together to create a meaningful cooperative extension program. The Saskatche­ wan Wheat Pool district representatives appear to be re­ doubling their efforts* Most cooperatives seem to be moving towards a more Integrated program of education through The Co-operative Onion, of Saskatchewan. Furthermore, this activity Is constantly vitalised by the deep personal 199 interest which every professional worker has in his job* If agricultural adult education in Baskatchew&n fail© in the tasks it has set for itself, it will not he for want of enthusiasm and effort* The Agricultural Representative '3@rv lot is dedicated to making, agriculture a more profitable occupation and to 1 ap­ proving conditions of far® life* fo this end the Service puts emphasis on Improving: and changing, the quality and character of agricultural produce* Sn@rg.ies of agricultural representatives and local committee aembers are usually spent on land utilisation and diversification activities* Improving conditions of farm life through stimulating, home and community betterment is largely a paper practice, however* Agricultural representatives do develop special programs for women at field days* A local agricultural com­ mittee occasionally sponsors community picnic grounds• Some agricultural representatives promote youth training schools* But the sum total of these activities do not appear to equal in volume or in importance those projects related to agri­ cultural production* The agricultural representative is a technical agriculturist* He is also a government employee* By background he tends to emphasis# the immediate, practical crop or livestock problem of the farmer* By employment h© must ©tress those production program© In which the several government departments are interested. In-serrice training conferences planned for hi® tend to reinforce hi# natural Inclinations. Despite broadly stated purposes, the 200 &&vxeu 1 turn 1 Kepresent&tiv© Sorvlc© Is In practice large ly an agricultural production agency* To carry through the agency1 s purposes # the Agricultur­ al Reprasentsbiv© Service believes It aeemss&ry to Involve Individual farmers• To this end there has been developed the local agricultural improvement aric conservation commit­ tee as a basic unit in the cooperative agricultural exten­ sion program* Theoretically this oocsmlttee Is responsible for ©electing and solving local farm problems* The combined plane of all local committees ought to constitute an agri­ cultural adult education program* But two other group© are also charged with program planning* The agricultural repre­ sentatives are committed to stressing government policies* The provincial advisory council* having no connection either with the farmer or the agricultural representative except through his director* 1© charged with advising on a provin­ cial program. Theoretically* three groups are setting policy In the coSperm.tive extension program* It will be remembered that one local committee was criticised by its members for looking for a book of rules which did not exist* Actually the committee members were right* They did need a set of rules devised bp the provincial advisory council and the agricultural representa­ tives* They needed a list of specific activities which they were responsible for seeing through* They needed instruc­ tions on how to see the© through. They needed further advice on those areas of agricultural planning In which they 201 were free to male# local adaptations. They needed this kind of carefully detailed and pre-planned instruction* not to stake them more dependent on government and provincial associ­ ations,. Out to give them a framework within which they could exercise their own initiative and Judgment* They needed that framework as a psychological prop* They needed to feel that they were a part of an write uprising and carefully organized provincial program*. the first purpose of the two extension departments of the University of Saskatchewan is to make available, and to encourage practical application of Information on farm ques­ tions , hast em& king* and rural Ufa* Their sec end purpose is tc promote the development of a sound rural economy ana. a wholesome and attractive rural civilization* to carry out these purposes thtP two departments together have no more than about twelve full-time professional people. The service# of these members are augmented by those of part- time workers hi rad for special schools or special Jobs, and by occasional assistance from man ia the College of ngrncul­ ture • with this limited staff the departments have had to resort to a salxiiauja of professional teae-xing. and u tmxlimm of voluntary effort la carrying out their purposes• In view of the foregoing, c1roomstane#s, the two depart­ ments have made effective efforts to provide a wealth of services and to utilise a variety of techniques« *3 or king through local organisations the two departments have dis­ tributed written instructions, and hava- promo tad study 202 groups, schools, field days, junior societies* At some point, any or all of these activities as&y be said to be im­ plementing their purposes. Because of the limitations in ■staff, however, efforts are scattered. One staff worker looks after forty-seven agricultural societies and directs the department* Another man supervises ninety-six radio forums and watches over mom® twenty-one horticultural societies* The six instructors and the director of the De­ partment of Women's Work are responsible for activities In 365 homemakers clubs, 89 homecraft clubs, as well as activities In special schools and other organisations. With overcrowding of staff there has been little time to evaluate the worth of activities. Some of the purposes of the extension staffs are touched on vary lightly, because the departments must cover so much ground« Intensive educa­ tional effort is expected of universities even In their extension departments. Xet the effect of the University’s work can hardly be intense when a farmer's only contact with the university Is a speech -at a field day or a few lectures during University farm week. Reports of the extension divisions have contained ques­ tions about the advisability of some of their activities. It has been suggested that the teen-age groups might be oared for by the schools rather than by the Department of Women’s Work. The worth of the Provincial Seed Fair and the activities of the agricultural societies have also been questioned. Through establishment of the new cooperative 203 extension program and the fine cooperative spirit of the director of the Extension Department, the program of the latter is in danger at some points of becoming a mere ser­ vice agency for another government agency* The University of Saskatchewan Is a provincial institution* As such it has an obligation to be a service agency not to another govern­ ment department but to all the people of Saskatchewan* The staff of the Extension Department must carefully evaluate their efforts to »«# wherein they are most effectively meet­ ing those purposes peculiarly their own, and to determine in what areas they are most profitably meeting the needs of ail their people. At this writing# the Extension Department ap­ pears to be mooting the broadest statement of its purposes in junior club work and In the short courses for young people. The instructional phases of the latter activity, furthermore, are those which can be most effectively supplied, by an institution wholely devoted to education* It may be that so-called non-agricultural activities such as corre­ spondence study groups and the radio listening forums could be more effectively exploited if more staff time were allot­ ted to building them up and if other agencies helped promote them * The School of Agriculture is designed to fit young people for a better life on the farm* It attempts to meet its purpose through courses In technical agriculture and In such special courses as rural leadership* Superficially, at least, the School appears to be meeting its purposes 204 adequately* The workers in the country organization .department of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool are the watchdogs of the coopera­ tive movement* They are dedicated to improving the agricul­ tural economy and bringing happiness to the farm home, through promoting cooperative action in. economic and social affairs* Practices of the department appear to be in com­ plete harmony with purposes. As a matter of fact, there ap­ pears to be the highest correlation between practices and purposes in the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool of any of the agri­ cultural adult education agencies* This should not be construed to mean that the educational program is necessari­ ly the beet in Saskatchewan* The unifying effect of the Wheat Pool program appears to stem from three sources* First, one simple and effective technique, a cooperative society, is proposed as a solution to problems concerning the more abundant Ufa. Second, there is deep emotionalism underlying; the movement. To develop a cooperative society people are not moved like puppets but are motivated to cooperate to solve their prob­ lems. An emotional base unifies and strengthens an educa­ tional movement. Third, instructions to professional and voluntary workers are detailed and specific. If either group wishes to protest the framework of their endeavors, they at least have tangible statements with which to disa­ gree. When workers accept the philosophy of the movement they are expected to operate effectively within It. 305 When agricultural adult education programs are assessed In terms of their attention to basic factors of the land and the people. It Is obvious where the emphasis lias# ffee Agricultural Representative Service and the University of Saskatchewan can supply the latest Information on bacon hogs and hard, spring wheat* The Department of do-operatlon and Go-operative Development and the Saskatchewan Wheat Fool oan guide a farm gfm*P through the intricacies of laws governing cooperative associations* When a Saskatchewan government or education leader talks on agricultural adult education he typically says a good deal about purposes, organization, and operation of education agencies; and lm emphasizes the importance of scientific agriculture* Be is apt to pull from his