ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS 
OF SITE 36LU331 
HOUSES 34 AND 36 
ECKLEY MINERS? VILLAGE 
LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 
 
FINAL REPORT 
 
Prepared for: 
Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission 
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 
 
Prepared by: 
University of Maryland 
Department of Anthropology 
College Park, Maryland 20742 
 
 
Authored by: 
Aryn G. Neurock Schriner and V. Camille Westmont, Ph.D. 
 
with contributions from 
Paul A. Shackel, Ph.D., RPA 
 
Paul A. Shackel, PI 
 
 
January 2021 
 
 
  
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LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
 
We acknowledge that this excavation took place on the ancestral and unceded land of the Lenni-
Lenape people, the first inhabitants of what is now called Eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, New 
Jersey, and Southern New York. We humbly offer our respects to the past and current members 
of the Lenni-Lenape people across Turtle Island (Lenape Nation, 2018).   
Further, we acknowledge this excavation was conducted in part by scholars from University of 
Maryland College Park, which sits on the traditional ancestral lands of the Piscataway Tribe and 
their neighbors. Laboratory work and research were carried out on university premises, which 
exist now at the expense of indigenous lives. We humbly offer our respects to the past and 
current members of the Piscataway Tribe and the Piscataway Conoy Tribe (Piscataway Conoy 
Tribe, nd.). 
These acknowledgements are in thanks to the Indigenous communities who have held 
relationship with these lands for generations and in recognition of the historical and ongoing 
legacy of colonialism, particularly within the fields of anthropology and archaeology. While 
these words are not enough, we acknowledge this as a starting point of reflection for us all as we 
work towards dismantling colonial practices and seek justice for Indigenous communities.  
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Contents 
LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... v 
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. vii 
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. ix 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................... xi 
1. INTRODUCTION, by V. Camille Westmont ..................................................................................... 1 
2. ENVIROMENTAL SETTING, by V. Camille Westmont ................................................................. 3 
Physiography and Geology ..................................................................................................................... 3 
Soils of Project Area ............................................................................................................................... 4 
Site Area and Location ........................................................................................................................... 6 
Flora and Fauna ...................................................................................................................................... 6 
Modern Climate ...................................................................................................................................... 6 
3. HISTORIC CONTEXT, by V. Camille Westmont and Aryn Neurock ............................................ 9 
Regional History ..................................................................................................................................... 9 
Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Period .............................................................................................. 9 
Early Nineteenth Century .................................................................................................................. 12 
Civil War Period ............................................................................................................................... 13 
Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century ..................................................................................... 14 
Mid to Late Twentieth Century Period .............................................................................................. 17 
Historic Map and Photographic Research ............................................................................................. 18 
Site Specific History ............................................................................................................................. 25 
History of Land ................................................................................................................................. 25 
History of Town ................................................................................................................................ 26 
History of Working Class Houses ..................................................................................................... 31 
History of Back Street ....................................................................................................................... 33 
History of Block B ............................................................................................................................ 35 
Site Distributions and Previous Cultural Resource Studies ................................................................... 37 
Previous Archaeological Studies Adjacent to the Project Area ......................................................... 37 
4. SITE 36LU331 FIELD RESULTS, by V. Camille Westmont .......................................................... 41 
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 41 
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Field Results: House Foundation Excavations ...................................................................................... 44 
Shovel Tests ...................................................................................................................................... 44 
Test Units .......................................................................................................................................... 44 
Historic Artifacts by Function ........................................................................................................... 57 
Field Results: Wooded Area Excavations ............................................................................................. 79 
Shovel Tests ...................................................................................................................................... 79 
Test Units .......................................................................................................................................... 79 
Historic Artifacts by Function ........................................................................................................... 80 
5. CERAMIC VESSEL ANALYSIS, by Aryn Neurock Schriner and Camille V. Westmont ........... 83 
Minimum Vessel Analysis by House and Megastratum........................................................................ 85 
Summary of Findings ........................................................................................................................... 94 
6. GLASS VESSEL ANALYSIS, by Aryn Neurock Schriner ............................................................. 97 
Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 97 
Description of Vessels by Location ...................................................................................................... 99 
Megastrata Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 107 
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 110 
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS, by Aryn Neurock Schriner ................................................. 113 
REFERENCES CITED ........................................................................................................................ 119 
Appendix A: Artifact Inventory .......................................................................................................... 127 
Appendix B: Faunal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 307 
Appendix C: Letter of Authorization .................................................................................................. 309 
Appendix D: Northampton Fuel Supply Co., Inc. Documentation ................................................... 313 
 
  
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LIST OF TABLES 
 
Table 2-1. Soils in Project Area ...................................................................................................... 4 
Table 4-1. Ceramic Sherds from Area 1 Megastratum A-I .......................................................... 57 
Table 4-2. Ceramic Shards from Area 1 Megastratum A-V ......................................................... 58 
Table 4-3. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-I ........................................................... 59 
Table 4-4. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-II ......................................................... 60 
Table 4-5. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-III ........................................................ 61 
Table 4-6. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-Subsoil ................................................ 62 
Table 4-7. Ceramic Sherds from Area 3 Megastratum B-I ........................................................... 63 
Table 4-8. Ceramic Sherds from Area 3 Megastratum B-II ......................................................... 64 
Table 4-9. Ceramic Sherds from Area 3 Megastratum B-III ........................................................ 65 
Table 4-10. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-I ........................................................ 66 
Table 4-11. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-II ....................................................... 67 
Table 4-12. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-III ...................................................... 68 
Table 4-13. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-IV ...................................................... 68 
Table 4-14. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-I ........................................................ 70 
Table 4-15. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-IV ...................................................... 70 
Table 4-15. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-VI ...................................................... 71 
Table 4-16. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-VII .................................................... 72 
Table 4-17. Ceramic Sherds from Area 6 Megastratum B-I ......................................................... 73 
Table 4-18. Ceramic Sherds from Area 6 Megastratum B-II ....................................................... 74 
Table 4-19. Ceramic Sherds from Area 6 Megastratum B-IV ...................................................... 75 
Table 4-20. Ceramic Sherds from Area 7 Megastratum B-I ......................................................... 76 
Table 4-21. Ceramic Sherds from Area 7 Megastratum B-II ....................................................... 77 
Table 4-22. Ceramic Sherds from Area 7 Megastratum B-III ...................................................... 78 
Table 4-23. Ceramic Sherds from House 36 Stratum I (Test Unit 6) ........................................... 81 
Table 4-24. Ceramic Sherds from House 34 Stratum I (Test Unit 9) ........................................... 82 
Table 5-1. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste Type and House ................................................... 83 
Table 5-2. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 34 Interior ................... 84 
Table 5-3. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 34 Exterior .................. 84 
Table 5-4. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 36 Interior ................... 85 
Table 5-5. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 36 Exterior .................. 85 
Table 5-6. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum A-I ........................................ 86 
Table 5-7. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-I ........................................ 86 
Table 5-8. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum A-II ...................................... 86 
Table 5-9. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-II ...................................... 87 
Table 5-10. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-IV ................................... 87 
Table 5-11. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum A-V .................................... 88 
Table 5-12. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-VI ................................... 88 
Table 5-13. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum B-I ...................................... 89 
Table 5-14. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-I ...................................... 89 
Table 5-15. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum B-II ..................................... 90 
Table 5-16. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-II ..................................... 91 
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Table 5-17. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum B-III ................................... 92 
Table 5-18. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-III ................................... 92 
Table 5-19. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-IV ................................... 93 
Table 5-20. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Multiple Megastrata ................................. 93 
Table 5-21. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Multiple Megastrata ................................. 94 
Table 5-22. Ceramic Vessels Identified Away from the Houses, Multiple Megastrata ............... 94 
Table 6-1. Count of Vessels by House and Excavation Location Relative to Houses ................. 97 
Table 6-2. Count of Vessels by House and Megastratum ............................................................. 98 
Table 6-3. Glass Vessels Identified in the Back Yard of House 34 .............................................. 99 
Table 6-4. Vessels Identified in the West Side Yard of House 34 ............................................. 100 
Table 6-5. Vessels Identified in the Basement of House 34 ....................................................... 101 
Table 6-6. Vessels Identified in the Back Yard of House 36 ...................................................... 101 
Table 6-7. Vessels Identified in the East Side Yard of House 36 ............................................... 103 
Table 6-8. Vessels Identified in the Basement of House 36 ....................................................... 104 
Table 6-9. Vessels Identified in the Crawlspace of House 36 .................................................... 106 
Table 6-10. Vessels Identified in Megastrata Inside Houses ...................................................... 107 
Table 6-11. Vessels Identified in Megastrata Outside Houses ................................................... 108 
Table 6-12. Vessels Identified in Megastratum Z ....................................................................... 109 
Table 6-13. Vessels Identified in Megastrata Depth Levels ....................................................... 110 
  
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LIST OF FIGURES 
 
Figure 2-1. Physiographic Regions of Pennsylvania with Anthracite Upland Region Indicated ... 3 
Figure 2-2. Soil map of Eckley Miners' Village with 36LU331 marked [inset]............................. 5 
Figure 3-1. Map of Pennsylvania with Walking Purchase area .................................................... 10 
Figure 3-2. 1820s Lithograph of Anthracite Coal Barges in Mauch Chunk ................................. 12 
Figure 3-3. Seal of the Knights of Labor ...................................................................................... 15 
Figure 3-4. 1902 Strike Political Cartoon ..................................................................................... 16 
Figure 3-5. Section of Foster Township Warrant Map ................................................................. 18 
Figure 3-6. 1791 Howell Map of Pennsylvania ............................................................................ 19 
Figure 3-7. 1836 Tanner?s Universal Atlas Map with Eckley Noted ........................................... 19 
Figure 3-8. 1873 Foster Township Map ....................................................................................... 20 
Figure 3-9. 1873 D.G. Beers Atlas Map of Eckley ....................................................................... 20 
Figure 3-10. 1876 Map of Pennsylvania with Eckley Circled ...................................................... 21 
Figure 3-11. 1938 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined............................................. 21 
Figure 3-12. 1939 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined............................................. 22 
Figure 3-13. 1959 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined............................................. 22 
Figure 3-14. 1969 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined............................................. 23 
Figure 3-15. 2014 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined............................................. 23 
Figure 3-16. Engraving of Tench Coxe by Samuel Sartain .......................................................... 25 
Figure 3-17. Engraving of Ridge Above Eckley from 1863 Harper's New Monthly Magazine .. 27 
Figure 3-18. The Molly Maguires (1978) Movie Poster............................................................... 31 
Figure 3-19. 1873 D.G Beers Atlas Map of Eckley with Block B Outlined ................................ 36 
Figure 3-20. Location of Previously Recorded Sites .................................................................... 39 
Figure 4-1. Map of Eckley National Historic District Boundaries with site 36LU331 marked. .. 41 
Figure 4-2. 36LU331 Site Map with Units and Shovel Tests Indicated ....................................... 43 
Figure 4-3. Map of Areas in House Foundation Excavations ....................................................... 44 
Figure 4-4. Plan view of Test Unit 12........................................................................................... 45 
Figure 4-5.Test Unit 12 West Wall Profile ................................................................................... 46 
Figure 4-6. Plan view of Test Unit 2............................................................................................. 47 
Figure 4-7. Test Unit 2 South Wall Profile ................................................................................... 47 
Figure 4-8. Plan view of Test Unit 7............................................................................................. 48 
Figure 4-9. Plan view of Test Unit 8............................................................................................. 49 
Figure 4-10. Test Units 7 and 8 Profile......................................................................................... 49 
Figure 4-11. Plan view of Test Unit 4........................................................................................... 50 
Figure 4-12. Planview of Test Unit 13.......................................................................................... 51 
Figure 4-13. Plan view of Test Unit 1........................................................................................... 52 
Figure 4-14. Test Unit 1 East Wall Profile ................................................................................... 53 
Figure 4-15. Plan view of Test Unit 3........................................................................................... 54 
Figure 4-16. Test Unit 3 North Wall Profile ................................................................................. 55 
Figure 4-17. Plan view of Test Unit 5........................................................................................... 56 
Figure 4-18. Test Unit 5 South Wall Profile ................................................................................. 56 
Figure 4-19. 36LU331 Artifacts by Functional Group ................................................................. 57 
 
  
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
The authors would like to thank the individuals and organizations who made this project and 
report possible. The staff of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission as well as the 
staff of Eckley Miners? Village Museum were extremely supportive of our project. We 
appreciate the time and energy they dedicated to ensuring our questions were answered and our 
work went smoothly. In particular, we would like to thank Doug McLearen, Kurt Carr, Janet 
Johnson, Bode Morin, Donna Buchanan, Tom Whittaker, and Art Donaldi. We would also like to 
thank the University of Maryland Department of Anthropology staff, especially Sybil Paige, Erik 
Hanson, Umai Habibah, and Nadine Dangerfield for their continued administrative support for 
the project. 
 
We appreciate the assistance and mentorship of Bode Morin, Historic Site Administrator for 
Eckley Miners? Village, who facilitated our project and readily and eagerly responded to our 
questions, concerns, and issues. Also deserving of thanks is Joe Michel for providing us with 
invaluable primary resources and remembrances of life in Eckley. 
 
Additionally, this work would have been impossible if not for those who conducted the manual 
labor of the excavation, including volunteers Noah Ancharski, Kelsey Ayers, Anabel Baez, 
Jefferson Casado, Emerson Hendry, Francine Lamasko, Pam Lenz, Andrew Pula, Kristen 
Reinersten, and Catherine Vasko; field school students Nini (Mohammad) Ahsan, Shannon 
Geary, Shannon Goodman, Kyle Gutman, Aileen Kroll, and Megan Sirak; Lab Director Mikaela 
Girard; Field Director Camille Westmont and Assistant Field Director Kyla Cools; and finally, 
Paul Shackel, PI.  
 
 
  
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1. INTRODUCTION, by V. Camille Westmont 
 
This report presents the findings of a research-oriented archaeological survey and excavations 
conducted at the site 36LU331. The University of Maryland Department of Anthropology field 
school, under the direction of Dr. Paul A. Shackel, conducted this research during the summer of 
2016 in accordance with the Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission?s ?Letter of 
Authorization? agreement signed January 29, 2016 (Appendix C).  
Site 36LU331 is located within the Eckley Miners? Village Historical Site and Museum, which is 
located in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, on Legislative Route 40006, 7 miles east of the 
junction of PA 940 and PA 309. The site is located within Foster Township and is serviced by 
the Weatherly, Pennsylvania, Post Office district. The archaeology project was not conducted as 
part of any state or federally required compliance; instead, the project was conducted under a 
mutual agreement between the University of Maryland and the Pennsylvania Historic and 
Museum Commission in order to investigate the lives of the working class who resided at Eckley 
between 1854 and 1967. 
A combination Phase I shovel test survey and surface survey was conducted on the PHMC-
owned portion of Back Street in June 2015. This preliminary research indicated that House 
34/36, House 38/40, and House 42/44, previously unrecorded archaeological sites, needed to be 
registered with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office. These sites are designated as 
36LU331, 36LU332, and 36LU333, respectively; however, for the 2016 summer field season, 
only 36LU331 was selected for further evaluation. As a result of the intact archaeological 
remains at 36LU331, the site is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It is 
not currently included within the bounds of the Eckley Historic District, which was listed on the 
NRHP on October 26, 1971. It is recommended that the National Register boundaries be redrawn 
to include site 36LU331 and that the site be added as a contributing resource to the nomination 
under Criterion D, a place that has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in 
prehistory or history. 
The Department of Anthropology conducted the archaeological investigations in accordance with 
the methods outlined in the ?Letter of Authorization?. Additional laboratory procedures were 
conducted in accordance with the State Museum of Pennsylvania?s 2006 Revised Curatorial 
Guidelines and consultation with Janet Johnson of the State Museum of Pennsylvania. 
The fieldwork and laboratory work were conducted under the overall direction of Paul A. 
Shackel, Ph.D., RPA, V. Camille Westmont, M.A.A. and Kyla Cools, M.A.A. with additional 
assistance provided by Mikaela Girard as field lab director, and archaeological field technicians, 
Aileen Kroll, Nini (Mohammad) Ahsan, Kyle Gutman, Shannon Goodman, Shannon Geary, 
Megan Sirak. Paul Shackel is the Principal Investigator for the project and Aryn Neurock 
Schriner is the principal author. 
This report is organized in the following way: Chapter 2 discusses the environmental setting of 
36LU331 including the geological, soil, and floral and faunal resources. Chapter 3 describes the 
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historical context of the site and presents regional archaeology findings and chronology in 
addition to site-specific history, including deed research. Chapter 4 presents the field results and 
artifact summaries. Chapter 5 presents the ceramic vessel analysis while Chapter 6 presents the 
glass vessel analysis. Chapter 7 provides a summary of the report and conclusions. Appendix A 
provides the artifact inventory for site 36LU331. Appendix B presents the faunal analysis. 
Appendix C provides the Letter of Authorization for the project from PHMC. Appendix D 
provides documentation with permission to conduct archaeological study on land owned by the 
Northampton Fuel Supply Co., Inc.  
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2. ENVIROMENTAL SETTING, by V. Camille Westmont 
 
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 
 
The field site is located in the Anthracite Upland Section of the Ridge and Valley Physiographic 
Province that stretches through the southeastern third of the state between the Appalachian 
Plateaus Province and the Piedmont Province (Figure 2-1). The Anthracite Uplands are 
characterized by low, linear to round hills, strip mines, and waste piles that overlay narrow 
geologic folds with steep limbs and many faults made from sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and 
anthracite (Sevon 2000: 2). The elevations of the site range from 1686 to 1696 ft. amsl.   
Figure 2-1. Physiographic Regions of Pennsylvania with Anthracite Upland Region Indicated 
The site is located within the Central Susquehanna River subbasin watershed D. Drainage from 
the site flows into Black Creek, a tributary of Nescopeck Creek, which flows into the 
Susquehanna River. However, Black Creek is located 1720 meters from the site, which decreases 
the likelihood of prehistoric settlements or activities in this area.  
The bedrock beneath the site is the Llewellyn Formation and the geographic setting is 
categorized as Middle Hillslope. The site is located approximately 50 ft from a reclaimed strip 
mining operation and approximately 150 ft from an active strip mining operation. Despite these 
disturbances, the site is believed to be approximately 80% intact with the only impacted area 
 3 
 
being the yard space immediately around the house. Shovel testing revealed that the top soil from 
this area was removed at some point following the houses? destruction, although whether this 
was done intentionally or due to natural erosion is unknown. The site is unlikely to be further 
impacted by strip mining due to the site?s ownership by PHMC as well as the conservation land 
easement between PHMC land and the active strip mine permit.  
 
SOILS OF PROJECT AREA 
 
The soil profiles within Eckley Miners? Village as a whole include Pocono (Po/Pp) and 
Buchanan (Bu) Soil Series. Overall, the Pocono soils dominate the village, including all 
remaining areas of Back Street and the eastern-most and western-most thirds of Main Street. The 
middle third of Main Street consists of Buchanan Series soil (Table 2-1). 
The Pocono Series features soils that are very deep and well drained, with moderate levels of 
permeability (Table 2-1). These soils are formed in the residuum and glacial till from acid 
sandstone and conglomerate. Slopes for this soil series range from 0 to 25 percent, creating 
topography that varies from gradually sloping to steep (?Pocono Series? 1986). Pocono soils 
appear in back slopes and mountain flanks (USDA 2015). Pocono gravelly sandy loam (PoB) 
soil is found on Back Street and the eastern-third of Main Street. Slope for these soils ranges 
from 3 to 8 percent and the soil is typically identified as prime farmland. The eastern-third of 
Main Street consists of Pocono extremely stony sandy loam (PpB); this soil is described as not 
prime farmland. 
Table 2-1. Soils in Project Area 
Name/ 
USDA Slope 
Profile Texture, Inclusions Drainage Landform 
Mapping Color % 
Symbol 
Oa: 1-0? Decomposed litter 10YR 2/1 
A: 0-1? Gravelly loam 10YR 2/2 
E: 1-5? Very gravelly sandy loam 7.5YR 6/2 
Pocono Bt1: 5 to 11? Very gravelly loam 7.5YR 5/6 Well 
0-25% Uplands 
(PoB) Bt2: 11-24? Very gravelly loam 7.5YR 5/6 drained 
Bt3: 24-36? Very gravelly loam 7.5YR 5/6 
Bt4: 36-57? Very gravelly loam 7.5YR 5/6 
BC: 57-65? Very gravelly loam 7.5YR 5/6 
Source: USDA National Cooperative Soil Survey, accessed March 2016 
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The Buchanan Series features soils that are very deep, poorly or moderately well drained, and 
slowly permeable. This soil type is derived from acid sandstone, quartzite, siltstone, and shale 
and formed in colluvium located on mountain foot slopes (?Buchanan Series? 2013). Slopes 
found within this soil type range from 0 to 45%. Specifically, Buchanan channery loam is found 
in the middle third of Main Street within Eckley Miners? Village. The specific soil within the 
36LU331 site boundaries is Pocono gravelly sandy loam (PoB). The site is surrounded on three 
sides by strip-mined soil (Sm) and mine dump soil (Mg) (see Figure 2-2 inset).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2-2. Soil map of Eckley Miners' Village with 36LU331 marked [inset] 
 
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SITE AREA AND LOCATION 
 
The total site area is approximately 20,000 square feet based on computer generated maps. The 
site was discovered using non-systematic surface survey that discovered stone foundations aided 
by georeferencing historic maps. Because only half of the site is located on PHMC-owned 
property, the project area measures approximately 10,000 square feet. Based on historic maps 
and documentation, the site is a historic-period (approximately 1850 to 1950 AD) domestic site 
with no evidence of prehistoric occupation. The site is located approximately 174 ft from the 
edge of the Eckley Historic District, which was listed on the NRHP on October 26, 1971. 
 
FLORA AND FAUNA 
 
Southern Luzerne County?s ecological composition includes a variety of species and ecological 
systems. Eckley Miners? Village is located in a rural part of the county not far from the Stockton 
Mountain Barrens Natural Area, a state-protected forest and game reserve. 
Extensive second-growth Appalachian Oak and Northern Hardwood Forests cover the general 
area following the intense industrialization of the area and subsequent clear cutting of the forests 
in the mid and late nineteenth century. Dry and exposed ridge tops, including many located 
within and around Stockton Mountain Barrens Natural Area, feature stands of Pitch Pine and 
Scrub Oak (EDAW 2004: 3.9). Pocono Series soil supports poor quality woodlands, resulting in 
forests that consist of plants such as chestnut oak, black oak, aspen, birch, pitch pine, Virginia 
Pine, blueberry, mountain laurel, and ferns. Seedling mortality is high in these areas (USDA 
1981: 56; USDA 1986).  
A variety of wildlife species are found here as well. White-tailed deer are the most common 
large game animal due to their preference for brush and young forests over matured forests. The 
presence of mining activities around Eckley have inadvertently created an ideal deer habitat. 
Black bears are also found throughout the county, although their populations are sparse in the 
Southern extent of the county. Wild turkeys, cottontail rabbits, snowshoe hares, gray squirrels, 
pheasants, ruffed grouse, and woodcock represent the majority of the other types of terrestrial 
game animals found in Luzerne County. Beaver, muskrat, and raccoon are also found in Luzerne 
County, but are not generally associated with the area around Eckley Miners? Village. Waterfowl 
in the area include black ducks, mallards, wood ducks, and Canadian geese, although, again, the 
distance from site 36LU331 to the nearest substantial marsh land or permanent body of water 
indicates that these species are unlikely to be found near the site. The woodchuck is the most 
common non-game animal found in Luzerne County (USDA 1981: 60). 
 
MODERN CLIMATE 
 
The modern climate at Eckley Miners? Village varies depending on elevation and slope. The 
mean annual precipitation ranges from 36 to 44 inches and the mean annual temperature is 
between 45 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The agricultural growing period for this region ranges 
 6 
 
from 120 to 160 days annually. The climate is considered humid and temperate (?Pocono Series? 
1986). 
The following chapter provides a brief overview of the historic context of the region dating from 
the Early Colonial Period until the Early Twentieth Century. Following the historic context, a 
review of historic maps of the site is presented. Previous archaeological investigations conducted 
in the general area of Eckley Miners? Village are reviewed, followed by a site-specific history of 
36LU331. 
  
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3. HISTORIC CONTEXT, by V. Camille Westmont and Aryn 
Neurock 
 
The historic period is divided into the Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Period, the Early 
Nineteenth Century, the Civil War period, the Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century, and 
the Mid to Late Twentieth Century. These times frames are discussed below with specific 
emphasis on events in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the surrounding region. 
 
REGIONAL HISTORY 
 
Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Period 
 
For the millennia prior to European contact, the land that is now considered Eastern 
Pennsylvania was occupied primarily by the Lenni-Lenape, sometimes referred to as the 
Delaware (due to their proximity to The River of Human Beings, or the Delaware River) (Lenape 
Nation 2018; Native Land 2020). Lenni-Lenape land extended from (modern) Northern 
Delaware, Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and into Southern New York. The Lenni-Lenape 
were a group of associated Indigenous tribes that practiced agriculture, hunting, fishing, and 
gathering that participated in trade networks extending past the Mississippi River (Peters 2011). 
It is estimated that in 1609 (the beginning of lasting European contact), the population of Lenni-
Lenape people ranged from 6,000 to 65,000 across the territory. However, previous European 
contact in the late 15th century may have brought disease that significantly affected population 
estimates from 1609 (Peters 2011). By the time that William Penn had established the colony of 
Pennsylvania and for the following 250 years, many Lenni-Lenape people dispersed or were 
forced out of their homeland by encroaching European settlers. While some remained and 
continue ancestral traditions, Lenni-Lenape faced the same displacement of other North 
American Indigenous groups (Lenape Nation 2018).  
 
In 1680, William Penn, a landholder in Ireland and England, sought to receive a charter for an 
American colony from King Charles II to fulfill two goals: firstly, to increase his service to 
Quakerism by creating a colony for religious tolerance, and secondly, to enlarge his property 
holdings with the purpose of creating new forms of revenue in order to repay the over ?10,000 in 
loans he had accumulated over the previous decade (Soderlund 1983: 19). Eventually, after much 
political wrangling, including the attainment of personal consent from both Lord Baltimore and 
the Duke of York, as well as a call for repayment of a ?16,000 loan owed to Penn?s father by 
Charles II, Penn was granted his colony as well as sole proprietorship over its operation 
(Soderland 1983; Lloyd 1916: 180). Arguably one of the most important clauses in this 
agreement (one which would later impact Eckley in particular) was the granting of ?the propriety 
of the province, or any part hereof, or any ownership or interest in any lands, tenements, or other 
hereditaments, goods, or chattels, the same is left wholly to the said William Penn, his heirs or 
assigns? (Lord North 1681 quoted in Soderlund 1983: 35). Penn was able to use this right to 
 9 
 
grant title to land to amass himself and his heirs a small fortune; the system he devised, which 
included securing warrants, surveys, and patents on land before an individual could be granted 
title to the land, would serve as the foundation for Pennsylvania land transfers into the modern 
day. 
At about the time Penn was gaining proprietorship of Pennsylvania, the Coxe family was 
makings it first overtures into the Americas. Daniel Coxe, M.D., acquired an interest in the 
Province of West Jersey in 1684, followed by an interest in East Jersey in 1686. By 1687, he had 
become governor of the West Jersey colony, despite never having travelled to America. 
However, by 1692, Dr. Coxe had sold his interests in both Jerseys in order to pursue the 
founding of colonies in the Carolinas (Coxe 1919). The Coxe family?s influence in the 
Commonwealth would continue to ebb and flow throughout the next three hundred years. 
Although William Penn 
displayed a desire to 
negotiate with local 
Native American tribes 
for the purchasing of their 
land rather than resort to 
the standard practice at 
the time of forcing tribes 
to vacate as European 
settlers moved West, his 
children did not continue 
this tradition. After 
Penn?s death in 1718, his 
heirs intensified the 
lucrative land title-
Figure 3-1. Map of Pennsylvania with Walking Purchase area  
granting practice by  
seizing land further into Lenni-Lenape territory. In 1737, John and Thomas Penn, two of 
William?s sons, presented the Lenni-Lenape with an unsigned document dated 1686 in which the 
Lenape agreed to sell a portion of Delaware tribal land that began in current-day Easton, 
Pennsylvania and extended as far as a person could walk in a day and a half (Harper 2008). 
Believing this was approximately 40 miles, the Lenni-Lenape agreed; however, the Penns had 
paid to hire three runners to run as far as possible. On September 19, 1737, the day of the ?walk?, 
one hired man reached the location of present-day Jim Thorpe, or approximately 70 miles. In this 
way, the Penns forcibly displaced Lenni-Lenape people from over 1,200,000 acres of land in 
what came to be known as the Walking Purchase (see Figure 3-1) (Harper 2008). The 
relationship between the colonial government and the Lenni-Lenape, as well as several other 
nearby tribes, immediately turned sour and would never be restored ? this damaged relationship 
would prove dangerous during the French and Indian War that would begin in 1754 (Harper 
2008; Klein and Hoogenboom 1980). The modern-day site of Eckley is located approximately 10 
miles from the colonial boundary established by the Walking Purchase. 
 10 
 
Indigenous-Colonist relations continued to deteriorate throughout the rest of the eighteenth 
century. Land that had been sold to both Pennsylvania colonists and Connecticut colonists by 
Indigenous groups located in the Wyoming Valley (including the Lenape) led to the intermittent 
Pennimite-Yankee Wars that occurred between 1769 and 1799 and led to the founding of 
Wilkes-Barre by Connecticut settlers in 1696. The skirmishes eventually ended with the entirety 
of the Wyoming Valley becoming the property of Pennsylvania (Ousterhout 1995). The 
Wyoming Valley again became the center of violence during the American Revolution. In the 
Battle of Wyoming, British and Indian forces attacked and killed approximately 300 settlers 
living near Wyoming, PA. The final incidence of violence in the region came two years later on 
September 11, 1780, when members of the Northampton County (Pennsylvania) volunteer 
militia were attacked by British and Indian forces on Little Nescopeck Creek. Approximately 10 
members of the volunteer militia were killed and the incident became known as the Sugarloaf 
Massacre (Moore 2000). 
In spite of the quarrels over territory taking place during this time, colonists in Northeastern 
Pennsylvania discovered the area?s resources early. Acknowledgement of the massive coal 
mineral deposits appear throughout Pennsylvania?s long history. The very first Euro-American 
recognition of coal in the state comes from Gabriel Thomas in 1698 in the form of his account of 
the region to William Penn. Thomas noted that ?I have reason to believe there are good coals 
also, for I observed, the runs of water have the same coloring as that which proceeds from the 
coal-mines in Wales? (quoted in Hoffman 1978: 353). Although Thomas might have suspected, 
it wasn?t until 1762 that Connecticut settlers brought to the Wyoming Valley by the Pennimite-
Connecticut Wars discovered and documented their coal vein finds at what would become 
Wilkes-Barre; a map published by John Jenkins, Sr. in that year revealed an outcropping of 
?stone coal? (MSHA n.d.; Edmunds 2002: 2). By 1769, anthracite from the banks of the 
Susquehanna was being used by blacksmiths in Wilkes-Barre (Latzko 2011).  
 11 
 
Early Nineteenth Century  
 
However, early coal mining in the region faced many issues. Aside from local use, anthracite 
coal had no real impact on the industrial economy until demand on the East Coast increased and 
methods of transporting the coal improved. The earliest method of successful transportation was 
the use of canals and coal barges (Figure 3-2). Abijah and John Smith were the first to 
successfully transport anthracite coal via the Susquehanna River in 1807 (Latzko 2011). It was 
only with the start of the 
War of 1812 that 
anthracite production 
finally reached industrial 
levels in Northeastern 
Pennsylvania. As America 
was cut off from English 
coal supplies, industrialists 
and citizens alike were 
forced to adopt anthracite 
coal in place of Welsh 
bituminous coal (Dublin 
and Licht 2005). Water-
transportation of coal was 
not without its dangers, 
however. Coal boats sank 
with alarming frequency, 
Figure 3-2. 1820s Lithograph of Anthracite Coal Barges in Mauch Chunk 
often taking their crew 
down with them (Hoffman 1978). Despite these setbacks, canal building projects to move coal 
out of the anthracite region and into Philadelphia and New York had begun by the 1820s 
(Hoffman 1978). Canals as a feasible and cost-effective method of coal transportation was short 
lived, however, as railroads throughout the anthracite region quickly grew and overtook the coal 
transportation industry by the mid-nineteenth century (Hoffman 1978). Although railroads 
initially intended to simply transport coal from mines to canals, by 1855 Asa Packer had opened 
his Lehigh Valley Railroad with the sole intention of by-passing the canal system altogether by 
supplying coal directly to the major East Coast cities (Girard 1946).  
While industrialists were focusing on mining and transporting the anthracite out of the 
mountains, those who were mining the coal were finding ways to improve their lives inside the 
mountains. In 1842, the first recorded miners? strike in the anthracite region occurred, impacting 
2,000 miners; five years later, a group of 5,000 miners went on strike (MSHA n.d.). Although 
labor unrest within the industry started early, the industry itself faced internal issues: increased 
transportation meant increased supply, which, when combined with the only seasonal need for 
heating coal, drove down prices (Dublin and Licht 2005). In 1830, anthracite was selling for $11 
per ton. By 1840 it had declined to $7 per ton, and by 1860 it had dropped to $5.50 per ton 
(Adams 2004). As coal mine owners and railroad owners battled for control of the market, 
overproduction and overinvestment created dramatic financial instability, which fueled class 
 12 
 
conflict, as coal miners? wages continued to drop precipitously. As tensions within the labor 
hierarchy and tensions between laborers and industrialists grew, so, too, did the incident of 
strikes as laborers fought to retain some value for their work and their role as a ?partner? to 
industrialists. As industrialists pushed for a hierarchy where their authority was unilateral and 
unquestioned, they began resorting to hired force to retain their position. All this would change 
with the arrival of the Civil War when labor organizing could be interpreted as federal treason 
instead of workplace advocacy. 
Civil War Period 
 
The Civil War period in Northeastern Pennsylvania brought with it unprecedented social and 
financial change. As a border state, Pennsylvania became a target for the Confederates. The 
Gettysburg Campaign and subsequent Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, followed by the burning of 
Chambersville in 1864, brought the threat of war to the doorstep of the anthracite region. Many 
other Pennsylvanians felt the threat much more directly: approximately 330,000 Pennsylvanians 
served, second in number only to New York, with an unknown percentage of those serving as 
draftees. Pennsylvania provided nearly 80 percent of the Union?s iron needs during the war, in 
addition to supplies of textiles, coal, and food (Blair and Pencak 2010: xii). Individuals from 
Luzerne County fought in the 8th, 25th, 50th, 52nd, 64th, 81st, 96th, 108th, 173rd, and 194th 
Pennsylvania Regiments (Bates 1869).   
The Pennsylvania populous was largely Democratic at the outbreak of the war and in favor of 
smaller, less intrusive government; however, the Democratic vs. Republican split largely 
followed foreign-born vs. native-born lines. Expansionist tendencies during the war, such as the 
imposition of the draft and seizure of food stores by eminent domain to feed soldiers, angered 
many and increased public resistance to the war effort specifically and the Republican-led 
government in general. When the quota and draftee system became formal parts of the Union 
war strategy, first through the 1862 Militia Act and again in the 1863 Draft Act, Pennsylvanians 
in the anthracite region rioted (Palladino 2006). The stark contrast between the native-born 
electorate, who had overwhelmingly voted for Lincoln (56.3% of the Pennsylvanian popular vote 
compared to a national popular vote of only 39.8%) and the newly arrived, majority Irish, 
foreign-born population who actively opposed the tenants of Lincoln?s Republican party would 
create ethnic and social tensions that would come to mar the next fifty years of ethno-social 
relations in the region (Burnham 1955; Palladino 2006). Northeastern Pennsylvania became 
notorious as a hotbed of anti-Union sentiment, as groups of miners stopped trains of 
conscriptees, murdered local draft organizers, and resorted to disruptive measures that reduced 
coal output for the war effort. The Governor of Pennsylvania, Andrew Curtin, went as far to 
write the Secretary of War in October of 1862, ?I think the organization to resist the draft in 
Schuykill, Luzerne and Carbon Counties is very formidable? in his argument to have a standing 
army relocated to Eastern Pennsylvania in order to quell violence instigated by ?dangerous, 
treasonous coal miners? (Curtin quoted in Palladino 2006: 4). It has been argued that many of the 
individuals involved in this war-time violence would go on to form the Molly McGuire group, 
which resorted to several of the same tactics, after the war (Palladino 2006; Murdock 1971). 
 13 
 
With increasing tensions, coal mine owners began to argue that labor organization and discontent 
were proof that immigrants were harboring anti-American sentiments. While it is unknown 
whether these claims were made with the intent of alienating the immigrant community or 
through a simple misunderstanding of motivations, the connection of labor organization to anti-
Unionism ?provided industrialists and their supporters with the federal force necessary to 
override whatever local economic and political power the miners had thus far managed to 
achieve? when federal troops were deployed to the anthracite region to keep order (Palladino 
2006: 6). After the war, however, social and economic pressures would continue to plague the 
workforce. 
 
Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century 
 
The period following the Civil War would come to be characterized by several decades of labor 
struggles, including flashes of violence committed by both sides of the conflict. This period of 
unrest would last for the remainder of the coal industry?s influence in Northeastern Pennsylvania 
and, in some ways, continues today.   
The violence of the Civil War continued after the war?s end in Northeastern Pennsylvania. A 
suspected group of Irish immigrants who came to be known as the Molly Maguires were 
eventually found guilty of a variety of terrorist acts, including the assassinations of 16 men, the 
majority of whom were mine officials, and damage to private property belonging to the mine 
owners. In all, 20 Irish men were convicted and hanged in several towns across the anthracite 
region between 1877 and 1878 (Kenny 1998). The Molly Maguire movement originated in 
Ireland in the 1840s when an Irish widow began protesting their treatment by their English 
landlords. The first wave of violence associated with the Molly Maguires occurred between 1862 
and 1868, largely attributed to anti-draft protests. The second wave occurred between 1874 and 
1875 and was seen as a reaction against the Workingmen?s Benevolent Association (Kenny 
1998). The Molly Maguires were eventually infiltrated by James McParland, an employee of the 
Pinkerton Detective Agency, who remained undercover for nearly two years. Eventually his 
cover was compromised, and Franklin Gowen, the President of the Philadelphia and Reading 
Railroad and a large mine owner in the region, acted as special prosecutor in the case. 
While Irish immigrants were utilizing militant tactics in an attempt to secure better treatment by 
their employers, others were attempting to create labor unions in order to achieve their goals. 
Although John Bates had organized a labor union in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania in 
1849, the union had failed before the end of the year; it wouldn?t be until the war was in full 
swing that another attempt at unionization would take root. Buoyed by the successes of the 
American Miners? Association that was operating in Illinois and Missouri, miners in the 
anthracite region of Pennsylvania began organizing themselves in the early 1860s. The 
Workingmen?s Benevolent Association of Carbon County was founded in 1864, followed by the 
Workingmen?s Benevolent Association of Schuylkill County in 1867 (IWW 1922). Both unions 
were later expanded into the Miners? and Laborers? Benevolent Association (MLBA) in 1870, a 
national union that held membership in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, 
 14 
 
and Michigan. However, the MLBA would fall five short years later after the disastrous six-
month Long Strike in 1875 that was broken by Franklin Gowen, the same man who would go on 
to send the Molly Maguires to the gallows two years later (IWW 1922). Several other local and 
regional labor unions would appear and fold in the following five years; however, it wasn?t until 
the Knights of Labor gained prominence in the anthracite region that the era of organized labor 
in anthracite mines would begin. 
The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of 
Labor, colloquially referred to at the Knights of 
Labor, was founded in Philadelphia in 1869 by 
Uriah Stephens, a tailor (Figure 3-3). The 
organization operated as a secret society, which 
was comprised of many smaller unions (Phelan 
2000). The Knights of Labor offered a radically 
different approach to labor organizing than had 
been seen previously: they sought to create a 
single union that would represent all types of 
workers, including women and people of color. 
The only workers excluded from membership 
were bankers, doctors, lawyers, liquor producers, 
and gamblers (Weir 2010). Additionally, the 
Knights of Labor had a series of stated goals that 
Figure 3-3. Seal of the Knights of Labor 
they sought to achieve through their cooperation. 
These goals consisted of an eight hour work day, ending child labor, the end of convict labor 
contracts, the establishment of pay cooperative, equal pay for equal work, the nationalization of 
the telegraph and railroad industries, land policy that favored settlers instead of speculators, and 
a graduated income tax structure (Weir 2010). For all of its lofty goals, though, the Knights of 
Labor declined rapidly during the late 1880s and early 1890s. Membership in the organization 
dropped from over 700,000 in 1880 to only 100,000 in 1900. Much of this decline was due to the 
failed Missouri Pacific Railroad strike and the Haymarket Square Riot, both in 1886, which 
demoralized members within the union and turned public sentiment against the union as it came 
to be associated with anarchism (Phelan 2000; Weir 2010). 
While the Knights of Labor organization experienced a gradual demise, the mining subsection of 
the Knights of Labor, known as Trades Assembly No. 135, had experienced its own decline in 
the late 1880s due to competition with other mining unions. In 1887, responding to increased 
membership in rival mining unions, the Trades Assembly No. 135, Knights of Labor, published 
the following ultimatum: ?We now assert our intention to resist any and all encroachments on the 
rights of our members, whether by the Miners' Amalgamated Association or the National 
Federation of Miners and Mine Laborers" (IWW 1922). Tensions between the unions grew until 
1888, when leaders from the Trades Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Union of 
Miners and Mine Laborers voted to merge the two organizations into the United Mine Workers 
of America, although the union wouldn?t become official until 1890 (IWW 1922). The UMWA 
would become one of the ?first interethnic and interracial affiliates of the American Federation 
 15 
 
of Labor (AFL)? (?United Mine Workers of America? 2003) and would serve as the springboard 
for many significant figures in the American labor movement, including Mary ?Mother? Jones, 
John Lewis, John Mitchell, William Wilson, John Brophy, and Richard Trumka (Jensen 2007).  
Not all was rosy within the mining community after the formation of the UMWA, however. In 
early 1897, the UMWA supported the implementation of a 3 percent tax on foreign workers 
(Shackel and Roller 2012). This tax is identified as one of the motivations behind the 1897 
Strikes and, fatefully, the Lattimer Massacre in which 19 unarmed striking miners were killed by 
the Sherriff of Luzerne County and his deputized posse (Shackel and Roller 2012). 
After the Lattimer massacre the UMWA began to make serious inroads into the anthracite 
region. Successful strikes and unionization efforts 
in the bituminous coal mining regions of 
Kentucky, Alabama, and Indiana increased the 
power and influence of the UMWA from its 
founding in 1890 until 1898; in 1898, John 
Mitchell was voted into the Presidency of the 
union and immediately set to work on expanding 
the geographic and political realms of influence of 
the organization (?United Mine Workers of 
America? 2003). Between 1898 and 1902, Mitchell 
successfully expanded unionization efforts into 
Maryland, Missouri, Michigan, Kansas, and 
Arkansas, and set his sights on opening the 
anthracite region of Pennsylvania to union 
recognition. In the anthracite region, this goal was 
especially difficult due to the control of mining 
interests by the railroad companies in the region 
(Jensen 2007). Although the Coxe family did not 
own a railroad company when Eckley was 
founded, Eckley Coxe would go on to create the 
Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuykill Railroad in 
1891. Additionally, John Leisenring, one of the Figure 3-4. 1902 Strike Political Cartoon 
original four partners who had leased the town 
from the Coxe Estate, was a railroad prodigy: Leisenring had risen to the rank of assistant 
engineer in Asa Packer?s Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company at 18, was placed in control of 
the railroad?s eastern division by 19, and had played a major role in the creation of the Mauch 
Chunk switchback railroad at 24 (Rottenberg 2004). With these industry connections, the 
management at Eckley would have had the support of the railroad industry in breaking 
unionization efforts. Although the UMWA had been supporting strikes in the anthracite region of 
Pennsylvania since 1897, and one strike in 1900 even culminated in an increase in wages for 
mine workers, Mitchell opted to continue pushing for his ultimate goal: official recognition of 
the union by mine owners (Jensen 2007).  
 16 
 
This persistence resulted in the Coal Strike of 1902 in which Pennsylvania anthracite miners left 
their posts on May 12, 1902, and didn?t return for five and a half months. Their demands 
included an increase in wages, union recognition, and a shorter workday. At this time, anthracite 
coal was ?essential for domestic heating? in East Coast cities, including New York City and 
Philadelphia. As winter approached and the coal stores had still not been replenished, President 
Theodore Roosevelt became involved in the controversy. On October 3, 1902, Roosevelt met 
miners, union representatives, and coalmine operators in Washington, D.C., becoming the first 
U.S. President to personally intervene into a labor dispute (Figure 3-4). Although John Mitchell 
and the UMWA leadership offered to negotiate with the coalmine owners, the owners refused, 
prompting Roosevelt to threaten to deploy military personal to operate the anthracite mines. On 
October 23, 1902, the miners returned to work with concessions including a 9-hour workday and 
a 10% raise but failed to achieve official recognition (?Today in History: October 3? 2011). 
Although the strike technically failed to achieve its primary goal, John Mitchell and the UMWA 
saw the incident as a win, and UMWA membership in the anthracite region in the following 
decades increased (Jensen 2007).  
 