desk a copy of the latest state-sent on the cooperative extension program. Soil Survey Report Ho* 12, or Quid® to Farm Prac­ tice In Saakatohewan« This same education leader will say very little about the characteristic* of his people unless specifically ques­ tioned about them* If h# is an experienced education worker, he may male© many common sens® observations about hie people such as how committee action is affected by particular per­ sonalities* Hie Information in this regard is not usually on a par with his scientific information, however* He does not quote sociological studies as he does soil studies* He is not as professionally at ease In the language of educa­ tional method as he is in the language of the technical 206 agriculturist* To him, his communities a to mkxmd fans Ins and wh eat- growIng areas, not Icelandic and United Church groups* The people themselves are the forgotten men of agricultural adult education in Saskatchewan* The failure to study the people ms well a® the soil ha® produced peculiar inconsistencies In adult education programs* The director of the School of Agriculture, whom® personal philosophy is broader than that of most administrators, is caught In the webs of this Inconsistency* Me believes that those admitted to the School of Agriculture should be at least tenth-grade graduates* lie bases this belief on the fact that the more schooling a young man has the better marks he receives in the School of Agriculture, let the farm population is typically composed of eighth-grade gradu­ ates* Perhaps they are the one® who ordinarily remain in farming* On the basis of population the only Justification for raising educational entrance qualifications In the School of Agriculture is the present necessity of severely limiting its membership* The workers 1b the country organisation department of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool say that nationalities are no problem to the eodperative movement* The department, never­ theless, hires a Ukrainian and a .French language representa* biv® • M&tionalitles may be no problem because the Wheat Pool fea® already made a basic adjustment to nationality patterns* The Agricultural Representative Service makes no such adjustment at all. let representatives report to? mttonalit;? dlff©rences and. dlff 1 an 111 as * Th© schooling of the farm population is typically eighth gma®, yet according to reports, agricultural bulle- tins are couched in language which only a technical agriculturist can understand* At present the Agricultural Bepresentat1v© Service is being enthuslastlcally reorganised as & real extension or agricultural adult education service* then Qualifications for staff a#1®here were developed, however, the educational aspects of their w o rk were generally ignored* Agricultural representatives are bachelors of science in agriculture* not in agricultural education* Of all educational personnel Interviewed b y the author, those who appeared. most concerned about the people were very logically men in the University of Saskatchewan* The direc­ tor of the School of Agriculture is making a concerted effort to supply well-rounded training for farm leaders. The director of the short courses for the Extension Depart­ ment is concerned shout the relative merits of vocational and non-vocational, training for a farm, population* The professor and head of the department of farm management questions the efficacy of the thirty-minute lecture at agricultural meetings. The farmer* says he, does not have one problem but fifty* Agricultural adult education must be reorganised to conform to the realities of agricultural life. Tt is good that the most doubts have been expressed at the University? for it is there that beginnings have to be 208 mad# In making knowledge of the peop 1® an integral part of agricultural adult education* The first need in this area is for the same kind of exact information wiki oh is available on soils. Saskatchewan needs a cultural classification of its farming communities. The University of Saskatchewan needs a staff of psychologists and rural sociologist® who will study the cleavages, tensions, and prejudices of the fains population* The work of these men should, 'he supple­ mented by a policy of hiring personnel trained in agricul­ tural education for key field Jobs in all agencies. Barring this expedient, there should be on call at th® University of Saskatchewan men who are trained in agricultural adult edu­ cation. These men should be available to assist all agencies in developing such program® mm may take cognisance of data of the psychologists and sociologists* The foregoing recommendations are a way of saying that leaders in Saskatchewan need to rethink a fundamental ques­ tion. Does a farmer manage his farm in a particular way be­ cause he has access to certain types of agricultural Information, or doe® he do so because he is a certain kind of person f SOtlHOES X. Books* Brltneil* G. £. Th® theai Economy» Political Seonoa^ Series* Mo* 4,"published 'by The University of Toronto Press and The Canadian Institute of International Affairs. Toronto: Th® University of Toronto Press, 1939* Pp. xvi and 259* Comer, Horae© C*, editor* The Canadian Aliiianao and Le-pml and Court Directory for the Yesr 1 W * Toronto: The Gopp Clark Company, Limited, "1946. Pp. 750. Fowk®, f e m o n C. Canadian Agricultural policy; The Histori­ cal Pattern* Toronto: Th© University of Toronto Press, 1946. Pp. ix and 304* Karris, -* T.