Mid to Late Twentieth Century Period 
 
Pennsylvania would never again be as successful economically as it was during the period 
immediately preceding the turn of the century. As the easily accessed coal veins became 
depleted, much of what remained was of lesser quality or more difficult to reach through 
traditional means. As technology of earth moving improved, the cost savings of mechanical 
scraping, or strip or surface mining took a more prominent role in extraction (Dublin and Licht 
2005). The death rattle of the anthracite industry, however, is largely identified as the Knox Mine 
Disaster, which occurred on January 22, 1959. Twelve miners drowned when the Susquehanna 
River broke through the roof of the River Slope Mine and began flooding the workings. 
Subsequent investigations discovered that the roof of the mine was only 6 ft. thick (despite 
federal mandates requiring a 35 ft. roof), that the company was owned in part by organized 
crime, and that the UMWA District 1 President also held a financial stake in the mine ? a serious 
conflict of interest (Dublin and Licht 2005). Even before the Knox Mine Disaster, though, the 
anthracite industry was on the decline. World War II had provided a much-needed second wind 
for the industry as anthracite was purchased for steel production and other industrial applications, 
but once the war ended, the region became mired in cycles of unemployment and 
underemployment which caused many to leave the area for more promising economic 
opportunities in New Jersey and New York. The textile industry, another Pennsylvania staple, 
also peaked around 1910 when Southern competition finally stripped the Keystone State of the 
production stronghold it had established in the 1880s (Stepenoff 1999). The textile industry 
would begin a slow decline that wouldn?t officially be over until neoliberal policies implemented 
in the 1980s finally closed the last garment factories in Northeastern Pennsylvania (Wolensky et 
al. 2002). Today, Northeastern Pennsylvania is experiencing a kind of renaissance ? tax 
incentives established in the late 1990s and early 2000s have enticed distribution hubs to relocate 
to the area. Amazon, Office Depot, Michael?s, and Wegmans all own distribution centers in the 
now-defunct anthracite region. However, low paying jobs in these distribution centers have 
 17 
 
brought low-skill immigrant workers to the areas ?en masse,? creating new forms of racism and 
ethnic tension (Klibanoff 2016).  
 
HISTORIC MAP AND PHOTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 
 
In order to better understand 
temporal and geographic 
changes that occurred at 
Eckley, documentary research 
examined historical maps and 
aerial photographs. This 
method allows for better 
understanding of the site?s 
relationship to its neighbors, 
to the town, and to other 
towns in the area, in addition 
to creating a visual record of 
the growth and decline of 
Eckley.  
This Foster Township 
Warrant Map shows the 
original land patents and 
warrants issued for lands sold 
Figure 3-5. Section of Foster Township Warrant Map 
by the Commonwealth to 
private individuals (Figure 3-5). Charles S. Coxe?s patents are highlighted in blue and yellow; 
the yellow patent is the location where Eckley would eventually be situated. From the patent 
dates it is possible to see that Coxe was purchasing and securing patents in April and May of 
1830, with the majority of his Foster Township holdings legally acquired during this period 
(although his purchasing of the warrant happened at an unspecified time prior to the lands? 
patent). This indicates that Coxe was likely purchasing everything near that anthracite vein that 
was available at the time. 
 18 
 
The 1791 Howell Map of Pennsylvania 
shows the Eastern Middle Anthracite 
coal field shortly before the turn of the 
Approximate nineteenth century (Figure 3-6). This 
location of Eckley 
map makes clear the relative lack of 
development or settlement in the region 
near Eckley. At this time, the closest 
village is Berwick (approximately 20 
miles) and the closest town is Wilkes-
Barre (approximately 17 miles). This 
map pre-dates the rise of the anthracite 
industry and the economic and cultural 
opening of this region to the Eastern 
Figure 3-6. 1791 Howell Map of Pennsylvania Seaboard through the canal and 
railroad systems that would develop in 
the proceeding decades. 
 
In the 1836 Tanner?s Universal 
Atlas Map of Pennsylvania 
(Figure 3-7), the growing 
population is evident with the Approximate 
location of Eckley 
appearance of new towns when 
compared to the 1791 map. In 
addition to Berwick, the villages 
of Nescopeck, Conyngham, and 
Mauch Chunk appear on this 
map of the region. This map still 
pre-dates the founding of 
Eckley, however, it shows the 
gradual development as the 
anthracite industry becomes 
established in Northeastern 
Pennsylvania during the first 
half of the nineteenth century.  
Figure 3-7. 1836 Tanner?s Universal Atlas Map with Eckley Noted 
 
 
 19 
 
The 1873 Foster Township Map (Figure 3-8) shows the proximity of Eckley to Jeddo as well as 
detail of the buildings within the town. The rapid growth in the region is illustrated by the sudden 
development of neighboring towns of Jeddo and Freehold, as well as the newly-installed railroad 
that connect these villages. This map reveals that Back Street (referred to as South St on the 1873 
D.G. Beers Atlas [Figure 3-8]) is only developed for about half the distance of Main Street 
because of the rail line that served the breaker on the east end of town. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                         Figure 3-8. 1873 Foster Township Map 
 
The 1873 town map inset of the D.G. Beers Atlas provides a town map of standing structures 
(Figure 3-9). Although houses on Back Street (then referred to as South St.) and Main Street are 
shown, there are 
several houses 
missing from this 
map that appear in 
early-twentieth 
century aerial photos. 
Additionally, this 
map does not have 
Buck Mountain 
Road, which would 
eventually become 
the major route to the 
town of Weatherly.  
Figure 3-9. 1873 D.G. Beers Atlas Map of Eckley 
 20 
 
Figure 3-10. 1876 Map of Pennsylvania with Eckley Circled 
The 1876 Map of Pennsylvania (Figure 3-10) reveals that villages and towns in this area have 
increased 10-fold in less than five decades. Included on this map is Eckley in addition to many of 
the other surrounding coal company towns. This map conveys the prominence with which 
Eckley was being recognized within the region, as well as the ways in which coal mining 
transformed the geographic and cultural landscape of Northeastern Pennsylvania, including 
through the construction of railroads that feature prominently on this map.  
 
While maps provide a useful tool for understanding the history of a place, they lack many 
important details. Because company towns were owned by a single individual, insurance 
companies such as Sanborn were unlikely to create maps of the property. Additionally, land 
transference 
documentation does 
not exist because 
homes were rented and 
not sold by the 
company. However, as 
this analysis of 
historical 
documentation related 
to Eckley progresses, 
the advent of aerial 
Site 36LU331 
photography and the 
systematic 
photographing of the Figure 3-11. 1938 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined 
 21 
 
landscape allow archaeologists to have a window into the town itself (instead of only the 
peripheral areas) through time.  
The October 31, 1938 aerial photograph of Eckley (Figure 3-11) shows the town layout with the 
archaeology site marked.  
 
 
The July 2, 1939 aerial 
photograph of Eckley 
(Figure 3-12) shows 
the project site within 
the larger town. Note 
that the house structure 
is still standing, and 
Back Street is intact.  
 
Site 36LU331 
 
 
Figure 3-12. 1939 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined  
 
The May 6th, 1959 
aerial photograph 
shows that the 
majority of the house 
on Back Street have 
been demolished as a 
result of strip mining, 
with only the houses 
on the eastern end of 
the road left intact 
(Figure 3-13). 
Site 36LU331 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3-13. 1959 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Site 36LU331 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3-14. 1969 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined 
 
The October 4, 1969 aerial photograph (Figure 3-14) shows that much of Back Street has been 
strip mined and that the site has started to return to forest. 
This 2014 aerial photography of Eckley Miners? Village shows the current condition of the site 
(Figure 3-15). Much of the land surrounding the site as well as the town is reclaimed mine 
tailings or currently under active strip mining.  
 
Site 36LU331 
Figure 3-15. 2014 Aerial Photograph of Eckley with Site Outlined 
  
 23 
 
  
 24 
 
SITE SPECIFIC HISTORY 
 
The following presents detailed histories of the land, town, and houses that comprise Eckley, 
including their historical growth and change, from their earliest notations up to the present day. 
History of Land 
 
Immediately prior to European arrival in Northeastern Pennsylvania, the area that would 
eventually become Eckley was located on the border between the home ranges of the 
Susquehanna and Delaware Indian tribes (Sturtevant 1967). Although stories indicate that the 
Native American groups were aware of the flammable rock, they appear to have done little 
exploitation of the mineral (Christian 1978: 12). Coal was first discovered by Europeans on the 
banks of the Susquehanna River near modern-day Wilkes-Barre in 1762 (Christian 1978: 12). 
This finding created a domino effect, with additional coal seams being exposed by prospectors 
near modern-day Beaver Meadows, Pennsylvania in 1790, and by John Charles in the areas 
surrounding Hazleton in 1826 (Genovese 2003; Wesolowsky 1996). Industrial-scale coal 
extraction began in the region by 1795 (Genovese 2003). Seeking to fill the market need for a 
cheap, smokeless heating fuel created by growing cities on the Eastern Seaboard, Northeastern 
Pennsylvania entrepreneurs immediately began building infrastructure and sinking mine shafts in 
search of profit (Christian 1978). One of these enterprising individuals who made the anthracite 
coal industry possible was Tench Coxe. 
Tench Coxe was a major political economist and a delegate to the Continental Congress (Figure 
3-16). He became an important figure in the early Republic, earning himself a position in George 
Washington?s administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under Alexander 
Hamilton with whom he would later advocate for the industrialization of the United States 
(Cooke 1975). Sometime between 1787 and 1793, Tench Coxe purchased approximately 80,000 
acres in Northeastern Pennsylvania, speculating that the 
coal seams recently discovered in this region would 
eventually yield significant financial dividends. This 
acquisition included the land that would eventually become 
the village of Eckley (Shackel and Westmont 2014; 
Christian 1978: 12). Although Coxe recognized the 
economic potential of the land, he did nothing to develop its 
industrial potential, and instead willed the holdings to his 
heirs upon his death in 1824 (Christian 1978: 12). The land 
was eventually consolidated into the Tench Coxe Estate and 
managed by a handful of coal mining companies until the 
village of Eckley and its colliery were sold to George Huss 
in 1963 (Warfel 1993:6; Wesolowsky 1996). Huss operated 
the Buckley Coal Company at Eckley, and engaged 
primarily in strip mining rather than tunnel mining. In 1968, 
Huss leased the entire town to Paramount Studios to serve Figure 3-16. Engraving of Tench 
as the set for the movie The Molly Maguires starring Sean Coxe by Samuel Sartain 
 25 
 
Connery and Richard Harris. Seeking to save the town following the film?s production, a group 
of citizens organized the Anthracite Historic Site and Museum Corporation, which, in concert 
with the Hazleton Chamber of Commerce, purchased the land from Huss for $100,000 in 1969. 
They then donated the town to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1971. Under the oversight 
of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, in 1972 the village of Eckley was 
opened to the public and the museum was built in 1975 (Warfel 1993: 6; Shackel and Westmont 
2014). 
 
History of Town 
 
The area known as Council Ridge, which is part of the Coxe Estate, was first settled in the 1840s 
(Christian 1978). These settlers took advantage of the abundant timber supply of the Ridge to 
create wooden shingles that they then bartered or traded to businesses in the nearby towns of 
White Haven and Hazleton, both of which were in their infancy and in need of building supplies 
(Wesolowsky 1996). They named their small outpost ?Shingletown? ? a moniker that was still in 
use when coal prospectors Richard Sharpe, Francis Weiss, Asa L. Foster, and John Leisenring 
visited the town in the spring of 1853 (Christian 1978: 13). The four men decided that the area 
was ideal for coal mining and promptly formed a partnership. Sharpe, Leisenring and Company 
were subsequently granted a 21-year lease by Judge Charles Sidney Coxe with rights to mine, 
transport, and sell coal from a 1,500 acre tract owned by the Tench Coxe Estate in late 1854. 
They sunk their first coal mine shaft before the end of the year (Christian 1978: 13). All four 
men had experience in the anthracite region and the anthracite industry: Richard Sharpe had 
previously worked as a coal contractor for the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company; Francis 
Weiss was a surveyor (Wesolowsky 1996); John Leisenring was colloquially known in Mauch 
Chunk as the ?boy wonder of the anthracite region? and had proven himself by becoming 
second-in-command at the Lehigh Coal and Navigation (LC&N) company by the age of 33 
(Rottenberg 2004); and Asa Foster was a merchant from Mauch Chunk and namesake of Foster 
Township, Pennsylvania (Wesolowsky 1996). However, despite the men?s impressive pedigrees, 
practical obstacles slowed progress. Due to the depth of the coal vein ? located beneath nearly 
200 ft. of shale ? excavation went slowly and the first shipment of coal from the Council Ridge 
colliery didn?t occur until October 27th, 1855 (Wesolowsky 1996). 
Sharpe, Leisenring and Company immediately began constructing their own company town. 
Before the end of 1854, all of the new town?s workers? houses as well as the mine owners? 
houses were completed; additional buildings were constructed shortly thereafter, including the 
town?s own school, the company store, an Episcopal Church (1859), a Presbyterian Church 
(1859), an Irish Catholic Church and Rectory (1861), a hotel, and a doctor?s office (Christian 
1978; Wesolowsky 1996; Shackel and Westmont 2014) (see Figure 3-8). A smattering of other 
businesses also arose around this time, including a shoe repair shop, an ice house, a private 
school, a butcher?s shop, and a tailor shop (Wesolowsky 1996; Rottenberg 2004) With the 
exception of outbuildings, sheds, and additions that workers later added to their rented land and 
houses at their own expense, these buildings represent the majority of town?s construction 
(Christian 1978: 14). A second round of houses, breakers, and industrial buildings were 
 26 
 
constructed in 1873. By the time the first load of coal had reached the surface in 1855, the mine 
operators had also constructed the bulk of their colliery, including a breaker, a blacksmithing 
shop, a sawmill, mule barns, engine house, oil house, and other structures (Wesolowsky 1996). 
Additional colliery buildings, including new breakers, would be constructed at the site as the 
mine increased in production and technology created new opportunities for increasing efficiency 
and cash flow (Christian 1978).  
In 1857, with the village standing and the mining operation underway, the mine operators 
attempted to rename the town ?Fillmore? in honor of the former President. This plan, however, 
was quickly halted when the businessmen filed for a Post Office to be opened in their new 
village and discovered that a town named Fillmore already existed, precluding their town from 
donning the same moniker. The partners eventually settled on ?Eckley? in honor of either Tench 
Coxe?s paternal grandmother, Sarah Eckley, or in honor of Eckley Brinton Coxe, the 18-year old 
grandson of Tench Coxe. In 1857 the village received a Post Office shortly thereafter (Christian 
1978: 13; Wesolowsky 1996). Additional changes in management arrived shortly as well, as 
John Leisenring was offered the superintendent of operations position with the LC&N Company 
in 1859, and decided to retire his managing role in the partnership to pursue that opportunity 
(although he maintained his financial stake in the Eckley mining business partnership) 
(Rottenberg 2004). In 
response, his business partners 
renamed the operation Sharpe, 
Weiss, and Company ? a name 
that would be in use through 
the end of the partnership?s 
lease with the Coxe Estate 
(Wesolowsky 1996).  
At this time, the town began to 
hit its stride. H.M. Alden 
writing for the September 1863 
issue of Harper?s New Monthly 
Magazine stopped at Eckley 
during their tour of the 
Figure 3-17. Engraving of Ridge Above Eckley from 1863 Harper's New 
Northeastern Pennsylvanian Monthly Magazine 
coal fields (Figure 3-17). Upon 
observing the town, which then had already been under mining operations for nine years, the 
writer noted, ?Eckley itself is a vast collection of shanties ? its uppermost social strata are yet to 
be formed; it is a good example of the sort of town which will grow up about a colliery? (Alden 
1863: 463). Although unaware that the town he was witnessing was the largest Eckley would 
ever be, it would still have been an impressive sight: in 1860, 150 company houses held the 
1,204 individuals according to the census, and the majority of the company colliery buildings 
would have been standing (Christian 1978; US Census Bureau 1860). All company houses were 
painted red and featured trim painted in black, with gables, eaves, porches, and fenestrations 
being identically placed. This pattern not only saved money on construction costs, but also 
 27 
 
instilled a feeling of order, formality, and hierarchy, both in the inhabitants and those passing by 
(Wesolowsky 1996; Mulrooney 1989). What might have looked like a random scattering of 
houses to the Harper?s Magazine reporter was actually a carefully planned town layout based on 
four levels of hierarchy: the houses at the western-most end of town belonged to the mine 
operators and are among the most ornate buildings in the town. Moving eastward, these 
residences were buffered from those of the workers by a collection of company buildings, 
including the company store, hotel, mule barn, and doctor?s office. On the other side of these 
buildings was a series of single residence company houses that were rented solely to the mine 
bosses and contractors. Moving further eastward, double houses that were rented to miners 
spread along either side of the road, followed at last by the houses of second-class miners and 
mine laborers ? the poorest paid and generally newest arrived immigrants in the town. The 
pattern had the unintended consequence of creating strong ethnic enclaves across Eckley (Warfel 
1993: 7). While these individuals were placed at the geographical opposite end of town from the 
mine owners, they would still have been required to walk through the areas of nicer houses in 
order to reach the company store, which was within sight of Richard Sharpe?s massive Gothic 
Revival mansion (Wesolowsky 1996; Beers 1873). 
Other buildings in the town have similarly unique histories. At the direction of Richard Sharpe 
and Francis Weiss, St. James? Protestant Episcopal Church was built in 1859 in the middle of the 
mine boss and contractor section of company housing. The Reverend Peter Russell, Richard 
Sharpe?s brother-in-law, moved to the town and became the church?s, and the town?s, first 
religious leader. Directly adjacent to the Episcopal Church was the Presbyterian Church, also 
constructed in 1859. Both the Episcopal and the Presbyterian churches had small congregations 
and were eventually torn down in 1938 and 1925, respectively (Wesolowsky 1996). A Catholic 
Church ? the primary denomination of the miners and laborers in the town ? was built in 1861 
along with a rectory. The Philadelphia Diocese established a mission church charter for the 
Eckley Catholic Church and the altar was consecrated by the sitting bishop on October 25th, 
1861. Because the majority of Catholics at that time were Irish immigrants, the church became 
synonymous with Irish Catholics, despite never having this formal denomination. Other 
immigrant groups refused to attend the Irish establishment, and instead chose to walk to nearby 
parishes in Freeland (approximately 3 miles) every week to attend churches of their own 
ethnicity (Christian 1978: 5). St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception, as the Irish Church came 
to be known, and its rectory still stand at Eckley today, although the original altar furniture was 
removed by the diocese when the church closed shortly after World War II (Christian 1978: 5).   
The period between 1859 and 1874, while the village was under Sharpe, Weiss and Company?s 
tenure, proved to be some of the most socially successful for Eckley. The village?s population 
topped 1,200 individuals (US Census Bureau 1860), the town managed to avoid the Molly 
Maguire violence that broke out in the Middle and Southern coal fields (Bimba 1932), the town 
experienced comparatively fewer mining accidents than its neighbors (Christian 1978: 13), and 
strikes were rare (Wesolowsky 1996). Eckley continued to attract Old World immigrants newly 
arrived in the United States who were searching for employment. The town prospered on the 
hard labor of the Irish, Eastern European, and Southern Europeans who arrived between the 
1860s and the 1920s (Blatz 2003: 27; Holt 2001). The American Civil War proved to be a 
 28 
 
windfall for the mine operators. The desperate Union need for coal to operate their armories and 
navy vessels, in addition to the domestic need for coal to power steamboats, caused the price of 
anthracite to skyrocket (Christian 1978: 13; Wesolowsky 1996). Anthracite, favored over 
bituminous coal for industrial and military applications due to its clean burning properties, 
jumped from $2.10 per ton of coal in 1861 to $6.25 per ton in 1864 (Wesolowsky 1996; 
Christian 1978: 13). The coal mining operations in Northeastern Pennsylvania became so 
integral to the Union strategy that it changed the course of the war: Confederate General Robert 
E. Lee?s stated purpose in marching the Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania was to cut 
the Pennsylvania Railroad that was supplying coal to the North?s foundries. Lee and the 
Confederates were stopped at Gettysburg, only 30 miles shy of their target ? the rail connection 
between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh (Rottenberg 2004). Although the arrival of the Civil War 
was not welcome to many in Eckley, especially the Irish immigrants who traditionally backed 
Lincoln?s opposition, the Democratic Party, over two dozen men from Eckley fought for the 
Union cause (Blatz 2003). In 1861, thirty-eight men from Eckley, all laborers in the mines, 
joined Company K of the 81st Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, colloquially called the 
?Fighting Chippewas?. Company K consisted solely of recruits from Luzerne County (Michak et 
al. n.d.). Eckley men represented all levels of rank, including two captains, two 1st lieutenants, 
two 2nd lieutenants, a 1st sergeant, five sergeants, four corporals, two musicians, and at least 25 
privates. Many of the men died at battles such as Spotsylvania Court House, Fredericksburg, 
Cold Harbor, and Antietam (Michak et al. n.d.).  
In 1874, the lease held by Sharpe, Weiss and Co. expired. Richard Sharpe, Francis Weiss, and 
Asa Foster, feeling that the new lease terms were unfair, chose to end their stakes in the 
partnership, while John Leisenring elected to stay on and take over the entire lease himself. He 
signed a 10-year lease with the Coxe Estate and immediately renamed the operation Leisenring 
and Company (Christian 1978: 13). By this time, Leisenring had several mining interests 
underway in the Council Ridge area, including the Upper Lehigh Coal Company, which was 
located just north of Eckley and was an even more profitable operation. Lacking the time (or 
financial incentive) to devote himself to the Eckley property, Leisenring appointed his son-in-
law John Wentz as superintendent at Eckley in 1875 (Rottenberg 2004: 44). Wentz? tenure at the 
site is unknown. In 1884, John Leisenring died of Bright?s Disease, an inflammation of the 
kidney, and in 1886 the Coxe Estate rescinded the lease on Eckley from Leisenring and 
Company (Rottenberg 2004: xii). 
By the time the Coxe Estate was managing Eckley again, the town was unrecognizable from its 
humble 1853 roots. In addition to the buildings mentioned earlier, the town?s population had 
grown to around 1,100 people residing in houses along three streets (Christian 1978: 13; Blatz 
2003). Ready to embrace his inheritance, Eckley Brinton Coxe, grandson of Tench Coxe, took 
over operations at Eckley under the Coxe Brothers and Company name through a lease from the 
Coxe Estate in 1886 (Christian 1978: 14; Wesolowsky 1996; Bradsby 1893). At age 47, Coxe?s 
reputation within the coal industry was already highly regarded. He had earned a degree from the 
University of Pennsylvania in mining engineering in 1858. He followed that course of study by 
spending two years in Paris, France at the Ecole des Mines and then an additional year in 
Saxony, Germany at the Bergacademie, Germany?s premier university of mining and 
 29 
 
technology. Coxe then spent two years touring and observing mines and mining practices in 
Britain and mainland Europe before returning to Northeastern Pennsylvania (Bradsby 1893). 
Upon returning in 1865, he formed a partnership with his brothers called Coxe Brothers and 
Company. The company drilled their first shaft in Drifton, Pennsylvania, a small town located 
less than 5 miles from Eckley, and would continue to lease and sublease Tench Coxe Estate land 
until the 1960s (Blatz 2003: 14; Holt 2001: 8). Coxe Brothers and Company would become the 
largest independent anthracite producer in the industry that was not controlled by a railroad 
company (Shackel and Westmont 2014).  
Eckley Coxe?s tenure at the village would prove to be the village?s downfall. Coxe Brothers and 
Company immediately constructed a new breaker at the site after receiving the lease in 1886. 
Although his actions implied that Eckley?s coal extraction was booming and in need of 
expansion, the truth was that profits were diminishing and in 1890, Coxe made the fateful switch 
to strip mining. Several scholars cite his decision as the death knell for Eckley, as the condition 
and longevity of the town disintegrated shortly thereafter. Strip mining utilizes massive iron 
steam shovels to remove the top layers and expose the coal vein, effectively digging a massive 
hole into the earth, as compared with the comparatively less environmentally degrading tunnel or 
shaft mining, a technique used in prior years (Christian 1978). As the strip mine grew, it took 
with it the outlying areas of Eckley, particularly the residences located on the two streets on 
either side of Main Street (Christian 1978: 14). Because strip mining did not require as many 
workers to actually excavate the coal, people were laid off and Eckley?s population dwindled 
(Wesolowsky 1996). Additional financial pressure from other fossil fuels, including natural gas 
and oil, added stress to the already fragile industry (Shackel and Westmont 2014). By 1920, the 
population dropped to less than 600 residents (Wesolowsky 1996). As profits dwindled and the 
company began to focus elsewhere, Eckley itself began to fall into disrepair. The onset of World 
War I saw maintenance on the workers? houses cease and major upkeep projects failed to return 
after the war. Little change occurred in the town during this period, although electricity and 
water were run to at least some of the properties during the early 20th century and a new social 
club, known as the Emerald House, was built in the 1930s. World War II brought new 
opportunities for anthracite coal, however these quickly disappeared as the price of coal 
plummeted when the federal demand decreased at the end of the war. By 1960 anthracite coal 
had lost 80% of its war time value. In 1957, the US Post Office removed the charter at Eckley, 
and the village officially ceased to exist as an independent town (Shackel and Westmont 2014). 
Eckley B. Coxe died in 1895, but it wasn?t until 1905 that the Coxe Brothers and Company?s 
 30 
 
holdings were purchased by the Lehigh Valley 
Railroad. The company regained sovereignty 
some years later, but never mined in Eckley 
again. Instead, subleases were given to other, 
outside contractors, including Jeddo-Highland 
Coal Company, J. Robert Baizley, Gatti 
Engineering, and George Huss (Wesolowsky 
1996; Christian 1978). Coxe Brothers and 
Company finally went out of business in 1963, 
and George Huss purchased the Eckley colliery 
and he continued to strip mine the edges of 
town (Christian 1978: 14). In 1968, Paramount 
Pictures approach George Huss about obtaining 
a one-year lease of Eckley Village in order to 
film their movie The Molly Maguires (Figure 3-
18). Huss granted the request and Paramount 
Pictures filmed over three months in 1968. The 
use of the town as a film set required several 
changes to the buildings and landscape, 
including burying the town?s electrical lines, Figure 3-18. The Molly Maguires (1978) Movie 
removal of the road pavement, rerouting of the Poster 
main road, and restoration of the town?s 
buildings to an approximation of their 1870s appearance. The film studio also built several 
buildings, including a model breaker and a ?company store? building. In all, the film, which 
starred Sean Connery, Samantha Eggar, and Richard Harris, cost $7 million to produce (Sunday 
Independent 1978). 
Once filming had been completed, the land returned to George Huss who intended to continue 
strip mining the town. Citizens recently interested in the town due to the popularity of the 
movie?s production became interested in saving it from destruction, and in 1969 a private group 
of citizens formed the Anthracite Museum Heritage Group, a subsidiary of Can-Do Hazleton, 
and raised $100,000 to purchase the property from Huss (Christian 1978: 14). The Group then 
donated the land to the State of Pennsylvania, who arranged to have it preserved and managed by 
the Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission as one of the state?s living history museum 
sites. It officially opened to the public in 1972 and continues to be managed by PHMC today. 
 
History of Working Class Houses 
 
Working class housing in Eckley left something to be desired. Although Sharpe, Leisenring and 
Company had ensured workers had immediate shelter when mining began in 1854, bigger 
problems remained. The town boasted 60 double houses and 12 single residence homes, not 
including the houses of the mine operators, yet these homes offer little more than protection from 
the rain. Dry laid stone or mud masonry foundations supported the wood frame worker?s houses, 
 31 
 
leaving the buildings unstable and heat-leaking sieves. The board and batten construction 
between the balloon frame and the exterior clapboard served as the only source of insulation. 
Double houses shared privies, and family members had to fetch water from communal spigots 
well into the 20th century. Septic systems were finally installed in some of the houses in 1924, 
although, at present, it is unknown which houses were fortunate enough to receive this luxury 
(Wesolowsky 1996). Families often took advantage of their deep lots to plant gardens and fruit 
trees that could sustain them cheaply (Holt 2001). Many of these fruit trees are still present in 
Eckley today. Oral histories revealed that families planted most of the yard with vegetables and 
typically raised tomatoes, wax beans, green peppers, beets, celery, cucumbers, radishes, and 
corn. Flower beds and fruit trees were common. Families raised chickens, which they sometimes 
used for barter. Former residents remember fondly the company store after it was no longer 
controlled by the coal company. Vendors came into town to sell consumer products as well as 
different foods, such as meat and beer (Warfel 1993:13). 
In addition to the very basic amenities provided, families often shared houses ? at a steep price. 
A quote from Eckley B. Coxe?s 1888 congressional testimony about the state of his workers? 
houses revealed the following: 
A family, for $4/Month, could share a four-room dwelling with three other families, two 
upstairs and two on the ground floor, plastered and whitewashed, with a communal 
kitchen. More generous quarters could be had for $5.50/month, the price of sharing three 
rooms upstairs and two down with just one other family. These units cost the company 
$850 to build, and with a monthly rental income of $11, paid for themselves, including 
repairs, in 6-8 years [quoted in Holt 2001:10] 
Workers, therefore, not only had to contend with unsafe and unsatisfactory work, but they were 
forced to return home at the end of the day to a house full of strangers. Coxe additionally 
testified to the committee that a bachelor could rent ?some sort of shanty? for 35 cents (Holt 
2001:10; Shackel and Westmont 2014). 
Although the houses provide a physical reminder of the working class at Eckley, it?s the families 
and workers themselves that need to be remembered. Life was difficult, tumultuous, dirty, and 
short for these individuals. Recently arrived immigrant men typically began work as laborers 
and, after learning English and taking an exam, could become miners; however, very few new 
immigrants had the money or time to pursue this route ? a purposeful structural inequality that 
created feedback loops of inequality within the ranks of immigrants and facilitated social 
discrimination of different ethnicities (Shackel and Roller 2012). Mulrooney?s work in coal 
company towns in Western Pennsylvania has detailed how workers were segregated into specific 
types of housing and were prevented from escaping: a worker?s ethnic group affiliation would 
signify what occupations they could hold within the company, which in turn dictated how much 
the worker could earn; earnings were a major factor in determining what type of house the 
company would rent to a worker, with the poorest paid workers receiving the cheapest housing. 
Because the rent for the houses were cheap, the structures were comparatively poorly made and 
amenities provided for higher earning families would not be supplied. In this way, ethnicity 
indirectly determined everything from neighborhood to whether a family would have indoor 
 32 
 
plumbing (1989). Men working inside, including inside laborers and miners, operated in damp, 
dark, musty conditions using only hand tools such as shovels, picks, and hand drills. Every day 
they faced imminent threats such as cave-ins, floods, and explosions, but also silent, insidious 
threats such as Black Lung Disease and poisonous, odorless gases (Wesolowsky 1996). Male 
children who reached the age of eight or nine years old began as breaker boys ? extremely 
dangerous work that easily killed and maimed them. Around the age of 12, these boys could 
begin working inside the mines opening the large air-flow doors for passing coal carts. At 14 
they could begin serving as laborers. Similarly, female children from working class families 
were sent to textile mills as young as five where their tiny hands and fingers were needed to 
reach into the spinning, looming, and other machines. This work frequently resulted in maiming 
that would impact the girl for the rest of her life. Young women generally left the textile mills 
when they married or when their economic situation improved enough to make the additional 
income unnecessary (Stepenoff 1999; Kessler-Harris 1983). While men worked in the mines, 
women were often faced with their own set of tasks. Laundry, cooking, cleaning, gardening, 
shopping, and child-rearing encompass just some of the tasks that were expected of working 
class women. Days were long and the work was arduous (Wesolowsky 1996). Many women also 
engaged in home-production or collection of goods, including picking berries, weaving, and 
other crafts that could be sold.  
Many mine companies operated at full force during the summer months as East Coast customers 
stocked up on coal for the winter. During the rest of the year, miners worked two to three days a 
week, and sometimes as little as six hours a day (Blatz 2003:19-21). During most of the 1870s, 
coal production remained at a low level at the Council Ridge mines, however, the situation 
improved in the early 1880s as production steadily increased (Blatz 2003:22-23). 
Workers also had to contend with serious social issues. The Northeastern Pennsylvanian coal 
mine owners succeeded in reducing the number of unions in the area by aligning class 
differences with ethnic differences. As new waves of immigrants arrived, they were immediately 
placed at the bottom of the social structure; those groups would move up on the social structure 
as soon as a new ethnic group arrived in the region. This pattern began when Irish immigrants, 
escaping the Potato Famine of 1845, already accounted for 23% of Eckley?s population by the 
1860s. The late 1870s saw the beginning of a wave of Eastern European immigrants move into 
the poorly paid positions, such as laborer and slate picker that the Irish before them had held. As 
the turn of the century arrived, the majority of the working class population consisted of first and 
second generation immigrants from Eastern Europe (Wesolowsky 1996).  
 
History of Back Street 
  
The excavations during the summer of 2016 focused on workers? households located on Back 
Street. Back Street, originally platted as South Street, runs parallel to Main Street approximately 
400 ft. to the south. Original company maps of the town reveal Back Street featured rows of 
identical company houses in two sizes that spanned three blocks on the East side of town. Eight 
larger double houses, measuring 25 x 25 ft. were located in the western-most block, while the 
 33 
 
rest of the homes on the street were 28 x 20 ft. These houses were duplexes, with neighbors 
sharing an identical house; the layout was mirrored on each side of the common central wall. 
Families of upwards of 15 individuals would share these dwellings.  
A total of eight large double houses and 24 small double houses were constructed on Back Street 
in 1854. They consisted of balloon frame construction covered with clapboard siding and 
finished with wooden shingles. These dwellings sat on lots that measured 200 ft. deep and 50 ft. 
wide for each side of the house. Houses had four bays on the front fa?ade with the outermost 
bays consisting of wooden doors for each residence and the inner bays consisting of six-over-six 
hung sash windows. The larger houses had second floors, while the smaller houses were one-
and-one-half story. All houses had shared privies located behind the house, unfinished basements 
under the front half of the structure, and detached shared summer kitchens also located just 
behind the house. The houses were supported by dry laid limestone foundations that created 
basements approximately 5 ft high with dirt floors. Families were able to add outbuildings and 
construct additions onto their houses as long as these changes did not affect or change the front 
fa?ade of the house. Several families added exterior fireplaces to the main block of the house, 
either to save them the hassle of dismantling and moving the summer kitchen cast-iron stove 
inside or to provide a more efficient source of heat to combat the cold and snowy Pennsylvania 
winters in these poorly insulated houses. Company records from the early twentieth century 
indicate that the company had spent money to upgrade the insides of the houses, including 
improving the cellars and plastering interior walls (Holt 2001:10); however, archaeology found 
no evidence of these upgrades at the 34/36 Back Street property. As mentioned earlier, all 
company houses were required to be painted red with black trim and look identical from the 
outside.  
Aerial photographs from the early 20th century indicate that Back Street stretched to within 300 
ft. of the coal breaker. Life here would have been loud and, without paved streets, dirty. 
Although families lived in these houses through 1940, indoor plumbing or septic systems were 
never installed; instead, residents drained grey waste water directly into the unpaved streets ? 
creating a constantly muddy and unsanitary environment (Mulrooney 1991; Wesolowsky 1996). 
Aside from dangers above ground, people on Back Street had the additional threat of dangers 
below ground: in the mid-1930s, part of the road collapsed into a mine shaft below it, creating a 
serious hazard for those living in the Back Street area (Paul Falatko, personal communication). 
Back Street was at the bottom of Eckley?s social hierarchy and would have been home to some 
of the poorest and most disadvantaged members of the town. While the exteriors of Back Street?s 
company houses would have been neat and uniform, the interior was the responsibility of the 
residents. Families stuffed newspapers into the plank walls in place of badly needed insulation; 
religious paintings and calendars often served as the only decorations in the buildings. Floor 
coverings were expensive, and families frequently made-do with the bare subflooring or with 
burlap bags spread on the ground (Wesolowsky 1996). These conditions, in addition to the 
crowded households and lack of resources, created a tableaux of working class life that would 
seem unbelievable to modern-day visitors of Eckley Miners? Village. Yet, despite its harshness, 
life on Back Street carried on. 
 34 
 
According to the US federal census, throughout the 1860s and 1870s, Back Street families were 
primarily of German and Irish descent.  By the 1920s, however, the original tenants had been 
replaced by families from across Eastern Europe, with the vast majority from Poland and 
Czechoslovakia. Just 10 years later, households on Back Street were comprised mostly of the 
children of Polish and Czechoslovakian immigrants, and by 1940, the vast majority of residents 
were born in Pennsylvania, although several individuals were from Austria, Germany, and 
Russia.   
Although strip mining had been introduced to Eckley in the 1890s, it wasn?t until the mid-20th 
century that it began affecting the domestic core of Eckley. Sometime between 1940 and 1959, 
the western half of Back Street was strip mined, taking with it the foundations, cellars, and 
memories of the families who had lived there for nearly a century. The entirety of Houses 1 
through 32 were demolished, as well as House 33/35. The foundations of Houses 34/36, 37/39, 
38/40, 41/43, and 42/44 still exist, although all are in danger of being destroyed by natural 
forces. The only standing structures remaining on Back Street today are Houses 46/48, 50/52, 
and 53/55. 
In many ways the early demise of the majority of Back Street has meant the neighborhood?s 
underground resources have been preserved. The pre-production for The Molly Maguires movie 
involved burying utility lines, which impacted many of the front yards along Main Street. 
However, since Back Street was already nothing more than a grassy field by then, it was spared. 
The archaeological resources along Back Street remain intact over 150 years after they were 
deposited. Archaeology has the key to telling the stories of the individuals and families that lived 
here. 
 
History of Block B 
 
The greater enclave that excavations on Back Street focused on included Houses 25-44 block. 
For the purposes of this analysis, this area is designated Block B (Figure 3-19). Since the 
majority of domestic activities were done outside the house the individuals would have the 
chance to interact on a daily basis. Neighbors would have seen and talked to one another as they 
walked to town, did laundry, toiled in their gardens, accessed their outbuildings, and carried 
supplies to and from their summer kitchens. Households sharing the double house would have 
been able to hear conversations through the thin, shared wall, and families in the house next door 
would have been able to easily see the 80 ft. into their neighbors? living room. Privacy didn?t 
exist inside these houses; even the privy, which was shared with the other half of the double 
house, featured two holes per side.  
 35 
 
Block B 
Figure 3-19. 1873 D.G Beers Atlas Map of Eckley with Block B Outlined 
 
Due to limitations within the scope of the US federal census, the house tenure cannot be traced 
back beyond 1910; however, the names, occupations, and stories of those occupants between 
1920 and 1950 are known. In the 1920s, Block B contained 20 households with 88 residents. The 
majority of households (13) were first or second generation immigrants from Czechoslovakia, 
followed by Galicia (4), Poland (1) and Hungary (1). Only one household was not a first or 
second generation immigrant. The individuals on Block B held a variety of jobs. The majority of 
men in Block B reported being miners (13), although many worked as outside laborers (11). 
There was also a pump man (1), and a blacksmith (1). Additionally, two women were recorded 
as working in a silk factory (US Federal Census Bureau 1920). The largest household had 7 
individuals while the smallest had only 1. In the 1930s, Block B?s 20 households had 112 
individuals. Nearly all were first or second generation immigrants from Czechoslovakia (19), 
although one household was from Poland. The most commonly held job for men was listed as a 
laborer (14), followed closely by miners (10). Men on the block also worked as teamsters (2), as 
well as a salesman (1), a carpenter (1), and a locomotive engineer (1). Only one woman was 
recorded as having an occupation, and she worked as a seamstress (1). By 1940, the 
demographics of the neighborhood had changed. The 110 residents of Block B represented 20 
households. Of these, one was listed as a Russian immigrant, one was from Poland, two were 
from Czechoslovakia, and one was from Austria-Hungary; the other 15 households were all born 
in the United States. The men of Block B represented a variety of occupations, including miner 
(9), laborer (5), motor runner (3), clerk (1), roadman (1), timberman (1), carpenter (1), and 
locomotive engineer (1). The occupations of women in the US federal census were left blank. 
 