# ©dttor In chief, lobster*a Mew International Dictionary of the Etmlish Laninage. Springfield? Q-. and 0. Merrla® Company. Pp. cxx and 2,620. Mackintosh, W . • A. and 1. L* 0. yoerg, editors. Canadian Frontier® of Settlament. In nine volumes. Toronto; Th® SaSHiTan Company of Canada Limited. Dawson, C. A. Group Settlement; Ethnic Communities in western-Canada, Vol. VI1. 1936. Pp. xx and 395. Dawson, C* A. and Eva E* lounge, pioneerire In th® Prairie 'Provinces; The Social Sid©' of the Settlement process* Vol. VXX1. 1940. Pp. xl and 338. Mackintosh, W. A. Prairie Settlement; The Geographical Setting, Vol. I. 1934. Pp. xv an “ 24-2. Mackintosh, A. A. as® rated by A. B. Clark, a. A * Elliott* and if. 1. Swanson* Economic problem© of the Prairie Province©* Vol. IVT^TS'SST "fp* 308. Morton, Arthur s. History of Prairie Settlement* Vol. II. 1938. Pp. l8£. Tilth this is bound_Cheater Martin9© Dominion Lands Policy, pp. 385.) ration, Ha raid S. drain -growers * Co&peratlve In Western Canada. Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. XXXIX. Cambridge* Harvard University Press, 1928. Pp. xlx and 471. 2X0 2• Arti clea * the Economic Ajmalist, 16*53, August, 1946* ff&.rm, Forum Guide*. 4s 1# December 2, 1946# Jobn CK *Education in Agriculture of Adults as Offered by the University of Saskatchewan.* spxentifle Agriculture. 10*276-200, Deomher, 1929* «rlf?#:tnf Gladys A* *Adult Education.* Encyclopedia of o ?ern Education edited by Harry M* Blviln and Herbert chueler. New Yorks The Philosophical Library of Mew sorts: City, 1943* Pp. xvl and 902. 3* Government Publications {printed}. Dominion of Canada* Ottawa Department of Agriculture * P.F.R.A* A Record of Achievement; A Report on Activities under"'*'the Prairie Farm' Rehabilitation Act for the Eight-year Period ended March 31, 1943. Pp. ?8. Spence, C. 0. and &• C. Lope. An Economic dlassifiea- tion of Land in Fifty-six Municipal Divisions, South Central Saskatchewan• Publication Mo. 720, technical Bulletin ho. 3 6 . October, 1941. Pp. 42. Department of trade ana Commerce Bureau of Statistics, the Canada Year Book 1945* 1945. Pp. lix and 1,200. . the -Canada I®a£S22l I2M- Pp. xxvii and 1,224. . 0ensue of Agriculture Saskatchewan* Eighth Census of Cana.da 1MPTT3 '19463 ’'p.'"’xx'^and 201. . Croaa-olaaelfications. Interprovinoia1 Migra­ tion* Blind and Deaf-mutes. Vol. XV, Eighth Census of "Canada" '1941'. 1946. Pp. xix and 980. . Occupations. Ifnemalament l&rmBf e and Employ- ‘ mMk* Households’ and Families. Vol. Xl, Census of the Prairie Provinces"T93S3 1938. Pp. 1,357. . Population by L o c a l 3ubdIvisions, Vol. IX, "Eighth Census of Canada 195T3~T5553 pp. xxv and 93B, 211 Department of Veterans Affairs ♦ Back to Civil Life« 3rd. edition* revised* April 1/1945. Pp. 60. Miscellaneous Domini on-Provincial Conference on Recons traction. ARTleulture» Hefereno© Book* Undated.. Pp. 100. Province of Saskatchewan» Retina Th© Bureau of Publications . . Community S-anninR Centres. Produced for the Department of Co-operation and Co-operative development. Undated. Pp. 24. . Saefeatehcwan Heart of Canada*s West. 1946. Pp. 22. . Suggestions Re-mrdinpi Co-operative Action by Women* Produced fortS^Department of Co-opera tl on andT"3o-operat 1 v@ Development. Undated. Pp. 6. ______ * l£H£ fta&ga& s Ufa I Represents,tlve Service. Produced' for'the Agricultural Representative Servicep Department of Agriculture. 1946$ T). Pp. 13* Department of Agriculture ______. Sixth Annual Report* 1910. 1911. Pp. 224. . Eleventh. Annual Report for sixteen months ended April"'30,^ T5iS* "i9'iS* Pp. 309. . Thlrty-3ixth Annual Report f o r the twelve months ended'nApr! 1 30 *"'"1941 * 1941* Pp. 1?6 and vil. ♦ Thlrty-3mvenfth Annual Report for th© twelve months ended April 30, ™'i9^ 2* Ipii* Pp. 164 and vii. . Thirty-El, hth Annual Report for th© twelve month? ®na*d April 30, 1943. 19%. Pp. 166. ♦ Thirty-Kinth Annual Report for the twelve months ended April 30, 19457 1 5 4 5 7 Pp. 21?. ♦ Fortieth Annual Report for th© twelve months ended April 30, ly45. “15557 Pp. 18?. 212 ♦ *Third Annua 1 Report of the Director of the Agricultural Representative Service** Belr.y ran e a tract from In© 4rm.ua X Report of the Department of Agriculture of Sa a ka t«&**&& f for the twelve months ended April 30, 1946. 1946. sp. 12. Department of So-operation and do-operative Development . do-operatlve Farming. 1946-47* Study Bulletin Ho. 1. *Introduction** Pp. 4* Study Bulletin Mo* 2. *History of Carmine in Sa s lea t chewan. * Fp. 8. study Bulletin Mo. 3* * Principles of Oo-Operation As Applied Co-Operative Farming * * Dp. 4. Study .Bulletin Ho* 4. *3o-Operatlve lo«2p3unlty .Pastures and Co-Operatives for the us© of Mslehinery.* Fp. 5* Study Bulletin Ho. 5* *0o-Cper a 11 vo Pooling of Land, Labour and other Resources.* Fp, 4. study Bulletin Bio. 6. 1* * Co-Opera ti ve s for Dairy and Poultry Production.