 36 
 
SITE DISTRIBUTIONS AND PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE 
STUDIES 
 
Previous Archaeological Studies Adjacent to the Project Area 
 
The first professional archaeology work at Eckley Miner?s Village occurred in the 1980s. 
Stephen Warfel and Dawn Weaver (1989) excavated and compared the single dwelling doctor?s 
house (36LU126) with two adjoining house lots (36LU130 and 36LU131) in an attempt to see if 
status differences were reflected in the ceramic assemblages. They compared earthenwares and 
porcelains and found no real difference to support their hypothesis of status sensitive ceramics 
reflecting socioeconomic status.  
In 1991, Stephen Warfel of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) 
served as Project Primary Investigator in a collaborative project between Pennsylvania State 
University and PHMC. An archaeological field school worked at House Lots 117/119 Main 
Street in preparation of the stabilization and restoration of a two and one-half story double house.  
The proposed construction work included replacing the foundation, installation of concrete 
basement floor, and re-grading the ground surface surrounding the structure to achieve positive 
draining. While the project trained students in archeological techniques, the archaeology also 
uncovered former landscape features, activity areas, and occupational refuse within a 20 ft. 
proposed construction zone surrounding the building. Oral histories also were a significant part 
of this compliance and research project (Warfel 1993:4). Archaeologists found structural piers 
supporting the rear addition and porch and noted their poor condition. They confirmed that the 
rear addition piers and side porch support stones are contemporaneous with the main block 
construction. Maintenance and reconstruction of the side porch occurred in the 1930s. 
Archaeologists also uncovered the location of the original summer kitchen. An exploration of the 
sub-surface soils indicated a long-term problem of poor drainage, a situation that continues into 
the present. Wood charcoal smears indicate that the original lands were cleared by burning the 
forests (Warfel 1993).   
Much of the subsequent compliance work at Eckley was performed by Heberling Associates, 
Inc. They performed work in advance of foundation repairs in 1996, resulting in the excavation 
of 10 ? 4 x 4 ft. test units at 7 different sites. All of the test units were located against buildings 
in order to provide information about and an assessment of the buildings? foundations. 
Additionally, this archaeological testing identified buried exterior features such as porches. 
Heberling Associates recovered very few utilitarian wares, which surprised the investigators 
since food processing and storage would have predominated the everyday lives of miners and 
their families (Heberling 1996). In 1998, Heberling Associates, Inc. performed work on the Band 
Building, which is located east of the former Eckley Hotel, and on Houses 141 and 147, which 
were former foremen?s houses. This work did not include investigations of the outbuildings 
located on these properties, such as sheds, privies, and other ancillary buildings (Heberling 
1998). 
 37 
 
Additionally, Heberling Associates, Inc. performed emergency excavations around Houses 46/48 
on Back Street (Heberling 1999).  A total of nine shovel tests and four test units were excavated. 
The building restoration uncovered a feature adjacent to the back wall of the structure that was 
tentatively identified as a chimney base. No further testing was recommended as an adequate 
sample was collected. Heberling (1999) noted that the archeological deposits were undisturbed in 
the back areas of the house and the structure is one of the oldest standing buildings in the village. 
Recorded sites impacted during the course of this work include 36LU222 and 36LU223 
(Heberling 1999). 
Heberling Associates, Inc. (Heberling 2004) also performed extensive testing in 2001 and 2003 
in advance of proposed grading and drainage improvements at 19 historic workers? houses along 
Main Street.  This work recovered over 23,000 artifacts from 444 shovel test pits and test units. 
Archaeologists uncovered 20th century utility lines and several historic landscape features, 
including a well, cesspool, and walkways. Archaeologists noted that they recovered few 
alcoholic beverage bottles and few canning jars. When compared with previous excavations sites 
in the village, the assemblages were found to be similar. No further work was deemed necessary 
(Heberling 2004). 
In 2001, Cultural Heritage Research Services, Inc. (Kelly et al. 2001) excavated at the Sharp 
house (36LU238), the Rectory (36LU208), and the Mule Barn in advance of the installation of 
three propane gas tanks. During the course of excavations at the Sharpe House, an abundance of 
refined earthenwares were discovered compared to a low frequency of utilitarian wares.  The 
authors conclude that these finding indicate that the Sharp family could purchase their own food, 
rather than having to grow and store it. Further archaeological excavations were recommended at 
the Sharpe House (36LU238) but not for the Mule Barn area which had disturbed soils (Kelly et 
al 2001). 
Kenneth Baslik (2009) describes archaeological testing by Cultural Heritage Research Services, 
Inc. at seven locations in Eckley along Main Street.  Shovel test pits were placed in a 10 x 10 ft. 
grid and excavations units measured 3 x 3 ft. In their work, they could not identify clear 
stratigraphic definitions. The artifacts ranged from mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth 
centuries and the mixing of contexts may be a product of continual ground disturbances from the 
practice of gardening. Pipe trenches were also the most frequently identified archeological 
features. Baslick (2009) explains that this type of artifact patterning is typical throughout Eckley. 
In a comprehensive summary of the archaeology performed at Eckley Miner?s Village over the 
past 25 years, Kenneth Basalik (2009: 13) notes that, ?the work at Eckley Miners? Village has 
been oriented toward maintenance and repair projects. As a result, the research objectives of the 
work by the various archaeologists who have performed surveys in the village have not been 
considerably different than those Warfel enumerated in 1993.?  
In total, 34 sites have previously been identified as part of Eckley?s historical extent. The 
distribution of these sites as well as their current Determination of Eligibility (DOE) for being 
listed on the National Register is presented below (Figure 3-20; Table 3-1).  
 38 
 
 
 
     Figure 3-20. Location of Previously Recorded Sites 
 
 
Table 3-1. Identified Archaeological Sites Related to Eckley Miners? Village 
  
Site Address/Building National Register Eligibility Decision Approximate 
Number Distance from Site 
36LU203 92 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 505 ft. 
36LU205 105 Main Street Contributing element of NR District  585 ft. 
36LU206 107 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 590 ft. 
36LU208 Rectory Contributing element of NR District 1110 ft. 
36LU219 Band Building Contributing element of NR District 1635 ft. 
36LU220 141 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1645 ft. 
36LU221 147 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1785 ft. 
36LU222 46 Back Street Contributing element of NR District 225 ft. 
36LU223 48 Back Street Contributing element of NR District 275 ft. 
36LU238 Sharpe House Contributing element of NR District 2610 ft. 
36LU239 70 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 765 ft. 
36LU240 72 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 715 ft. 
36LU241 90 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 505 ft. 
 39 
 
36LU242 122 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1060 ft. 
36LU243 124 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1120 ft. 
36LU244 125 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1200 ft. 
36LU245 127 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1250 ft. 
36LU246 130 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1280 ft. 
36LU247 132 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1330 ft. 
36LU248 134 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1370 ft. 
36LU249 140 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 1610 ft. 
36LU250 159 Main Street Contributing element of NR District 2300 ft. 
36LU258 45 South Street Contributing element of NR District 215 ft. 
36LU259 47 South Street Contributing element of NR District 265 ft. 
36LU260 49 South Street Contributing element of NR District 315 ft. 
36LU261 51 South Street Contributing element of NR District 365 ft. 
36LU262 53 South Street No DOE 415 ft. 
36LU263 55 South Street No DOE 465 ft. 
36LU264 57 South Street No DOE 515 ft. 
36LU265 59 South Street No DOE 565 ft. 
36LU266 61 South Street No DOE 615 ft. 
36LU267 63 South Street No DOE 665 ft. 
36LU268 121 Main Street No DOE 1085 ft. 
36LU269 123 Main Street No DOE 1120 ft. 
36LU331 42/44 Back Street No DOE 50 ft. 
36LU332 38/40 Back Street No DOE  0 ft. 
36LU333 34/36 Back Street No DOE 50 ft. 
    
    
 
 
 40 
 
4. SITE 36LU331 FIELD RESULTS, by V. Camille Westmont 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
Site 36LU331, known historically as Back Street 34/36, was defined as a historic resource in 
2015. The site was officially registered with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum 
Commission in May of that year and subsequently granted a site number. At the time that 
36LU331 was recorded, it was documented as consisting of a domestic site dating between the 
1850 and 1925 with features including a stone foundation and a potential privy pit. This site is 
located southeast and adjacent to site 36LU332 (Back Street 38/40). The foundation is located on 
land owned by Eckley Miners? Village, a PHMC-owned and operated open air museum, 
although the site is located in an area of the property that is not generally trafficked by visitors. 
Archaeological, oral history, and archival research indicate that the site was the former location 
of a company-built double house built in 1854-1855 and occupied through the 1940s. The site is 
located within 100 feet of the Eckley Miners? Village National Historic District, which was 
designated in 1978; however, because the District is inscribed based on its standing resources 
rather than its archaeological resources, 36LU331 as well as the other house foundations on Back 
Street were excluded from the original nomination (Figure 4-1). The privy pit and cellars, as well 
as the majority of 
the former yard 
space according to 
historical 
documents, is 
located on land 
owned by Freya 
Land Company. 
Freya is required 
to leave this area 
of land 
undisturbed as part 
of a buffer 
between their coal 
mining operation 
and the PHMC-
owned site.  
 
Figure 4-1. Map of Eckley National Historic District Boundaries with site  
36LU331 marked.  
 
Site 36LU331 is located in both a grassy field (land owned by PHMC) and a wooded area (land 
owned by Freya Land Company). Trees have begun to grow inside the house foundations on 
PHMC?s property, threatening the integrity of the archaeological deposits and structural remains. 
The portion of the site under Freya?s control has not seen any kind of maintenance, leaving the 
archaeological deposits vulnerable to damage from bioturbation. There are no physical remnants 
of domestic outbuildings on Freya?s land despite oral history and photographic evidence of the 
 41 
 
existence of outbuildings on that portion of the site. This attests to the poor state of preservation 
in this unmaintained area. 
 
Fieldwork undertaken during the summer of 2016 included clearing the site of underbrush 
around the foundation, establishing the historic property size and boundaries in relation to the 
modern landscape, and investigating the potential for archaeological information in the wooded 
areas of the site, specifically the area owned by Freya Land Company. The primary objective 
was to determine the integrity of the archaeological deposits, documents the construction 
methods of the structure, and research the lifeways and consumption patterns of the former 
occupants of the double house. In order to fulfill this research design, two sets of excavations 
were done: one around the house foundation and one in the wooded area. The test units around 
the house foundation were placed in areas that were identified as having high artifact 
concentrations, which was determined by the results of shovel testing completed in the summer 
of 2015. Furthermore, in order to compare activity areas between the two sides of the double 
house, test units were placed in an approximately mirrored formation. Prior to the start of 
fieldwork, an engineer?s scale grid system was laid across the site in order to establish horizontal 
controls. During the course of the summer field season, a total of 74 shovel tests and nine test 
units were excavated around the house foundation, and in the wooded area, four shovel tests and 
two test units were excavated (Figure 4-2).   
 42 
 
 
Figure 4-2. 36LU331 Site Map with Units and Shovel Tests Indicated 
  
 43 
 
FIELD RESULTS: HOUSE FOUNDATION EXCAVATIONS 
 
Shovel Tests 
 
A total of 79 shovel tests were excavated at 36LU331 in order to guide the placement of 
excavation units (see Figure 4-3). Shovel tests were excavated on a systematic 10 ft grid across 
the site in the non-wooded, grassy area. The shovel test excavations yielded a total of 708 
artifacts, which were evenly distributed across the yard space. Unlike the excavations at 
36LU332 (House 38/40 Back Street), less than half of the artifacts recovered from shovel tests 
were located in shovel tests within twenty feet of the house (320 artifacts were recovered within 
20 ft of the house, or 45.19% of the total). 
  
Shovel tests revealed a pattern of three to four soil strata. The topmost stratum is characterized as 
a very dark brown (10YR2/2) silty loam, which is underlain by a very dark grayish brown 
(10YR3/2) silty loam. In some areas of the yard, the second stratum is mottled with subsoil. This 
creates a third strata that is characterized as a mottled dark greyish brown and yellowish brown 
(10YR3/2 and 10YR5/6) clay loam. In all shovel tests, the final stratum is subsoil, which is 
characterized as a yellowish brown (10YR5/6) sterile clay layer. Artifacts from the shovel tests 
represent five functional groups, including 47 activity artifacts, 212 architectural artifacts, 341 
domestic artifacts, 10 lighting artifacts, and 15 personal artifacts. Additionally, 83 artifacts could 
not be assigned to a specific functional group. 
 
Test Units 
 
Test units were excavated across the house lots and interior spaces of House 34 and 36. The 
results of these excavations were grouped together based on their relationship to the structure of 
the house. This resulted in a total of seven analytical areas that facilitate a comparison between 
similar areas in each house. Using these areas, activity areas in the two houses can be compared 
based on their artifactual composites. Each unit?s unique strata were also assigned a megastrata 
designation, which serves as an across-site reference for soils that represent the same 
depositional event. Megastrata designations consist of two parts: a letter which refers to whether 
the stratum was present inside 
the house (A) or outside the 
house (B), as well as a roman 
numeral indicating that stratum?s 
position relative to other strata 
(Megastratum I is above 
Megastratum II, etc). The 
megastrata designation allows an 
understanding of the stratigraphy 
of the site as a whole, as well as 
by its constituent parts. Figure 4-
3 shows where the different 
analytical areas were located in 
relation to the house structure. 
 
Figure 4-3. Map of Areas in House Foundation Excavations 
 44 
 
Area 1 ? House 34 Basement ? Test Unit 12 
 
Area 1 refers to excavations carried out in the interior of House 34 in the vicinity of the basement 
(see Figure 4-3). Basements were excavated by tenants after the houses? construction. Basements 
would have been utilized by residents to store items, especially canned food, but also would have 
served incidentally as a repository of items that fell between the floorboards on the first floor. 
This area was chosen in order to investigate the architectural aspects of the tenant-dug basement 
as well as to investigate artifacts that might have fallen through the floorboards from the first 
floor.  
 
Test Unit 12 
 
Test Unit 12 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located in the basement of House 34. The test unit yielded 554 
artifacts dug in five arbitrary levels dug across three natural levels (Figures 4-4 and 4-5 ? photo 
of unit, profile drawing of unit). Artifacts from this unit date from the mid-nineteenth century to 
the early twentieth century. The opening elevation of this unit was 1668.688 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum A-I) consisted of a 0.476 ft layer of very dark brown (10YR2/2) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated as 
one natural level. A total of 368 
artifacts were recovered from this layer. 
These artifacts represented seven 
functional groups. The distribution of 
artifacts amongst the functional group 
was as follows: seven from the activity 
group, 191 from the architectural 
group, 162 from the domestic group, 
three from the faunal group, two from 
the lighting group, two from the 
personal group, and one from an 
unknown group. 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum A-IV) 
consisted of a 0.416 ft layer of dark 
yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam. 
This stratum was excavated as two 
arbitrary levels. A total of 140 artifacts 
were recovered from this layer. These 
artifacts represent three functional 
groups. These consist of 136 
Figure 4-4. Plan view of Test Unit 12 
architectural artifacts, two domestic 
artifacts, and two from an unknown group. 
 
Stratum III (Megastratum A-V) consisted of a 0.367 ft layer of mottled dark yellowish brown 
and very dark greyish brown (10YR4/4 and 10YR3/2) silt loam. This stratum was excavated as 
two arbitrary levels. A total of 46 artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts 
 45 
 
represent four functional groups. These consist of 20 architectural artifacts, 22 domestic artifacts, 
one faunal artifact, and three personal artifacts. 
 
 
   Figure 4-5.Test Unit 12 West Wall Profile 
 
 
 
Area 2 ? West Side Yard of House 34? Test Unit 2 
 
Area 2 refers to the west side yard of House 34 adjacent to the house foundation (see Figure 4-3). 
One test unit was excavated in this location (Test Unit 2). The location designated as Area 2 
would originally have served as an activity area or cultivation space for the families of House 34. 
This area was chosen for excavation because of the abundant finds from excavations conducted 
in similar areas at 36LU332. 
 
Test Unit 2 
 
Test Unit 2 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located in the west side yard of House 34 directly adjacent to the 
stone foundation. The test unit yielded 803 artifacts dug in seven arbitrary levels dug across four 
natural levels (Figures 4-6 and 4-7 ? photo of unit, profile drawing of unit). Artifacts from this 
unit date from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The opening elevation 
of this unit was 1669.419 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum B-I) consisted of a 0.416 ft layer of very dark brown (10YR2/2) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated as two arbitrary levels. A total of 439 artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These artifacts represent six functional groups. These consist of 11 activity 
artifacts, 226 architectural artifacts, 191 domestic artifacts, five lighting artifacts, three personal 
artifacts, and two artifacts from an unknown group. 
  
Stratum II (Megastratum B-II) consisted of a 1.158 ft layer of very dark greyish brown 
(10YR3/2) silt loam. This stratum was excavated as three arbitrary levels. A total of 344 artifacts 
were recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent seven functional groups. These consist 
 46 
 
of 24 activity artifacts, 108 architectural artifacts, 166 domestic artifacts, one faunal artifact, 17 
lighting artifacts, 11 personal artifacts, and 16 artifacts from an unknown group.  
 
Stratum III (Megastratum B-
III) consisted of a 0.038 layer 
of brown (10YR5/3) silt loam. 
This stratum was excavated as 
one natural levels. A total of 
nine artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These artifacts 
represent four functional 
groups. These consist of one 
activity artifact, two 
architectural artifacts, four 
domestic artifacts, and two 
artifacts from an unknown 
group. 
 
Although subsoil was 
encountered below Stratum 
III, several artifacts were still 
recovered from the top of this 
context due to bioturbation 
processes. A layer measuring Figure 4-6. Plan view of Test Unit 2 
approximately 0.366 ft thick 
was excavated into subsoil. This resulted in a total of 14 artifacts from five functional groups. 
These consist of two activity artifacts, three architectural artifacts, seven domestic artifacts, one 
personal artifact, and one artifact from an unknown group. 
 
 
 Figure 4-7. Test Unit 2 South Wall Profile 
 
 47 
 
Area 3 ? Behind House 34 ? Test Units 7 and 8 
 
Area 3 refers to the area immediately behind (south) House 34 and is located adjacent to the 
stone foundation (see Figure 4-3). The location designated as Area 3 would originally have 
served as an outdoor space separating the main house from the summer kitchen, making it a 
highly trafficked area on the property. For this reason, the area was chosen for excavation in 
order to capture items potentially dropped in the movement between the kitchen and the house. 
Two units placed catty-corner to one another in this area provide an east-west and a north-south 
cross section of the space between the kitchen and the house.  
 
Test Unit 7 
 
Test Unit 7 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located behind House 34 adjacent to the house?s stone foundation. 
The test unit yielded 309 artifacts dug in two natural levels dug across two natural levels (Figures 
4-8 and 4-10 ? photo of unit, profile drawing of unit). Artifacts from this unit date from the mid-
nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The opening elevation of this unit was 
1670.729 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum B-I) 
consisted of a 0.382 ft layer 
of very dark brown 
(10YR2/2) silt loam. This 
stratum was excavated as 
one natural level. A total of 
150 artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These 
artifacts represent five 
functional groups. These 
consist of one activity 
artifact, 56 architectural 
artifacts, 82 domestic 
artifacts, four lighting 
artifacts, and seven artifacts 
from an unknown group. 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum B-
Figure 4-8. Plan view of Test Unit 7 
II) consisted of a 0.388 ft 
layer of very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) silt loam. This stratum was excavated as one natural 
level. A total of 157 artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent six 
functional groups. These consist of eight activity artifacts, 49 architectural artifacts, 97 domestic 
artifacts, one lighting artifact, one personal artifact, and one artifact from an unknown group. 
 
Test Unit 8 
 
Test Unit 8 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located behind House 34 approximately five feet from the stone 
foundation. The test unit yielded 354 artifacts dug in two natural levels dug across two natural 
 48 
 
levels (Figures 4-9 and 4-10 ? photo of unit, profile drawing of unit). Artifacts from this unit date 
from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The opening elevation of this unit 
was 1670.629 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum 
B-I) consisted of a 0.31 ft 
layer of very dark brown 
(10YR2/2) silt loam. This 
stratum was excavated as 
two arbitrary levels. A 
total of 112 artifacts were 
recovered from this layer. 
These artifacts represent 
four functional groups. 
These consist of seven 
activity artifacts, 44 
architectural artifacts, 58 
domestic artifacts, and 
three lighting artifacts. 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum 
B-II) consisted of a 0.45 
ft layer of very dark 
greyish brown (10YR3/2) Figure 4-9. Plan view of Test Unit 8 
silt loam. This stratum 
was excavated as one natural level. A total of 243 artifacts were recovered from this layer. These 
artifacts represent six functional groups. These consist of 10 activity artifacts, 84 architectural 
artifacts, 123 domestic artifacts, one lighting artifact, 13 personal artifacts, and 12 artifacts from 
an unknown group. 
 
 Figure 4-10. Test Units 7 and 8 Profile 
 
 
 
Area 4 ? House 36 Basement ? Test Unit 4 
 
Area 4 refers to the area directly beneath the interior (main room) of House 36. This area was 
excavated by tenants into a basement after the house?s initial construction. Excavations were 
sited in this area in order to capture items that fell through the floor boards of the house as well 
 49 
 
as to capture architectural information about the basement. One test unit, Test Unit 4, was 
located in this area. 
 
Test Unit 4 
 
Test Unit 4 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located beneath the main room of House 36. The test unit yielded 
944 artifacts dug in nine arbitrary levels dug across four natural levels (Figure 4-11 ? photo of 
unit). Artifacts from this unit date from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. 
The opening elevation of this unit was 1669.224 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum A-I) consisted of a 0.384 ft layer of very dark brown (10YR2/2) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated as three arbitrary levels. A total of 527 artifacts were 
recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent six functional groups. These consist of 11 
activity artifacts, 320 architectural 
artifacts, 156 domestic artifacts, 
five lighting artifacts, 18 personal 
artifacts, and 17 artifacts from an 
unknown group. 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum A-II) 
consisted of a 0.55 ft layer of very 
dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated 
as three arbitrary levels. A total of 
275 artifacts were recovered from 
this layer. These artifacts 
represent seven functional groups. 
These consist of 14 activity 
artifacts, 96 architectural artifacts, 
129 domestic artifacts, five faunal 
artifacts, four lighting artifacts, 15 
personal artifacts, and 12 artifacts 
from an unknown group. 
 
Stratum III (Megastratum A-III) 
consisted of a 0.238 ft layer of 
mottled very dark grey and very 
dark greyish brown (10YR3/1 and 
10YR3/2) silt loam. This stratum 
was excavated as one natural 
Figure 4-11. Plan view of Test Unit 4 
level. A total of 32 artifacts were 
 
recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent six functional groups. These consist of nine 
activity artifacts, 10 architectural artifacts, seven domestic artifacts, one lighting artifact, one 
personal artifact, and four artifacts from an unknown group.  
 
 50 
 
Stratum IV (Megastratum A-IV) consisted of a 0.362 ft layer of dark yellowish brown 
(10YR3/4) silt loam. This stratum was excavated as two arbitrary levels. A total of 15 artifacts 
were recovered from this later. These artifacts represent five functional groups. These consist of 
two activity artifacts, five architectural artifacts, six domestic artifacts, one faunal artifact, and 
one personal artifact.  
 
Although subsoil was encountered below Stratum IV, several artifacts were still recovered from 
the top of the subsoil due to bioturbation processes. This resulted in a total of 95 artifacts from 
three functional groups. These consist of three activity artifacts, 91 architectural artifacts, and 
one domestic artifact. 
 
 
Area 5 ? House 36 Crawlspace ? Test Unit 13 
 
Area 5 refers to the area in the crawlspace of House 36 (see Figure 4-3). A crawlspace refers to 
the area between the floorboards of a building and the ground beneath them in the absence of a 
basement or cellar. This area was chosen for excavation because it would have been an 
undisturbed location where items that fell through the floor boards would have landed. 
Additionally, excavations in 2015 revealed promising finds from crawlspace contexts.  
 
Test Unit 13 
 
Test Unit 13 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located 
beneath the lean-to kitchen of House 36. 
The test unit yielded 510 artifacts dug in 
five arbitrary levels dug across four 
natural levels (Figure 4-12 ? photo of 
unit). Artifacts from this unit date from 
the mid-nineteenth century to the early 
twentieth century. The opening 
elevation of this unit was 1670.519 ft 
amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum A-I) consisted 
of a 0.16 ft layer of very dark brown 
(10YR2/2) silt loam. This stratum was 
excavated as one natural level. A total of 
260 artifacts were recovered from this 
layer. These artifacts represent six Figure 4-12. Planview of Test Unit 13 
functional groups. These consist of nine 
activity artifacts, 181 architectural artifacts, 61 domestic artifacts, one faunal artifact, seven 
personal artifacts, and one vegetal artifact.  
 
Stratum II (Megastratum A-IV) consisted of a 0.528 ft layer of dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) 
silt loam. This stratum was excavated as two arbitrary levels. A total of 76 artifacts were 
recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent six functional groups. These consist of seven 
 51 
 
activity artifacts, 32 architectural artifacts, 13 domestic artifacts, one lighting artifact, four 
personal artifacts, and 19 artifacts from an unknown group. 
 
Stratum III (Megastratum A-VI) consisted of a 0.224 ft layer of yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated as one natural level. A total of 75 artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These artifacts represent seven functional groups. These consist of 13 activity 
artifacts, 34 architectural artifacts, 16 domestic artifacts, two faunal artifacts, one lighting 
artifact, five personal artifacts, and four artifacts from an unknown group. 
 
Stratum IV (Megastratum A-VII) consisted of a 0.294 ft layer of brown (10YR5/3) silt loam 
representing the buried A horizon. This stratum was excavated as one natural level. A total of 12 
artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent three functional groups. These 
consist of seven architectural artifacts, three domestic artifacts, and two artifacts from an 
unknown group.  
 
 
 
Area 6 ?East Yard of House 36 ?Test Unit 1 
 
Area 6 consists of the east side yard of the 36 House lot adjacent to the house foundation (see 
Figure 4-3). One test unit was placed in this area, Test Unit 1. The location designated as Area 6 
would originally have served as an activity or cultivation area for House 36. This area was 
chosen for excavations because of abundant finds from similarly-placed units at 36LU332 in 
2015.  
 
Test Unit 1 
 
Test Unit 1 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located 
in the east side yard of House 36 
adjacent to the house?s stone 
foundation. The test unit yielded 659 
artifacts dug in seven arbitrary levels 
dug across four natural levels (Figures 
4-13 and 4-14 ? photo of unit, profile 
drawing of unit). Artifacts from this 
unit date from the mid-nineteenth 
century to the early twentieth century. 
The opening elevation of this unit was 
1671.63 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum B-I) Figure 4-13. Plan view of Test Unit 1 
consisted of a 0.622 layer of very dark 
brown (10YR2/2) silt loam. This stratum was excavated as two arbitrary levels. A total of 298 
artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent five functional groups. These 
consist of 10 activity artifacts, 220 architectural artifacts, 40 domestic artifacts, five lighting 
artifacts, 13 personal artifacts, and 10 artifacts that could not be assigned to a functional group.  
 52 
 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum B-II) consisted of a 0.676 layer of very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) 
silt loam. This stratum was excavated as two arbitrary levels. A total of 339 artifacts were 
recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent five functional groups. These consist of 20 
activity artifacts, 136 architectural artifacts, 131 domestic artifacts, 13 lighting artifact, seven 
personal artifacts, and 32 artifacts from an unknown group. 
 
Stratum III (Megastratum B-IV) consisted of a 0.038 layer of dark yellowish brown (10YR3/6) 
silt loam. This stratum was excavated as one natural level. A total of 15 artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These artifacts represent four functional groups. These consist of one activity 
artifact, four architectural artifacts, eight domestic artifacts, one lighting artifact, and one artifact 
from an unknown group. 
 
Although subsoil was encountered below Stratum III, several artifacts were still recovered from 
the top of this context due to bioturbation processes. A 0.892 ft layer was excavated in two 
arbitrary levels into subsoil. This resulted in a total of seven artifacts from two functional groups. 
These consist of four architectural artifacts and three domestic artifacts. 
 
 
                           Figure 4-14. Test Unit 1 East Wall Profile 
 
 
 
Area 7 ? Behind House 36 ? Test Units 3 and 5 
 
Area 7 refers to the area directly behind House 36 (see Figure 4-3). Two test units were placed in 
this area. Test units 3 and 5 were located catty-corner to each other adjacent to the stone house 
foundation. The location designated as Area 7 would originally have served as the space between 
the house and the summer kitchen and would have been a highly trafficked area. This area was 
 53 
 
chosen for excavations because of advantageous finds in this area at 36LU332 during the 
excavations in 2015 as well as due to the high artifact density in these areas as indicated by 
shovel testing. 
 
Test Unit 3 
 
Test Unit 3 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located behind House 36 adjacent to the stone foundation of the 
house. The test unit yielded 565 artifacts dug in six arbitrary levels dug across four natural levels 
(Figures 4-15 and 4-16 ? photo of unit, profile drawing of unit). Artifacts from this unit date 
from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The opening elevation of this unit 
was 1671.38 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum B-I) consisted of a 0.296 ft layer of very dark brown (10YR2/2) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated as one natural level. A total of 162 artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These artifacts represent four functional groups. These consist of four activity 
artifacts, 98 architectural artifacts, 45 domestic artifacts, two lighting artifacts, and 13 artifacts 
that could not be assigned to a functional group. 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum B-II) 
consisted of a 0.28 ft layer of 
very dark greyish brown 
(10YR3/2) silt loam. This 
stratum was excavated as two 
arbitrary levels. A total of 294 
artifacts were recovered from 
this layer. These artifacts 
represent six functional groups. 
These consist of 20 activity 
artifacts, 132 architectural 
artifacts, 104 domestic artifacts, 
one faunal artifact, seven lighting 
artifacts, six personal artifacts, 
and 24 artifacts that could not be 
assigned to a functional group. 
 
Stratum III (Megastratum B-III) Figure 4-15. Plan view of Test Unit 3 
consisted of a 0.464 ft layer of 
brown (10YR5/3) silt loam representing the buried A horizon. This stratum was excavated as 
two arbitrary levels. A total of 109 artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts 
represent five functional groups. These consist of 11 activity artifacts, 52 architectural artifacts, 
32 domestic artifacts, one personal artifact, and 13 artifacts that could not be assigned to a 
functional group. 
 
Excavations continued into subsoil. One 0.5 ft layer was excavated, but no artifacts were 
recovered.  
 
 54 
 
 
                       Figure 4-16. Test Unit 3 North Wall Profile 
 
 
Test Unit 5 
 
Test Unit 5 was a 5 x 5 ft unit located behind House 36 approximately five feet from the rear 
wall of the house structure. The test unit yielded 180 artifacts dug in six arbitrary levels dug 
across four natural levels (Figures 4-17 and 4-18 ? photo of unit, profile drawing of unit). 
Artifacts from this unit date from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The 
opening elevation of this unit was 1680.832 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I (Megastratum B-I) consisted of a 0.646 ft layer of very dark brown (10YR2/2) silt 
loam. This stratum was excavated as two arbitrary levels. A total of 149 artifacts were recovered 
from this layer. These artifacts represent five functional groups. These consist of five activity 
artifacts, 38 architectural artifacts, 97 domestic artifacts, six lighting artifacts, and three personal 
artifacts. 
 
Stratum II (Megastratum B-II) consisted of a 0.393 ft layer of very dark greyish brown 
(10YR3/2) silt loam. This stratum was excavated as one nautral levels and only occurred in the 
northern half of the unit. A total of nine artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts 
represent three functional groups. These consist of seven domestic artifacts, one lighting artifact, 
and one personal artifact.  
 55 
 
 
Stratum III (Megastratum B-III) 
consisted of a 0.5 ft layer of brown 
(10YR5/3) silt loam representing 
the buried A horizon. This stratum 
was excavated as one natural level 
and only occurred in the southern 
half of the unit. A total of three 
artifacts were recovered from this 
layer. These artifacts represent two 
functional groups, comprised of one 
activity artifact and two 
architectural artifacts.  
 
Although subsoil was encountered 
below Stratum III, several artifacts 
were still recovered from the top of 
this context due to bioturbation Figure 4-17. Plan view of Test Unit 5 
processes. Excavations into subsoil 
consisted of a single 0.233 ft layer. This resulted in a total of 19 artifacts from three functional 
groups. These consist of one architectural artifact, 12 domestic artifacts, two personal artifacts, 
and four artifacts that could not be assigned to a functional group.  
 
 
     Figure 4-18. Test Unit 5 South Wall Profile 
 
 
 56 
 
Historic Artifacts by Function 
 
 
In total, 5,896 artifacts were recovered 
during the excavations at 36LU331.  
 
The most common types of artifact 
were architectural and domestic. 
 
 
Area 1- Inside House 34 Basement 
 
Area 1 featured three distinct 
stratigraphic layers. 
 
Megastratum A-I  
 
This stratum had a total of 368 Figure 4-19. 36LU331 Artifacts by Functional Group 
artifacts. These artifacts represent six 
functional groups, including the activity, architectural, domestic, fauna, lighting, and personal 
groups. The most abundant functional group in this context is the architectural group with 191 
artifacts (51.9% of assemblage) (Figure 4-19). One additional artifact was too heavily corroded 
to be identified as belonging to a specific functional group.  
 
Architectural artifacts include brick fragments (N=10), mortar fragments (N=2), window glass 
shards (N=4), machine cut nails (N=8), wire nails (N=26), an unidentifiable nail (N=1), and tar 
paper pieces (N=140). 
 
Seven activity related artifacts were present. These included an unidentified hardware object 
(N=1) and tobacco pipe fragments (N=6). 
 
Domestic artifacts are also found in large proportions in this context (N=162, 44.0%). Five of 
these are ceramic sherds, which are solely whiteware. An analysis of the ceramic sherds in this 
context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1865 (Table 4-1). Other domestic artifacts recovered 
include glass container fragments (N=156) and a glass bottle fragment (N=1). 
 
Table 4-1. Ceramic Sherds from Area 1 Megastratum A-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 2 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1865 
 
Faunal specimens are present, all of which were unidentified mammal bone fragments (N=3). 
Lighting group artifacts are present, both of which are lamp chimney fragments (N=2).  
 57 
 
 
The personal functional group is comprised of lipstick tube pieces (N=2).  
 
Additionally, a corroded piece of metal (N=1) could not be assigned to a functional group. 
 
Megastratum A-IV  
 
A total of 140 artifacts were recovered from this context. In total, artifacts from the architectural 
and domestic functional groups are represented by this assemblage. The most common 
functional group is the architectural group (N=136, 97.1%). Additionally, unidentified functional 
group artifacts are also present. These items are listed last. 
 
Architectural artifacts include machine cut nails (N=2), wire nails (N=7), and tar paper fragments 
(N=127).  
 
The domestic artifacts consist of a glass container fragment (N=1) and a glass beer mug fragment 
(N=1).  
 
Additionally, there were pieces of unidentified metal (N=2) that could not be assigned to a 
specific functional group. 
 
Megastratum A-V 
  
A total of 46 artifacts representing four functional groups were recovered from this context. 
These were the architectural, domestic, faunal, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the domestic group (48%). No unidentified artifacts were found. 
 
A total of 20 architectural artifacts were recovered. These include brick fragments (N=4), 
wooden plank fragments (N=3), tar paper fragments (N=4), window glass shards (N=4), a 
machine cut nail (N=1), a wire nail (N=1), and unidentified nails (N=3). 
 
The domestic group consisted of 22 artifacts. The ceramic sherds from this context include 
redware (N=1), porcelain (N=1), and whiteware (N=2) sherds. An analysis of the ceramic sherds 
in this context indicated a Mean Ceramic Date of 1851.875. (Table 4-2). Additionally, glass 
container fragments (N=18) were also recovered. 
 
Table 4-2. Ceramic Shards from Area 1 Megastratum A-V 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 2 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Undecorated redware 1800-1900 1850 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1851.875 
 
A faunal specimen was present, which was identified only as part of a mammal long bone (N=1).  
 
 58 
 
Three artifacts from the personal group were identified. These were unidentified textile pieces 
(N=3). 
 
 
Area 2 ? West Side Yard 
 
Area 2 featured four distinct stratigraphic layers. 
 
Megastratum B-I 
 
A total of 472 artifacts were recovered from this context. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups, of which the architectural group is the most common (48.9%). Other functional groups 
present are the activity group, the domestic group, the lighting group, and the personal group. 
Items with an unknown functional group are also present. 
 
The activity group consists of 12 artifacts. These include a percussion cap N=1), a 12-gauge 
shotgun shell (N=1), slate pencil pieces (N=3), a hardware piece (N=1), an unidentified hardware 
piece (N=1), a wire fragment (N=1), and tobacco pipe fragments (N=4). 
 
The architectural group is represented by 231 artifacts. These include brick fragments (N=21), 
mortar fragments (N=12), a plank fragment (N=1), tar paper fragments (N=63), window glass 
shards (N=71), machine cut nails (N=25), wire nails (N=31), and unidentified nails (N=7).   
 
The domestic group is represented by 215 artifacts. Several ceramic pastes were present in this 
group, including whiteware (N=37), redware (N=2), yellowware (N=2), stoneware (N=1), and 
Rockingham sherd (N=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean 
Ceramic Date of 1879.475 (see Table 4-3). Other domestic artifacts recovered include a 
decorative whiteware figurine sherd (N=1), glass container fragments (N=20), a glass bottle 
fragment (N=1), and paper label pieces (N=150).  
 
Table 4-3. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 29 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 1 
Color glazed whiteware NA  2 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 1 
Sponge Spatter Decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 1 
Cut Sponge Decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 2 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 1 
Rockingham earthenware 1812-1900 1856 1 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 2 
Undecorated yellowware 1828-1930 1879 2 
Color glazed stoneware NA  1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1879.475 
 
 59 
 
The lighting group featured six artifacts. Of these, there were porcelain insulator sherds (N=3) 
and lamp chimney shards (N=3).  
 
The personal group had four artifacts. These included a marble (N=1), a parian doll fragment 
(N=1), a 4-hole Prosser button (N=1), and an unidentified personal item (N=1). Additionally, 
four artifacts could not be assigned to a functional group. These were melted glass fragments 
(N=2) and unidentified metal fragments (N=2). 
 
Megastratum B-II 
 
A total of 359 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, faunal, lighting, and personal groups. The most 
common functional group is the domestic group (49.0%). Items from an unknown functional 
group were also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 25 artifacts. These included a metal spike (N=1), a 
piece of unidentified hardware (N=1), and tobacco pipe pieces (N=23).  
 
The architectural group was represented by 112 artifacts. Architectural artifacts included brick 
fragments (N=16), mortar fragments (N=2), tar paper fragments (N=27), glass window shards 
(N=40), a washer (N=1), a tack (N=1), machine cut nails (N=7), wire nails (N=7), and 
unidentified nails (N=11). 
 
The domestic group included 176 artifacts. Of these, 104 were ceramic sherds. Ceramic paste 
types include whitewares (N=98), redware (N=1), yellowware (N=1), porcelain (N=2), 
stoneware (N=1), and unidentified earthenware (N=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this 
context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1871.131 (see Table 4-4). Other domestic artifacts 
consist of glass jelly jar shards (N=6), a canning jar lid liner fragment (N=1), glass container 
fragments (N=62), a carnival glass decorative bowl fragment (N=1), a beer mug fragment (N=1), 
and a drinking glass fragment (N=1). 
 
Table 4-4. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-II 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 65 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 14 
Edged decorated whiteware 1830-1860 1845 1 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 5 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 12 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 1 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 1 
Undecorated yellowware 1828-1930 1879 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 2 
Grey paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Burned earthenware NA  1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1871.131 
 60 
 
 
The faunal group had one artifact, which was a bone fragment (N=1).  
 
The lighting group featured 17 artifacts. This consisted of a porcelain electrical insulator 
fragment (N=1) and lamp glass shards (N=16).  
 
The personal group was represented by 11 artifacts. These included a mother-of-pearl two-hole 
button (N=1), four-hole Prosser buttons (N=2), plastic collar stays (N=2), pieces of clothing-
related leather (N=4), an unidentified personal item (N=1), and a marble (N=1).  
 
Additionally, 17 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were pieces 
of lead (N=2) and pieces of unidentifiable corroded iron alloy (N=15). 
 
Megastratum B-III 
 
A total of 42 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent three functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, and domestic groups. The most common functional group is 
the domestic group (52.4%). Items from an unknown functional group were also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of five artifacts. All were tobacco pipe fragments.  
 
The architectural group was represented by five artifacts. These consist of brick fragments 
(N=3), a window glass fragment (N=1), and an unidentified nail (N=1). 
 
The domestic group included 22 artifacts. Of these, 18 were ceramic sherds. All sherds had 
whiteware pastes. An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic 
Date of 1885 (see Table 4-5). Other artifacts in the domestic group are glass container sherds 
(N=4). 
 
Table 4-5. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-III 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated Whiteware 1820+ 1885 15 
Hand Painted Whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Unidentified Decorated Whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1885 
 
Additionally, 10 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were all 
unidentified metal pieces. 
 
Megastratum B-Subsoil 
 
A total of 20 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent four functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, and personal groups. The most common functional 
group is the architectural group (45.0%). Items from an unknown functional group were also 
recovered.  
 61 
 
 
The activity functional group consisted of two artifacts. Both of these were tobacco pipe 
fragments.  
 
The architectural group was represented by nine artifacts. These include brick fragments (N=6), 
tar paper fragments (N=2), and a window glass shard (N=1).  
 
The domestic group included seven artifacts. Of these, six were ceramic sherds, all of which 
were whiteware. An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic 
Date of 1887.5 (see Table 4-6). The only other artifacts in the domestic group was a glass 
container shard (N=1). 
 