* 2* *Re-estab- lishing the Veteran.* Pp. 4. study Bulletin Ho. 7* * Co-0 pern i i v© Living in Palestine** Pp. 6. Study Bulletin No. 8. *Ruasiaf a Collective Paras.* Pp. 3* Study 'Bulletin Ho. 9* * Co-Operative arouo Farms of the F.B.A.* Pp. 6. study' Bulletin No. 10. *Communal and Collective Farming. Enterprises.* Pp. 6. Study Bulletin No. 11. *Organimtior; of a Co- Opera tlv© for the use of Machinery.* Pp. 6. Study Bulletin No* 12. ^Organisation of a Complete Co-Operative Farm.* Pp. 6. • First Annual Report for the twelve months ended April 30, 1945. 1946. Pp. 85. Chapman* H. £.» and S. L. ledland. Progress of So- operative Farming M Saskatchewan! T O T “Fp” l5. Crayton, L« A. Frozen Food Looker Plante. Bulletin So. 3 . 1946. P p T Z T T 13©partment of Education . Annual Heport 1944-45» 1945. Fp* 77♦ Miscellaneous Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. ka Act Respecting Agari cultural Sfepreaentatlves. Bill Number Sf of " 1945. March 3b, 1945- 7p7~4. 2 1 3 Province of Saskatchewan. A Submission By The Soy e m ­ inent of 3aekatchevan To The Royal Commission On Dominion- Pro vino la, 1 Relations. 1937* Pp. iv and 454 * 1 '" " " " " 4. Miscellaneous Printed Reports and Other Bulletins. The Canadian Wheat Pools. The Wheat Pools ana eastern Community Life; An account of some of the ways in which the Wheat PooTs hay© endeavored to assist the prairie community toward a happier arc fuller manner of living. Wirmepegt The Canadian sheet Pools, June, 1940. Pp. 34. College of Agriculture, University of dasdateAswan. Report of the First Annual Convention of the Ucsccs?kers* Clubs of Saskatchewan kelcfat Regina, 3* s k& t c he wan, January 31, February 1, 2, and 3* 1911. Saskatoon, 1911. Pp. 32. The Co-operative Union of Saskatchewan. Fifth .Directors1 Report 1946. Regina, 1996. Pp. 16. Department of Aomen* s Work, iJniver^ of Saskatchewan. Band-Book Homemakers1 Clubs. Ar <• toon, 1942* Pp. 32. Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan. An Out- line of Course.-© for Study Groups. Saskatoon, November, 194o. Pp. 13* Guide to Farm Practice in Saskatchewan; Prepared Jointly by representatives of the University of Saskatchewan, the Caskstobewan Department of Agriculture, and the Experi­ mental Stations, Research Laboratories and. Other Services of the Dominion Department of Agriculture in askatohewan* Regina (?): Dominion and Sa s ka tohewan Departments of Agriculture, 1945* Fp* 169 and index. Hope, Em 0* , H. Van ¥11©t, and 0. CJ. Spence. Changes In Farm Income arid Indebtedness in Baa ka t o he wan During th© Period 1929 to 1949* i*.oricultural Ixteoslon Bulletin Ho. 105* Saskatoon: College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 1940(?)* Pp. 46. Mitchell, J . f H* C. loss, and J. s. Slayton. 3o.il Survey of Southern Saskatchewan from T.ownship 1 to 43 inclusive. Soil Survey Report Fo. 12. Saskatoon: College of Agriculture, University of "Saskatchewan, June, 1944. Pp. viil and 259* national Farm Radio Forum. Farm Forms Handbook. Toronto? Hattons. 1 Parra Radio Forum, 194^. ?P• 39. 214 Saskatchewan Co-operative producers Limited. Catalogue of Book® la the Saskatchewan Wheat Fool Library as at Jaxiu i j 11 R®glna, T5557 Pp. 73* ______^ iw.nd hook wo. j., Revised. Regina, 1944. Pp. 32* * Junior Co-operative Variet-r Testa 1944. Regina, yarohfT55?T Pp. 77* ♦ Submission of w a a teatofcewan Co-operative Producer® Limited ax*c 1t-g TubsIdiaries to CofflBE.isston on Taxation of 1 o~ on a ra 11 ve ®. Regina, January 29# 1945. pp. 23* . Twsnt.y-3econd Annual Report* Regina, 1946. pp. 96. . The Who at Tool an-3 Its 4 a core oils hn^ n t». '1946. ’Regina, i 94’S7’,n'””Fp3 T9. Saskatchewan Federated Co-operatives Limited. Annual Report* Saskatoon, 1946. pp. 66. Saskatchewan Pool Elevators Limited. An outline of Studies for tooloyaes of Saskatchewan Pool Elevators. Regina* Study No. 1* *7 he ^roblen of A '>rl culture and the Relation of the Pool Elevator Agent to It#* AoriX, 1943. Pp. 3. series So# 2, Agents* Study Ho. 1. *The Rochdale Pioneers.* January,. 1945. Pp. 7* Series So. 2, fgents* Study So# P. *The Rochdale Philosophy„* June, 1945* Pp. 6* Study Wo. 3. *The Relationship of Fool Elevators to drover®.* March, 1943* Pp. S. Agents* Study Ho. 4. *How 0o the TermInal Elevators Relate, to the Agricultural Problem? * Way, 1943. P p . 8. Study Ho. 5* ^Relationship of Pool Elevator Agent® to General Co-operative organization.* October, 1943* Pp. 8* Study Wo. 8. "Review of Studies 1 to 5 Inclusive.-1 February, 1944* Pp. 8. The laskatohe«nan Wheat Fool. Twenty One gears of Progress 1924-1943. Saskatooni Modern Frees Limited, 1945 4 7). Pip. 10 * 215 University of Saskatchewan * Annual Report of the Presidents Academic Year 1941-44 • 1 a & ka to onTiPP? * Pp. 967 ^ University of Saskatchewan. Annual Report of the Presidents Academic Year 1945-46. Bastetoon, *945 • 171 • University of .Saskatchewan• Calendar of tae University of Sa s to t e hewan.; Session 1946-47* *>&ate toon*'19-^." '"l 'pp. 'xil a nd 35&* 5 * Pro grpm - , Po » ?5 n r■ .' i r e u la re • Canadian Vocational fraininf* Untitled circular describing 194? courses for ex-servicemen who clan to farm. 1947(1)• Pp. 1. 