Table 4-6. Ceramic Sherds from Area 2 Megastratum B-Subsoil 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 4 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 1 
Painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1887.5 
 
The personal group was represented by one artifact.  
 
Additionally, one artifact could not be assigned to a specific functional group. That artifact was a 
corroded piece of metal. 
 
 
Area 3 
 
This area featured three distinct stratigraphic layers. 
 
Megastratum B-I 
 
A total of 435 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the domestic group (55.0%). Items from an unknown functional group were 
also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 25 artifacts. These included a 12-gauge shot gun shell 
(N=1), slate writing board fragments (N=6), a slate writing pencil (N=1), tobacco pipe pieces 
(N=12), and unidentified hardware pieces (N=5).  
 
The architectural group was represented by 143 artifacts. These consist of brick fragments 
(N=46), tar paper fragments (N=33), window glass shards (N=26), a hinge (N=1), machine cut 
nails (N=17), wire nails (N=11), and unidentified nails (N=9). 
 
 62 
 
The domestic group included 243 artifacts. Of these, 127 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic 
pastes represented by these sherds included yellowware (N=7), whiteware (N=110), Rockingham 
earthenware (N=1), stoneware (N=2), redware (N=4), porcelain (N=2), and unidentified 
earthenware (N=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic 
Date of 1878.007 (see Table 4-7). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass container 
fragments (N=103), glass bottle fragments (N=7), glass tumbler fragments (N=4), and terracotta 
flower pots pieces (N=2). 
 
Table 4-7. Ceramic Sherds from Area 3 Megastratum B-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 88 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 9 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 3 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 4 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 6 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 4 
Undecorated yellowware 1828-1930 1879 1 
Mocha decorated yellowware 1795-1840 1817.5 6 
Buff paste earthenware NA  1 
Rockingham earthenware 1812-1900 1856 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Decalcomania Porcelain 1908+ 1929 1 
Albany glazed stoneware 1805-1920 1862.5 1 
Bristol glazed stoneware 1890-1950 1920 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1878.007 
 
The lighting group featured 11 artifacts, all of which are lamp glass fragments.  
 
The personal group was represented by two artifacts. These consist of a piece of a toy tea set 
(N=1) and a piece of clothing-related leather (N=1).  
 
Additionally, 10 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consist of 
melted glass (N=1) and unidentified metal (N=9). 
 
Megastratum B-II 
 
A total of 537 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the domestic group (52.7%). Items from an unknown functional group were 
also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 26 artifacts. These artifacts include slate pencils 
(N=2), a hose clamp (N=1), and tobacco pipe fragments (N=23).  
 
 63 
 
The architectural group was represented by 180 artifacts. These consisted of brick fragments 
(N=42), tar paper fragments (N=64), window glass shards (N=28), a metal washer (N=1), 
machine cut nails (N=15), wire nails (N=10), and unidentified nails (N=20). 
 
The domestic group included 283 artifacts. Of these, 192 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic 
pastes represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=175), Rockingham (N=1), Jackfield 
(N=1), redware (N=3), yellowware (N=7), stoneware (N=1), earthenware (N=3), and porcelain 
(N=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 
1875.809 (see Table 4-8). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle shards (N=6), 
a glass jar shard (N=1), and glass container shards (N=85). 
 
Table 4-8. Ceramic Sherds from Area 3 Megastratum B-II 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 117 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 24 
Edge decorated whiteware 1830-1860 1845 7 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 1 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 11 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 10 
Color glaze decorated whiteware NA  1 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 3 
Undecorated yellowware 1828-1930 1879 7 
Buff paste earthenware NA  2 
Rockingham earthenware 1812-1900 1856 1 
Jackfield earthenware 1740-1790 1765 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1875.809 
 
The lighting group featured three artifacts. These were all lamp chimney fragments.  
 
The personal group was represented by 22 artifacts. These included four-hole Prosser buttons 
(N=13), parian doll fragments (N=2), a cloth fragment (N=1), and leather-related clothing pieces 
(N=6).  
 
Additionally, 22 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These include 
melted glass (N=2), lead (N=1), corroded metal (N=18), and unidentified stone (N=1). 
 
Megastratum B-III 
 
A total of 32 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent four functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, and lighting groups. The most common functional 
group is the domestic group (68.75%).  No unidentified objects were recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of one artifact, which was a fragment of a tobacco pipe.  
 64 
 
 
The architectural group was represented by eight artifacts. These consist of brick fragments 
(N=2), window pane shards (N=2), wire nails pieces (N=3), and an unidentified nail fragment 
(N=1). 
 
The domestic group included 22 artifacts. Of these, 12 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included stoneware (N=1) and whiteware (N=11). An analysis of the 
ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1875.625 (see Table 4-9). 
Other artifacts in the domestic group include 10 fragments of unidentified glass containers.  
 
Table 4-9. Ceramic Sherds from Area 3 Megastratum B-III 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 10 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 1 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1875.625 
 
The lighting group consisted of one artifact. This item is a fragment of a glass chimney. 
 
 
Area 4 
 
This area features four distinct stratigraphic layers. 
 
Megastratum A-I (area 4) 
 
A total of 527 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lightening, personal, and unknown groups. The most 
common functional group is the architectural group (60.72%). Items from an unknown functional 
group were also recovered.  
 
The activity functional group consisted of 11 artifacts. These consisted of tobacco pipe fragments 
(N=3), unidentified hardware pieces (N=2), wire nails (N=5), and unidentified nails (N=1). 
 
The architectural group was represented by 320 artifacts. These consisted of brick fragments 
(N=54), mortar pieces (N=2), tar paper pieces (N=181), window pane shards (N=10), 
unidentified metal strap (N=3), wire tacks (N=2), wire nails (N=27) and machine cut nails 
(N=41).  
 
The domestic group included 156 artifacts. Of these, 43 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=30), creamware (N=1), earthenware (N=8), 
porcelain (N=1), and stoneware (N=3). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context 
indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1875.151 (see Table 4-10). Other artifacts in the domestic 
group include unidentified glass bottles shards (N=5), glass milk bottle shard (N=1), a glass 
panel bottle shard (N=1), glass soda bottles (N=5), crown cap style bottle closures (N=2), a 
 65 
 
bottle loop seal (N=1), metal can fragments (N=4), glass jars shards (N=6), metal jar lids (N=2), 
a milk glass lid liner (N=1), unidentified glass container fragments (N=85), metal container 
fragments (N=2), and a fragment of a tin enamel cooking pot (N=1). 
 
Table 4-10. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 25 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 3 
Edge decorated whiteware 1830-1860 1845 1 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 1 
Annular banded creamware 1785-1815 1800 1 
Buff paste earthenware NA  6 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Incised stoneware NA  2 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Unidentified earthenware NA  2 
Mean Ceramic Date 1875.151 
  
The lighting group featured five artifacts, all of which were pieces of knob and tube porcelain.  
 
The personal group was represented by 18 artifacts. These included porcelain buttons (N=6), and 
metal buttons (N=1), a metal shoe eyelet (N=1), a rubber shoe sole (N=1), a pocket watch piece 
(N=1), an unidentified piece of leather (N=1), glass beads (N=3), a small metal chain (N=1), a 
rosary bead (N=1), and marbles (N=2).  
 
Additionally, 17 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted of 
an unidentified stone (N=1) and unidentified metal fragments (N=16).  
 
Megastratum A-II (area 4) 
 
A total of 275 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, faunal, lighting, and personal groups. The most 
common functional group is the domestic group (47%). Items from an unknown functional group 
were also recovered.  
 
The activity functional group consisted of 14 artifacts. These include a slate writing board (N=1), 
a pencil ferrule (N=1), a slate pencil (N=1), a wire fragment (N=1), and tobacco pipe fragments 
(N=10).  
 
The architectural group was represented by 96 artifacts. These included brick fragments (N=22), 
tar paper fragments (N=12), window pane shards (N=2), wire nails (N=14), machine cut nails 
(N=32), unidentified nails (N=8), metal straps (N=4), a wire tack (N=1), and plaster (N=1). 
 
The domestic group included 129 artifacts. Of these, 25 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=21), earthenware (N=1), creamware (N=1), 
 66 
 
redware (N=1), stoneware (n=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a 
Mean Ceramic Date of 1863.38 (see Table 4-11). Other artifacts in the domestic group include 
glass bottle fragments (N=17), unidentified glass container fragments (N=73), metal crown cap 
style bottle closures (N=2), a bottle loop seal (N=1), metal can fragments (N=8), a jar lid liner 
shard (N=1), an unidentified plastic bottle closure (N=1), a container paper label (N=1),  
 
Table 4-11. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-II 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 12 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 5 
Edge decorated whiteware 1830-1860 1845 1 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 2 
Undecorated hard paste whiteware 1850-1870 1860 1 
Hand painted creamware 1762-1820 1791 1 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 1 
Rockingham earthenware 1812-1900 1856 1 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1863.38 
 
The faunal group had five artifacts. They were all bone fragments.  
 
The lighting group featured four artifacts. These consisted of one knob and tube porcelain 
fragment and three light bulb shards.  
 
The personal group was represented by 15 artifacts. These consisted of porcelain buttons (N=4), 
shell buttons (N=2), a leather shoe sole (N=1), a crystal (N=1), two plastic lice combs (N=2), 
pocket watch fragments (N=2), a mirror fragment (N=1), and marbles (N=2).  
 
Additionally, 12 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were all 
unidentified pieces of metal. 
 
Megastratum A-III (area 4) 
 
A total of 32 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the architectural group (31.25%). Items from an unknown functional group 
were also recovered.  
 
The activity functional group consisted of nine artifacts. These included tobacco pipe fragments 
(N=5), an unidentified tool (N=1), and unidentified hardware fragments (N=3). 
 
The architectural group was represented by 10 artifacts. These consist of brick fragments (N=4), 
a tar paper fragment (N=1), machine cut nails (N=2), and unidentified nails (N=3). 
 
 67 
 
The domestic group included seven artifacts. Of these, six were ceramic sherds. The ceramic 
pastes represented by these sherds included porcelain (N=1), whiteware (N=4), and yellowware 
(N=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 
1869.416 (see Table 4-12). The only other artifact in the domestic group was a milk glass vessel 
fragment (N=1).  
 
Table 4-12. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-III 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 1 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Annular banded yellowware 1828-1850 1839 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1869.416 
 
The lighting group featured one artifact, a lamp chimney shard.  
 
The personal group was represented by one artifact, a porcelain four-hole button.  
 
Additionally, four artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were all 
unidentified metal fragments.  
 
Megastratum A-IV (area 4) 
 
A total of 15 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, faunal and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the domestic group (40.0%).  
 
The activity functional group consisted of two artifacts. These were both tobacco pipe fragments.  
 
The architectural group was represented by five artifacts. These consist of a brick fragment 
(N=1), tar paper fragments (N=2), a window pane shard (N=1), and an unidentified nail (N=1).  
 
The domestic group included six artifacts. Of these, two were ceramic sherds. The only ceramic 
paste represented by these sherds was whiteware (N=2). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in 
this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1885 (see Table 4-13). Other artifacts in the 
domestic group include glass container shards (N=4). 
 
Table 4-13. Ceramic Sherds from Area 4 Megastratum A-IV 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Mean Ceramic Date 1885 
 
The faunal group featured one artifact, which was a bone fragment.  
 68 
 
 
The personal group was represented by one artifact, which was a porcelain four-hole button.  
 
Megastratum A-Subsoil (area 4) 
 
A total of eight artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent three 
functional groups: the activity, architectural, and domestic groups. The most common functional 
group is the architectural group (50.0%). No unidentified artifacts were recovered. 
 
 The architectural group was represented by four artifacts. These consisted of brick fragments 
(N=2) and unidentified nails (N=2). 
 
The activity functional group consisted of three artifacts. All of these were tobacco pipe stem 
fragments.  
 
The domestic group included one artifact. That artifact was a burned whiteware sherd (N=1). 
This sherd did not produce a Mean Ceramic Date. 
 
 
Area 5 
 
This area has four distinct stratigraphic layers. 
 
Megastratum A-I (area 5) 
 
A total of 260 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, faunal, personal, and vegetal groups. The most 
common functional group is the architectural group (69.62%). No unidentified artifacts were 
recovered. 
 
The architectural group was represented by 181 artifacts. These consisted of brick fragments 
(N=3), tar paper pieces (N=113), window pane shards (N=8), hand-wrought chain (N=1), 
machine cut nails (N=39), wire nails (N=15), and unidentified nails (N=2).  
 
The activity functional group consisted of nine artifacts. These consist of slate pencils (N=2), 
machine made screws (N=1), a metal screw (N=1), unidentified metal hardware (N=2), extruded 
metal wire (N=1), and a tobacco pipe fragment (N=2).  
 
The domestic group included 61 artifacts. Of these, 23 were ceramic sherds. All of the ceramic 
are whiteware (N=23) pastes. An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean 
Ceramic Date of 1871.956 (see Table 4-14). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass 
bottle fragments (N=2), glass jar fragments (N=2), and unidentified glass container fragments 
(N=34). 
 
 69 
 
Table 4-14. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 14 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 6 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 3 
Mean Ceramic Date 1871.956 
 
The faunal group had one artifact, which was a bone fragment.  
 
The personal group was represented by seven artifacts. These included a porcelain button 
fragment (N=1), a porcelain four-hole button (N=5), and a machine-made token (N=1).  
 
The vegetal group consisted of one artifact, which was a pit (N=1). 
 
Megastratum A-IV (area 5) 
 
A total of 76 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the architectural group (42.11%). Items from an unknown functional group 
were also recovered.  
 
The architectural group was represented by 32 artifacts. These included brick fragments (N=5), 
window pane shards (N=5), machine cut nails (N=14), wire nails (N=3), and unidentified nails 
(N=5).  
 
The activity functional group consisted of seven artifacts. These consisted of gaming pieces 
(N=2), tobacco pipe fragments (N=2), and unidentified hardware fragments (N=3).  
 
The domestic group included 13 artifacts. Of these, eight were ceramic sherds. The ceramic 
pastes represented by these sherds included redware (N=1) and whiteware (N=7). An analysis of 
the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1880.625 (see Table 4-15). 
Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle fragments (N=1), unidentified glass 
container fragments (N=2), a spoon (N=1), and a glass tumbler fragment (N=1).  
 
Table 4-15. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-IV 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 5 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1880.625 
 
The lighting group featured one artifact, which was a frosted glass lamp chimney (N=1).  
 
 70 
 
The personal group was represented by four artifacts. These consisted of a porcelain four-hole 
button (N=1), shoe leather (N=1), a bead (N=1), and a porcelain toy tea set piece (N=1).  
 
Additionally, 19 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were all 
unidentified metal fragments (N=19). 
 
Megastratum A-VI (area 5) 
 
A total of 75 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, faunal, lighting, and personal groups. The most 
common functional group is the architectural group (45.33%). Items from an unknown functional 
group were also recovered.  
 
The architectural group was represented by 34 artifacts. These consisted of brick fragments 
(N=5), tar paper fragments (N=2), machine cut nails (N=22), and wire nails (N=5). 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 13 artifacts. These consisted of a 12 gauge shotgun 
shell (N=1), a slate pencil (N=1), unidentified hardware (N=3), tobacco pipe fragments (N=7), 
and an unidentified tool (N=1).  
 
The domestic group included 16 artifacts. Of these, eight were ceramic sherds. The ceramic 
pastes represented by these sherds included porcelain (N=1) and whiteware (N=7). An analysis 
of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1874.687 (see Table 4-
15). Other artifacts in the domestic group include a stemware drinking glass fragment (N=1) and 
unidentified glass container fragments (N=7). 
 
Table 4-15. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-VI 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 3 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 2 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1874.687 
 
The faunal group had two artifacts, which were bone fragments (N=2).  
 
The lighting group featured one artifact, which was a glass lamp chimney (N=1).  
 
The personal group was represented by five artifacts. These consisted of porcelain four-hole 
buttons (N=2), a comb fragment (N=1), a fake gem (N=1), and a metal button fragment (N=1).  
 
Additionally, four artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were all 
unidentified metal fragments. 
 
 71 
 
Megastratum A-VII (area 5) 
 
A total of 12 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent two functional 
groups: the architectural and domestic groups. The most common functional group is the 
architectural group (58.33%). Items from an unknown functional group were also recovered.  
 
The architectural group was represented by seven artifacts. These included tar paper pieces 
(N=5), a machine cut nail (N=1), and a wire nail (N=1). 
 
The domestic group included three artifacts. Of these, one was a ceramic sherd. The ceramic 
paste represented by this sherd was whiteware. An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context 
indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1885 (see Table 4-16). Other artifacts in the domestic group 
include unidentified glass container fragments (N=2). 
 
Table 4-16. Ceramic Sherds from Area 5 Megastratum A-VII 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1885 
 
Additionally, two artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These were both 
pieces of unidentified metal (N=2). 
 
 
Area 6 
 
This area had three distinct stratigraphic layers. 
 
Megastratum B-I (area 6) 
 
A total of 307 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the architectural group (71.2%). Items from an unknown functional group 
were also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 10 artifacts. These include a percussion cap bullet case 
(N=1), a 12-gauge shotgun shell (N=1), metal grates (N=2), tobacco pipe fragments (N=5), and 
an unidentified hardware fragment (N=1). 
 
The architectural group was represented by 220 artifacts. These included brick fragments 
(N=16), tar paper pieces (N=8), linoleum tile floor fragments (N=147), window pane shards 
(N=17), machine cut nails (N=19), wire nails (N=6), and unidentified nails (N=7).  
 
The domestic group included 49 artifacts. Of these, 24 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=23) and stoneware (N=1). An analysis of the 
ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1881.739 (see Table 4-17). 
 72 
 
Other artifacts in the domestic group include a crown cap bottle closure (N=1), a loop seal bottle 
closure (N=1), glass milk bottle fragments (N=2), glass jar fragments (N=3), a milk glass jar lid 
liner fragment (N=1), unidentified glass container fragments (N=16), a spoon (N=1). 
 
Table 4-17. Ceramic Sherds from Area 6 Megastratum B-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 18 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 1 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 1 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 1 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 1 
Cut sponge decorated Bristol glazed stoneware NA  1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1881.739 
 
The lighting group featured five artifacts. These consist of porcelain knob and tube wiring 
fragments (N=1) and glass lamp chimney shards (N=4).  
 
The personal group was represented by 13 artifacts. These consist of porcelain button fragments 
(N=3), rubber button fragments (N=4), beads (N=2), a comb tooth (N=1), a toy marble (N=1), a 
mirror shard (N=1), and a fake gem (N=1).  
 
Additionally, 10 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These items 
consisted of unidentified metal fragments (N=9) and melted glass (N=1).  
 
Megastratum B-II (area 6) 
 
A total of 339 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and person groups. The most common 
functional group is the architectural group (40.12%). Items from an unknown functional group 
were also recovered.  
 
The architectural group was represented by 136 artifacts. These included brick fragments 
(N=42), tar paper pieces (N=26), linoleum floor tile pieces (N=9), window pane shards (N=23), a 
ferrous alloy nut (N=1), a tack (N=1), machine cut nails (N=14), wire nails (N=14), and 
unidentified nails (N=6). 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 20 artifacts. These consisted of a wooden pencil 
fragment (N=1), pencil ferrules (N=2), a machine cut spike (N=1), a railroad spike (N=1), 
tobacco pipe fragments (N=14), and a coal sizer grate piece (N=1).  
 
The domestic group included 131 artifacts. Of these, 61 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=46), yellowware (N=4), redware (N=7), 
porcelain (N=1), and stoneware (N=3). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context 
indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1873.875 (see Table 4-18). Other artifacts in the domestic 
 73 
 
group include glass bottle fragments (N=7), unidentified glass container fragments (N=54), and 
terra cotta flower pot fragments (N=9).  
 
Table 4-18. Ceramic Sherds from Area 6 Megastratum B-II 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 34 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 6 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 3 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 1 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 7 
Undecorated yellowware 1828-1930 1879 3 
Annular banded yellowware 1828-1850 1839 1 
Decalcomania Porcelain 1908+ 1929 1 
English brown stoneware 1835-1900 1867.5 2 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Burned whiteware NA  1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1873.875 
 
The lighting group featured 13 artifacts. These consist of glass lamp chimney shards (N=10) and 
porcelain knob and tube fragments (N=3).  
 
The personal group was represented by seven artifacts. These consist of a bone four-hole button 
(N=1), a porcelain four-hole button (N=1), a lapel pin (N=1), a shave stick (N=1), a parian toy 
doll sherd (N=1), toy marble (N=1), and a hard rubber toy ball (N=1).  
 
Additionally, 32 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These include 
unidentified glass (N=1) and unidentified metal fragments (N=31).  
 
Megastratum B-IV (area 6) 
 
A total of 15 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent four functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, and lighting groups. The most common functional 
group is the domestic group (53.33%). Items from an unknown functional group were also 
recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of one artifact, which was a tobacco pipe fragment 
(N=1).  
 
The architectural group was represented by four artifacts. These include a brick fragment (N=1), 
a window pane shard (N=1), and machine cut nails (N=2). 
 
The domestic group included eight artifacts. Of these, seven were ceramic sherds. Whiteware 
was the only ceramic pastes represented by these sherds. An analysis of the ceramics sherds in 
 74 
 
this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1854.285 (see Table 4-19). The only other artifact 
in the domestic group was an unidentified glass container shard (N=1). 
 