1Pimeograohod.) Co lleg-s of Agriculture* University of sa e ka tchewsn• ?rofflaw» of bplregaltpr farm 4a.te Je.nux.ry 6, ?, 8, 9, 10, 1947• Saskatoon* 19-45 (V). Pp. 7. (Printed.; The do-operatlve Union of Saskatchewan. Co-operative Fact Book. Regina*. al&rch, 1.946. Pp. 4 and 2 and 2 and 2 and 2 and 2 and 1 and 1 and 4 ana 2 and 4. (Plano graphed.} ______ • The a o -o m m % lr& a u g w r ^Qhqol. -saC;i:ia, 1946. Pp. 1* (;4imeo graphed.) Country Oip^nination Department, saskatche®>xn Co-operative Producey - List!tea* For® letter a.i are see a to She Secretary* Wheat Pool Committee. Regina, ly45(v). Dominion-Provincial Youth i’raining Pru^r.j, ^ atehewan. go-eduoatlofial ^o»t,U Vmtn.inR '^n t "tai dj; tbe Extension Service* University ox* Hasteteaew&n. Saskatoon, 1946 ( ?) * Pp. 4. (Siraooiiraohsd. ; IXwainlon-Provincial ’Youth Training 1 946-4?, 1« «tet chewan. Pinnae la i a a si a barice rov-sl D-oIe to Kural Young. people lading to ""’Attend the, Pchool o f Lp.ricnl ture. Saskatoon; -xtens 1 onT3&parb® ent* University of Saskatchewan, 1946* Pp. 1. (Mimeographed.* Dominion-Provincial South Training; f'ro^ .ram 1945-47* la s ka t shewan • Two 1 -•>•-s agrlon! tura 1 Short, Course * Saskatoons Ex ten s i onHSeim rtm «nt, University of Saskatche­ wan* 1946. Pp. 1* (M.iffieogrmDhecl*) Do® ini on-Provincial Youth Training Ihrovrer 1946-4?, Saskatchewan* Untitled circular on l'u*.. 1 courses and emirnas at the University of 3a ska to;’ Saskatoon* 1946. ..Pp. 1. (9ineographed.} 216 Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan* Bulletins ; For Distribution fro® tb© Extension Department, t niversity of Saskatchewan* Saskatoon, 1946 (?). Pp. 2* (Printed*) Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan* Grants for 1946* Letter to Presidents and Secretaries of Agricultural Societies* Saskatoon, March 25» 1946. Pp. 4. ( imeographed*) Extension department. University of Saskatchewan* Outline of Orchard Projects To be Sponsored by Agricultural societies. Saskatoon, undated, pp.. 2. (Mimeographed.) Extension Department» University of Saskatchewan. Short Courses In Agricultural Engineering to be given at the University Sn'T^W* " Sa, ska toon, Xy46* Pp. 2. (Printed.) National Farm Radio Forum, The Farmer and the Future * Seventh Season, 1946-47* Toronto, 1?4S.' P p T s T v Printed.) Paul, Loren C. Form Letter regarding short courses in agri­ culture supervised by the University of Saskatchewan, during 1946-4?« Saskatoon, 1946* Pp. 1. (; imeographed•} Proposed Agenda for Agricultural Re o re san ta11ve» Conference. February 6 and-?,"1947. RegTna, 194^. Pp.’"a. (! ’imeographsdU) The .Public Service of Canada. Settlement Supervisor* Veterans land Act* Grade 1. and 2j Saskatoon District, Soldier Settlement and Veterans* Land Act. File Mo. 47-2170. Ottawa, February 13, 1947. Pp. 2* (Mimeographed.) The Saskatchewan Cereal Variety Committee. Varieties of Grain Crops for Saskatchewan 1947. Repina. December* i m s : 4 T ~ (PrTntel.J------^ Saskatchewan Co-operative Producers Limited* The wheat Pool Enters Xndustry* Regina, 1946 ( ?) . Pp. 4.*~TprintedTT~ Saskatchewan Co-operative 4heat .producers Limited * VIhat Does E Field Man Do? Morth d&ttleford, April, 1943. TSimeo- gr&phed letter carrying no salutation.) * Wheat Fool Committees * Monthly Pro pram* Regina * = rUTme ograo hedLj Humber 5* *Th© Personnel and Function of the Country Organization Department.* May, 1942. pp. 13* Hum her 7* 11 Debt Adjustment** June, 1942. pp. 6. Humber 5* * State Medicine** April, 1943. Pp. 6. 21? Number 6* •First Principles.* July* 1943* Pp# 4* Sum Per 7* *Tbe Meed of a Co-operative union in Canada»* October, 1943. Fp. 5* Huaber 3* rtA Message to Wheat Fool Gommittees** February, 1944. Fp. 4. Saskatchewan Fool Elevators Limited* .Poster on pub lie meet­ ing for distribution of cheques to local Fool member- patrons. Saskatoons Modern Press Limited, February, 1947. Fp. X. (Printed.) Saskatchewan Vocational Agriculturists* Association, The Little Royal. Thursday, February 6, 194?. Saskatoon, IWF7~Pp. 8. (Printed.) Saskatchewan Wheat Fool. Wheat Fool Committees* Program. Regina. (Printed.) lumber 5* *The Vole® of Organisse-d Agriculture** April, 1944. Fp. 8. lumber 6. •Co-operative Farming** June, 1944. Fp. 8. Number 3* •Use of the Gar Order Book.'* 1944-45• Fp. 8* Number 2 . "lou and lour Neighbours** 1945-46• Fp* 8. NuD.be r 3* •your Committees Tell Us a Story*1* 1943*46. Fp. a. Number 4. •Co-operative Life Insurance** 1945-46. Fp* a* Mum her 4. •Livestock Marketing and the Producer#* 1945-46 • Fp * 8. Number 5* •More Grain Through Fool Elevators#* 1945- 46. Fp* 7* School of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, practical Train!uk for Farm Operation. Saskatoon, 1946. Fp* 10. T f H n t e d * ) " Stutt, R* L* RE: Wheat Fool Loewsi Memo to all District Represeirtatlves. Regina s Saskatchewan Co-operative Wheat Producers Limited, April 5* 1945* Pp. 1. (0up!icated^ Third Annual Co-operative school# Programme* Swift Current, 1946* Fp* 2* (Mimeographed.> 6. Mimeographed Reports and Other Documents. Agricultural Representstive Perries. A Suggested Agricul­ tural Program for 3 a skat ghe wan-. Regina, 1946 (?}. Pp • 8 . The Co-operative Onion of Saskatchewan. Report on 1946 trail ve Summer Pcliool* Begtna. 1945, Pp'. 2 and 6. Co-oralna11on of Work of Pool and Subsidiary Ccnixnilea» Report of staff meeting, of District Repre«« t itives Country organisation department, 3askateaawan Phaat wool) during 1st week of January. Regina* January IS, 194-5* Pp• 4* (Mimeographed.) Country Organisation Department, Pa^^tehewan Co-operative Producers Limited• Suggested Or Ration and Activities Wheat Pool Com it tees. Regina, i <**» ly4o pTf. Pp* 1* Department of Agriculture * Dominion of Canada. Report on. Activities under the Prairie Farm lie habllitat I on Act for the Year ending March 51. 1945. CtVignV'YJ45" '"pp* 3%T~ Department of Agriculture, Province of Saskatchewan. A jeer 1 cultural Representative Service* (List of personnel.) Regina, January 8, i§W* ' '"^ p* 1 * Economic Advisory and Planning Board, Province of Saskatche­ wan* Data Cover I up- Diversification of Agriculture in 3a skat che wan. 1930-194‘S'* Re'gi na, X d W . r Pp 7 '9. CSup 41 os ted .) Economic Advisory and Planning: Board, Province of Saskatche­ wan. Income Distribution and. Income Adequacy In 5askatchewan. Regina, Januar y ' lP47, pp. 23* (Duplicated.;• Hurd, P. Burton. Don tempo r& ry Demographic movements Under­ lying Canadian A^rioulturiT Development» H&mlltom Advisory Committee on Reconstruction, 1943* Pp* 86 and 6. Matlonal Film Board. Activities Report. February, 1947* Ottawa, 194?* Pp. 3D. National Ella Board and c3aaka.tchew&n FI In Board. tural Films. Regina, undated. Pp. 2. Kylund# Clef, H . A. Aagner, and o. 0. Lambie. Report of the Third Annual Co-operative School at dwlft Current, July 2nd toH5tK7~iSSS"*' inclusive *' August 1, 19457’ Pp *' 2. Rayner, John 0. The University of Pa skate he wan and Adult Education. 3askatoon,'Hay 23 and 1934*'J Pp. ?. Report ££ national Farm Radio Forums Paskat diewan Region. Peason 1945-45• la ska toon,^1945. Pp. 9* 2lj port of . Proceedl-rigB of the Aor1cultural r.o jrooentativos lonfereno© « December' 12-201 19SS, Das ica toon, Sas katebew&n . Begins: 1 rteoItura1 Represents tlvas Bervlce, 1947 (f} * Fp * 54* Robinson, D* P. Report of feoon-j ">u^ vatohe?an Provincial Fruit Show, August 29- 30 , 1945* ~flak&toons Extension Department, University of Saskatchewan, 1945. pp. 2 . Sask& tehew&n Oommun!.t¥ Centre Planning: Domralbtee * Progress ** _ ^ * J t ^ iWU«|<^ ’W»Wt^W*ir- ■ l1 .1 W rf) ■■ MIJ Report to Kovember 5th. 1.945» Bogina, 1546• Pp* 5* Saskat©hew&n Co-operative Producers Limited. 1 eport of the Country Organisation Department* Dooembor, f 37*5 "to January# 19^7» inclusive. Regina. (‘oathl/ ...implicated reports to the Board of Directors, Saskatchewan Co-opera11ve Produe©rs Dim Ited.) oaakstoheean Homemakers* Clubs. Director*3 Report - Provincial Convent Ion. Cun© l,l#"T19?S.L'rr" Pp *" ^ st.loon for Conveners of ^ rlculture an.' r*arnaian Indus tries 1945- * 47 ♦ Signed by r*-. H. P. Langley, Speers," provincial convener of afrlculture. Saskatoon, 1946. Pp. 1. Saskatchewan -wine Breeders* ' 10c1stton. Annual Report for Xear Sad trip: .December 51.« JLitl* Saskatoon, 1947* Pp * ?. 7* Manuscripts. Baker, B. B. R e v l s u m m a r y of Averages ttalned bp Flrst Tear school, of Agriculture Students on Basis of Previous Education and Age. Saskatoon: 'SchooT of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, April, 1946. Pp. 1. Co-operative Schools. Regina: Country Organization Depart­ ment , S&ska tchewan Co-ooeratlve Producers Limited (7) 1946 (t). Pp. 2. Director, Agricultural Re p r e & e ri ta 11 ve Service * Loathly Report of Agricultural fteoresenta11 v a Service* Regina: Department of Agriculture, Province of ;::-aakatc h e m n , December, 1946, Fp* 5 . Hard^ nc , a. a. Radio A a a Fedlum for Agricultural intension. R€ ~ as Radio and Xnformation 'Division, Department of Agriculture, Fro vine# of s a s k& t eh e vran, February, 1947. Pp. 2. 220 II gfcts * (Reports of agrl cultural r epresenta t i ve s 012, highlights of their year*e work*) Reginas Agriculture? Beprssent&ilt © Service, December, Supervisor, North Eastern Area* 1946. A. Blackstack* District 01 s t r i c t 01 strict District District D i s t r i c t District District District District 01 s t r i c t 01strlct District District District District District District District Dietrlct District une * Two* Throe * Four * Five. "5 x. Seven * El g!>t * Nine . R. r._ II* Cooper. o • ; gl 1 v i e . 1. L. Oddl©. Hugh Robinson* J * & • Of® I tti * 0* >?* reiver. I * r • O r o n l l e * Thome9 Orr* W . I? * Merryweathe r . w Ten. F. Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Fourteen* Fifteen. Sixteen. Seventeen Eighteen* Nineteen* Twenty* Twenty-one* Pistrict Twenty*three. District Twenty-four* PI«trlc t Twenty-f1ve. Bi t% trl c t Twenty-s* ix. 0 1strlct Twsrn iy-seven. District ifwenty-alght• 0 1 ntrlct Twenty-nine. District Thirty* A* J District Thirty-one* 01s triot Thirty-1wo * F)I s trl c t Thi. rty - thro e . District Thirty-four* District Thirty-five* District Thirty-six. D m II. 9* Cblrlile* . R. Boucher. E* w. McKenzie. A* E. Cgllvie. T* D. Faliaer* w* h . Whitney* . John Ft* funkel* Stanley Clark* D * Ulucbanla&# John S. Frizsell * D* Mm Stalwlcic. 0. E# Mooney. A* A. Kirk* .3 # k& * - trll ,C ii-ti St # S. Clarke. T. km Johnson. B. s* BlacklocsK J 0 ifl* i'",6U.U^© * * nr rant. ;. Oueic* Thomas Howie- J* P. Allan* J* I* Clark* '* B. Young* Homemakers * Clubs of 3%ek& tohewan• Annual reports individual clubs for the year I94D. Saskatoons of Deoart’ men- nomen & 'Afi' Univarsity akatohewan* Rone, Ernest 0* Sloven Runls bn gcrionogale, 3 la s a % f 1 oa ti on of Ian 1 i&I®8 In Couth Central S&ekat UiiDUbl Isbed dootorTs dissertation, Cornell University, 1939* Pp. iv Bradnata nd &*?R- liool, Horner* H. „2aEtOs,u . .ral Re ore onOroanisat Ion of Improvement Districts * Regina? Agricultura p sents tl?® Service,' Department of Agriculture, Province of Sa s ica t c he wan, November 30, 1946. Pp. 1* 221 Lane, Stewart !!. to Ana lye Is of Factors Influencing the Progress of Facers in Re p re sen tatly o Far a Area a of S&skatofoewan♦ OnpubTisEedm&stePr^ *Th@sis, tiniversity of Saskatchewan, March, 1941. Pp. 121. fa ye lick, John. Meath Park Communl t.y Hall. Memorandum written for the "author. Country X rgenlzation Department, 3a «km. to he wan Co*t^ j i o5>*-h o o w ‘88888888 #*-■ SM g* Ch •£* te 09 *4 ^ y> © Pf»J»|6 3 » * H 3 ffffB a c* o ^ ® H p * | H & *♦ O'© © o o ►%e*- h% w F* O o > ► s «f «► 4k ssI© a © Pc*© O *4 H- «* r »© aH 85* 0 W €* H* i#C ft*§b «* H ©B ?Sc+ O & c* H* 3* o © •4 -,.a O P H « iff*> c* w °S> 5f O © * IH- * H & \# 03 * § H tS S C © >■*Ti$■*tJ 6s!as t? a o !w4 ir Subjects of Agricultural Talks Sponsored by Homemakers* OXubc, 1945 Subject Poultry" timber" of such Subject 'HoHteuHuFT T^oHT Nuabar of such talks . Sugar beets Garden project Horticulture Garden sites 1 1 1 1 Artificial brooding chicks 2 Poultry and their care 6 Proper finishing of poultry 2 Tuirkey ra 1 sing 2 Baby chicks 1 Making the most of your flock 1 Piff©rent breeds of chicks 1 Poultry and eggs 1 In t# vast t i ona 1 & s pe c t s of Agriculture Agri« activities in Britain 1 Agrl« operations, ac­ tivities, or col­ lective farming in Russia 3 Culture of bulbs in Holland 1 Poland's land reform 1 Horticulture Gardenlng, problems and hints 9 Origin of garden vegetablessduration of cultivation 1 House plants and their ear# 3 Raising. of celery 1 Gar® of raspberry and strawberry plants 1 Flower cultur-e 2 transplanting without setback " I Potato diseases 1 Planting of bulbs 1. Varieties and culture of lilies 1 frees 1 Fruit growing, on local experimental farms 1 Peace garden 1 Fruit trees on prairies 1 Origin and value of turnips 1 Growing rhubarb 1 Indoer gardons 1 A day in a greenhouse 1 Dairying Milk and pasteurisation 13 Maestitis in cows 1 Livestock and their car® Warble flies 2 undulant fever 1 Tick fever a m@nae# 1 h ^Summer!aed from annual reports of homemakers duos, under the supervision of the Department of l o a n ’s ^ork, University of Saskatchewan, for the yesr 1945* 231 Subjects of Agricultural Talks Sponsored by Homemakers’ Clubs, 1945 (3ont«) Humber Humber Subject of such Subject of such talks ________ talks General { don't. )T "’"T1'-"Crop Production and Soil Conservation Prevent your land from drifting 1 soil conservation 2 P»F»H*A« plans for the prairie 1 Im u 6 erosion 1 Wheat and rescue wheat 2 Cereals and their uses 1 The sawfly 1 Relation of soil to what we eat 1 insects 1 Weeds 1 General Agrl., Eort•, and gardening hints 1 Paper from Western Producer 1 k grt cu 11 ure 56 Agriculture and industry 1 wTh® Faria* 1 Rural electrification 1 Scientific develop­ ment in agriculture 1 Who owns our farms 1 The value of birds 1 Agri. farm home Improvements 1 The future of agr i• in Saskatchewan 1 Reports from girls who attend farm girls* and co-op schools 2 Veterans* hand Act 1 Pood for morale 1 Para chenurgy 1 Export food show 1 Beekeeping and Honey 4 A 1*7- <»* T*» -*■ -r * i07 ^ )X»4^ .JU-'- *4 /\ -£uft Revised Nummary of Averages Attained By First Year Ocliool of Agriculture students on Basis of previous Education and Age Grade Age 19Z Ho. ^6-43 total 1936 Ho. -46 % total Average 1936-43 1936-46 8 14-1.6 13 14.1 13 12.0 55.9 55.9 17 6 6.5 0 7.4 55.6 52.2 18 9 9.8 10 9.2 53.9 54.5 19 16 17.4 16 14.8 6u .0 60.0 20 13 14.1 14 13.0 62.4 62.2 21 16 17.4 17 15.7 63.8 64.2 22-29 19 20.7 >0 27.9 66.1 68.2 14-29 92 100.0 108 100.0 59.6 9 13-16 8 9.9 10 8.1 40*8 50.4 1? 14 j- * • ^ 31 25.3 57.0 57.8 18 23 S3. 4 31 25.8 ^1 • 57.0 19 8 9.9 12 9.7 67.2 64.5 20 13 16.0 13 10.6 60.4 60.4 21-26 15 18.5 26 21.1 67.1 66.9 13-26 81 100 .0 123 100 .0 50.8 59.5 10 13-16 10 5.7 13 5.1 63 * 5 62.4 17 31 17.8 45 17.8 64.4 63.9 18 32 13.5 48 19.0 6 3. 62.9 19 28 16.1 35 I>.8 62.7 61.8 20 19 1 » W t* 27 10 ♦ / 65.9 65.0 21 21 12.1 25 9.9 6? * 6 67.6 22 14 8.0 21 ti m T O '•> *■ w . X . 70.0 23-31 19 10.9 39 15.4 67.2 69*9 15-31 174 100.0 253 100 .0 67*8 65.4 ■'Prepared by *r. B. 3aiter. Revised Sumiry of Averages Attained ->,> First xear School of Agrlsultura 'it a dents c 10 7.6 14 6.9 i 72.4 23 & QW9T 20 15.2 39 Is * &i~ ft. 4 77.1 17-30 132 1 <~J 201 100.0 7 5 * 3 ?4.7 8*12 13*42 585 84 3 66.7 65.9 8 14-29 92 15*7 108 12.8 9 13-28 Si 13*8 123 14.6 10 15- n 1?4 29.8 253 50.0 11 17-42 106 18.1 158 18.7 12 17-30 132 22.6 201 23.9 8-12 13-42 585 100.0 843 100.0