Table 4-19. Ceramic Sherds from Area 6 Megastratum B-IV 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Edge decorated whiteware 1830-1860 1845 2 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 2 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1854.285 
 
The lighting group featured one artifact, which was a glass lamp chimney shard (N=1).  
 
Additionally, one artifact could not be assigned to a specific functional group. That was a piece 
of unidentified rubber. 
 
 
Area 7  
 
This area had three distinct stratigraphic levels. 
 
Megastratum B-I (area 7) 
 
A total of 461 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent five functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, lighting, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the domestic group (42.95%). Items from an unknown functional group were 
also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 13 artifacts. These included a machine made pipe 
(N=1), a machine cut railroad spike (N=1), tobacco pipe fragments (N=11).  
 
The architectural group was represented by 166 artifacts. These consist of brick fragments 
(N=10), tar paper pieces (N=62), window pane shards (N=33), ferrous alloy nut (N=1), machine 
cut nails (N=31), wire nails (N=18), and unidentified nails (N=11). 
 
The domestic group included 198 artifacts. Of these, 116 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic 
pastes represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=100), redware (N=5), Jackfield (N=1), 
porcelain (N=1), Rockingham (N=1), earthenware (N=5), and stoneware (N=3). An analysis of 
the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1870.252 (see Table 4-20). 
Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle shards (N=7), a glass jar shard (N=1), 
glass jelly jar (N=3), a glass lid shard (N=1), a milk glass jar lid shard (N=1), unidentified 
container glass (N=64), a glass furniture caster (N=1), and a glass tumbler shard (N=1). 
 
 75 
 
Table 4-20. Ceramic Sherds from Area 7 Megastratum B-I 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 64 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 14 
Edge decorated whiteware 1830-1860 1845 1 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 6 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Cut sponge decorated whiteware 1870-1930 1900 2 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 3 
Flow transfer printed whiteware 1844-1930 1887 1 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 7 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 5 
Buff paste earthenware NA  5 
Rockingham earthenware 1812-1900 1856 1 
Jackfield earthenware 1740-1790 1765 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 1 
Albany glazed stoneware 1805-1920 1862.5 1 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 2 
Mean Ceramic Date 1870.252 
 
The lighting group featured 10 artifacts. These were all glass lamp chimney shards.  
 
The personal group was represented by five artifacts. These consisted of a four hole porcelain 
button (N=1), a toy jack (N=1), and marbles (N=3).  
 
Additionally, 70 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted of 
melted glass (N=1), unidentified metal fragments (N=63), and unidentified sheet metal fragments 
(N=5).  
 
Megastratum B-II (area 7) 
 
A total of 351 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent six functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, faunal, lighting, and personal groups. The most 
common functional group is the architectural group (43.59%). Items from an unknown functional 
group were also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 29 artifacts. These included slate writing board 
fragments (N=3), a slate pencil (N=1), an iron hardware bar (N=1), a machine cut spike (N=1), 
and tobacco pipe fragments (N=23).  
 
The architectural group was represented by 153 artifacts. These included brick fragments 
(N=14), tar paper pieces (N=35), linoleum floor tile fragments (N=3), window pane shards 
(N=16), machine cut nails (N=3), wire nails (N=20), unidentified nails (N=27), and a machine 
made nut (N=1). 
 
 76 
 
The domestic group included 125 artifacts. Of these, 50 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=40), redware (N=1), porcelain (N=1), and 
earthenware (N=7). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic 
Date of 1870.818 (see Table 4-21). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle 
shards (N=2), loop seal bottle closures (N=2), a metal can fragment (N=1), unidentified glass 
container shards (N=66), a glass furniture caster (N=1), a glass lid fragment (N=1). 
 
Table 4-21. Ceramic Sherds from Area 7 Megastratum B-II 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 26 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 5 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 2 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 3 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 4 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 1 
Buff paste earthenware NA  5 
Rockingham earthenware 1812-1900 1856 1 
Undecorated porcelain 1825+ 1887.5 2 
Burned earthenware NA  1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1870.818 
 
The faunal group had one artifact, which was a bone fragment. 
 
The lighting group featured nine artifacts. These consisted of a porcelain electrical insulator 
fragment (N=1) and lamp chimney shards (N=8).  
 
The personal group was represented by seven artifacts. These consist of four hole porcelain 
buttons (N=2), a leather clothing fragment (N=1), a lice comb (N=1), a mirror fragment (N=1), a 
lead toy figurine (N=1), and a marble (N=1).  
 
Additionally, 27 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted of 
melted glass (N=3) and unidentified metal fragments (N=24). 
 
Megastratum B-III (area 7) 
 
A total of 112 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent four 
functional groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, and personal groups. The most common 
functional group is the architectural group (48.21%). Items from an unknown functional group 
were also recovered. 
 
The activity functional group consisted of 12 artifacts. These included slate pencils (N=2) and 
tobacco pipe fragments (N=10). 
 
 77 
 
The architectural group was represented by 54 artifacts. These consisted of brick fragments 
(N=1), tar paper pieces (N=9), window pane shards (N=16), machine cut nails (N=14), wire nails 
(N=8), unidentified nails (N=5), and wire tacks (N=1). 
 
The domestic group included 32 artifacts. Of these, 21 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=19), redware (N=1), and creamware (N=1). 
An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1865.761 
(see Table 4-22). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle shards (N=10) and a 
metal screwtop lid (N=1). 
 
Table 4-22. Ceramic Sherds from Area 7 Megastratum B-III 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 11 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 1 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 1 
Hand painted whiteware 1820+ 1885 1 
Sponge spatter decorated whiteware 1820-1860 1840 2 
Transfer printed whiteware 1790-1890 1840 3 
Lead glazed redware 1800-1900 1850 1 
Molded creamware 1862-1820 1791 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1865.761 
 
The personal group was represented by one artifact. This was a kaolin toy marble. 
 
Additionally, 13 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted of 
melted glass (N=1) and unidentified metal (N=12). 
  
 78 
 
FIELD RESULTS: WOODED AREA EXCAVATIONS 
 
Shovel Tests 
 
A total of four shovel tests were excavated in the wooded area of site 36LU331 in order to assess 
the integrity of the stratigraphy and to investigate the yard area of the former house lot. Two 
shovel tests were excavated in each side of the house lot (two in the House 34 side, two in the 
House 36 side). These shovel tests were located 120 ft. and 140 ft. from the southeastern and 
southwestern corners of house foundation. The shovel test excavations yielded a total of 39 
artifacts.  
 
Shovel tests located in the wooded area revealed a pattern of two soil strata. The uppermost 
stratum is characterized as a black (10YR2/1) silt loam. This overlays a very dark greyish brown 
(10YR3/2) silt loam. These artifacts represent four functional groups including four activity 
artifacts, 14 architecture artifacts, 19 domestic artifacts, and two personal artifacts.  
 
Test Units 
 
Test units were excavated in the former yard area (now wooded area) of House 34/36 in order to 
assess the integrity of archaeological deposits and the potential for information from this area of 
the site. These units were placed in depressions thought to potentially represent outbuildings 
such as ice houses or privies. One test unit was excavated for each side of the double house (one 
unit behind House 34, one unit behind House 36). Because of the limited number of test units, 
excavations and stratigraphy were not grouped into analytical areas and megatrata.  
 
Test Unit 6 
 
Test Unit 6 was a 2.5 x 2.5 ft exploratory excavation unit located in the wooden area behind 
House 36. This location was chosen for an exploratory excavation unit because it is 100 ft from 
the rear of the house block -- the approximate distance of privies from the main house block at 
extant houses in Eckley. As a whole, the test unit yielded 240 artifacts from four strata and was 
determined not to be an intact privy feature, although it could represent a cleaned, poorly 
preserved privy or a different man-made underground storage structure. The unit?s opening 
elevation was 1676.029 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I consisted of a 0.91 ft layer of very dark greyish brown (10Y3/2) silt loam. This stratum 
was excavated as one natural level. A total of 213 artifacts were recovered from this layer. These 
artifacts represent three functional groups. These consist of five activity artifacts, 108 
architectural artifacts, 33 domestic artifacts, and 67 artifacts that could not be assigned to a 
functional group. 
 
Stratum II consisted of a 0.4 ft layer of mottled pale brown and brown (10YR6/3 and 10YR5/3) 
clinker and gravel layer. This stratum was excavated as one natural level. No artifacts were 
recovered from this layer.  
 
 79 
 
Stratum III consisted of a 0.2 ft layer of yellowish brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. This stratum was 
excavated as one natural level and likely represents redeposited subsoil. No artifacts were 
recovered from this layer. 
 
Stratum III consisted of a 1.55 ft layer of very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) clay loam with 
heavy gravel inclusions. This stratum was excavated as one arbitrary level. A total of 27 artifacts 
were recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent two functional groups. These consist of 
seven activity artifacts, one architectural artifact, and 19 artifacts that could not be assigned to a 
functional group. 
 
Test Unit 9 
 
TU9 was a 2.5 x 2.5 ft exploratory excavation unit located in the wooden area behind House 34. 
This location was chosen for an exploratory excavation unit because it is 100 ft from the rear of 
the house block -- the approximate distance of privies from the main house block at extant 
houses in Eckley. As a whole, the test unit yielded 145 artifacts from two strata and was 
determined not to be an intact privy feature, although it could represent a cleaned, poorly 
preserved privy or a different man-made underground storage structure. The unit was terminated 
due to difficulty of excavation. The unit?s opening elevation was 1676.011 ft amsl. 
 
Stratum I consisted of a 0.84 ft layer of very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) silt loam. This 
stratum was excavated as one natural level. A total of 126 artifacts were recovered from this 
layer. These artifacts represent four functional groups. These consist of one activity artifact, 27 
architectural artifacts, 41 domestic artifacts, four lighting artifacts, and 53 unidentified artifacts. 
 
Stratum II consisted of a 1.6 ft layer of very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) loose silt loam with 
heavy gravel and rock inclusions. This stratum was excavated as one arbitrary level. A total of 19 
artifacts were recovered from this layer. These artifacts represent three functional groups. These 
consist of two activity artifacts, five architectural artifacts, nine domestic artifacts, and three 
unidentified artifacts 
 
Historic Artifacts by Function 
 
Because the excavation units in the wooded area were not grouped into areas or by megastrata, 
the individual excavation units will be discussed here according to the side of the house they 
correspond to. 
 
 
House 36 Wooded Area  
 
Stratum I (Test Unit 6) 
 
A total of 213 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent three 
functional groups: the activity, architectural, and domestic groups. The most common functional 
group is the architectural group (50.7%). Items from an unknown functional group were also 
recovered. The architectural group was represented by 108 artifacts. These consist of brick 
 80 
 
fragments (N=3), tar paper pieces (N=44), machine cut nails (N=1), wire nails (N=50), and 
unidentified nails (N=10). 
 
The activity functional group consisted of five artifacts. These included unidentified hardware 
fragments (N=1) and extruded wire pieces (N=4). The domestic group included 33 artifacts. Of 
these, 5 were ceramic sherds. The only ceramic paste represented by these sherds was whiteware 
(N=5). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic Date of 1875 
(see Table 4-23). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle shards (N=1), metal 
can fragments (N=3), glass jar shards (N=2), a glass jelly jar shard (N=1), a plastic container cap 
(N=1), unidentified glass container shards (N=18), a glass tankard shard (N=1), and a glass 
household figurine shard (N=1). 
 
Table 4-23. Ceramic Sherds from House 36 Stratum I (Test Unit 6) 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 4 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1875 
 
Additionally, 67 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted of 
unidentified metal fragments (N=66) and unidentified sheet metal fragments (N=1). 
 
Stratum IV (Test Unit 6) 
 
A total of 27 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent three functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, and domestic groups. The most common functional group is 
the architectural group (25.93%). Items from an unknown functional group were also recovered. 
The architectural group was represented by seven artifacts. These consist of brick fragments 
(N=3), wire nails (N=3), and an unidentified nail (N=1). 
 
The domestic group included one artifact. This was a molded glass tankard shard (N=1). 
Additionally, 19 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted of 
unidentified metal fragments (N=15) and unidentified sheet metal fragments (N=4). 
 
 
House 34 Wooded Area Excavation Units 
 
Stratum I (Test Unit 9) 
 
A total of 126 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent four 
functional groups: the activity, architectural, domestic, and lighting groups. The most common 
functional group is the domestic group (42.06%). Items from an unknown functional group were 
also recovered. 
 
The domestic group included 41 artifacts. Of these, 13 were ceramic sherds. The ceramic pastes 
represented by these sherds included whiteware (N=11), stoneware (N=1), and burned 
 81 
 
earthenware (N=1). An analysis of the ceramics sherds in this context indicates a Mean Ceramic 
Date of 1875.208 (see Table 4-24). Other artifacts in the domestic group include glass bottle 
shards (N=2), a crown cap style bottle closure (N=3), metal can fragments (N=4), a glass jar 
shard (N=1), a milk glass canning lid shard (N=1), terra cotta flower pot fragments (N=7), and 
unidentified glass containers (N=10).  
 
Table 4-24. Ceramic Sherds from House 34 Stratum I (Test Unit 9) 
Ware Date Range Median Frequency 
Date 
Undecorated whiteware 1820+ 1885 7 
Annular banded whiteware 1820-1850 1835 1 
Molded decorated whiteware 1820-1900+ 1885 3 
Buff paste stoneware 1705-1930 1817.5 1 
Burned earthenware NA  1 
Mean Ceramic Date 1875.208 
 
The activity functional group consisted of one artifact. This was a dry cell battery fragment 
(N=1). The architectural group was represented by 27 artifacts. These consisted of window pane 
shards (N=6), machine cut nails (N=9), wire nails (N=11), and a machine made nut (N=1).   The 
lighting group featured four artifacts, which were all glass lamp chimney shards (N=4). 
Additionally, 53 artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These included 
unidentified plastic (N=1), unidentified melted glass (N=1), and unidentified metal fragments 
(N=51).  
 
Stratum II (Test Unit 9) 
 
A total of 19 artifacts were recovered from this stratum. These artifacts represent three functional 
groups: the activity, architectural, and domestic groups. The most common functional group is 
the domestic group (47.37%). Items from an unknown functional group were also recovered. 
 
The domestic group included nine artifacts. None of these were ceramic sherds. Artifacts in the 
domestic group include unidentified glass container shards (N=1), glass jar shards (N=5), and 
zinc canning lids (N=3). 
 
The activity functional group consisted of two artifacts. These included a railroad spike (N=1) 
and unidentified hardware (N=1). The architectural group was represented by five artifacts. 
These consist of a brick fragment (N=1), a bolt (N=1), and unidentified nails (N=3). 
Additionally, three artifacts could not be assigned to a specific functional group. These consisted 
of unidentified metal fragments (N=3). 
 
  
 82 
 
5. CERAMIC VESSEL ANALYSIS, by Aryn Neurock Schriner and 
Camille V. Westmont 
 
This section presents the minimum number of individual ceramic vessels from the 36LU331 
assemblage. First the vessels were sorted by the house and megastratum, followed by a sort of 
vessels by vessel form/function, and additional differentiation by paste type and decoration. The 
mean manufacture date was then established for the context given the production dates of each 
type of vessel recovered. 
 
The MNV of ceramic vessels have increasingly been used to understand the ceramic assemblage 
of a site more thoroughly in terms of whole vessels rather than sherds (Voss and Allen 2010). 
MNV analysis relies on technological and morphological change over time in order to date the 
likely manufacturing and use period; however, studies have observed that ?ceramic artifacts have 
lifespans of as much as 15 years and more in a household before being discarded? (Adams 2003: 
38). This lag time between ceramic manufacturing and ceramic disposal ? referred to as curation 
? emphasizes the fact that Mean Manufacture Dates for ceramics do not necessarily correlate to 
the period of disposal. It is generally accepted that glass vessels are a better indicator of 
depositional chronology when compared to ceramic vessels (Lindsey 2016). Despite these 
drawbacks, a MNV analysis has been completed for this assemblage. Utilizing attributes such as 
paste type, decoration type, decoration style, and decoration color, the vessels identified from the 
36LU331 assemblage have each been assigned a likely production date. This information is 
presented below. 
 
A total of 141 identifiable ceramic vessels were found during the summer 2016 field season, 
43% (n=61) from House 34, 45% (n=64) from House 36, and the remaining 12% (n=16) were 
fragments from both houses (Table 5-1). Generally, the two houses had comparable counts of 
paste types.  
Table 5-1. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste Type and House 
House % of House % of 
Paste Type Both % of Both Total % of Total 
34 House 34 36 House 36 
Whiteware 39 63.9% 38 59.4% 9 56.3% 86 61.0% 
Pearlware 1 1.6% 1 1.6% 3 18.8% 5 3.5% 
Yellowware 1 1.6% 2 3.1% 1 6.3% 4 2.8% 
Porcelain 3 4.9% 0 - 0 - 3 2.1% 
Creamware 1 1.6% 4 6.3% 0 - 5 3.5% 
Redware 8 13.1% 8 12.5% 1 6.3% 17 12.1% 
Stoneware 4 6.6% 7 10.9% 2 12.5% 13 9.2% 
Earthenware 3 4.9% 3 4.7% 0 - 6 4.3% 
Jackfield 1 1.6% 1 1.6% 0 - 2 1.4% 
Total 61 100% 64 100% 16 100% 141 100% 
 83 
 
The ceramic vessel assemblage from House 34 held 53 (87%) decorated vessels. House 36 held 
48 (75%) decorated vessels. All but two vessels (86%) recovered from both houses were 
decorated.  
 
Additionally, 85% (n=118) of the total ceramic vessel assemblage was recovered from one 
stratum in the house contexts and did not cross-mend across strata (Tables 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, and 5-
5). The cross-mending could be the result of bioturbation or the movement of ceramic sherds 
historically. Because these vessels could not be assigned to a specific stratum, they are listed 
separately. The vessels identified exhibit a variety of forms, such as bowls, plates, saucers, and 
utilitarian wares, as well as a variety of decorative types and designs. 
 
Table 5-2. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 34 Interior 
% % 
% % A- % A- A-
Paste Type A-I % A-I A-II A-III A- A-V A- Total % Total A-II A-III IV V VI 
IV VI 
Whiteware 1 100% 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 50 0 - 2 50% 
Pearlware 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 
Yellowware 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 
Porcelain 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 
Creamware 0 - 1 100 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 25% 
Redware 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 50 0 - 1 25% 
Stoneware 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 
Earthenware 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 
Jackfield 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 
Total 1 100 1 100 0 - 0 - 2 100 0 - 4 100 
 
 
Table 5-3. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 34 Exterior 
%  
%  B- %  %  B-I and  B-I % 
Paste Type B-I % B-I B-II B-IV Total 
B-II III B-III B-IV B-II and  Total 
B-II 
Whiteware 10 50% 22 73% 1 50% 0 - 5 100% 38 67% 
Pearlware 0 0% 1 3% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 1 2% 
Yellowware 1 5% 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 1 2% 
Porcelain 2 10% 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 2 4% 
Creamware 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 0% 
Redware 3 15% 4 13% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 7 12% 
Stoneware 2 10% 1 3% 1 50% 0 - 0 0% 4 7% 
Earthenware 2 10% 1 3% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 3 5% 
Jackfield 0 0% 1 3% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 1 2% 
Total 20 100% 30 100% 2 100% 0 - 5 100% 57 100% 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
Table 5-4. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 36 Interior 
%  A- %  A- % A-
Paste Type A-I % A-I A-II % A-II A-III % A-VI Total % Total A-III IV A-IV V A-V VI 
Whiteware 5 56% 3 60% 0 - 1 33% 0 - 3 100% 12 60% 
Pearlware 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 0% 
Yellowware 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 0% 
Porcelain 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 0% 
Creamware 1 11% 1 20% 0 - 1 33% 0 - 0 0% 3 15% 
Redware 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 1 33% 0 - 0 0% 1 5% 
Stoneware 1 11% 1 20% 0 - 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 2 10% 
Earthenware 2 22% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 2 10% 
Jackfield 0 0% 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 - 0 0% 0 0% 
Total 9 100% 5 100% 0 - 3 100% 0 - 3 100% 20 100% 
 
 
Table 5-5. Count of Ceramic Vessel by Paste and Megastratum, House 36 Exterior 
% 
%  %  B- %  B- %  Mixed % 
Paste Type B-I B-II Mixed Total 
B-I B-II III B-III IV B-IV Exterior Total 
Exterior 
Whiteware 9 53% 3 33% 3 60% 2 100% 4 100% 21 57% 
Pearlware 1 6% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0% 1 3% 
Yellowware 0 0% 2 22% 0 0% 0 0 0 0% 2 5% 
Porcelain 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 
Creamware 0 0% 0 0% 1 20% 0 0 0 0% 1 3% 
Redware 3 18% 3 33% 1 20% 0 0 0 0% 7 19% 
Stoneware 2 12% 1 11% 0 0% 0 0 0 0% 3 8% 
Earthenware 1 6% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0% 1 3% 
Jackfield 1 6% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0 0% 1 3% 
Total 17 100% 9 100% 5 100% 2 100% 4 100% 37 100% 
 
 
 
 
MINIMUM VESSEL ANALYSIS BY HOUSE AND MEGASTRATUM  
 
This ceramic vessel analysis is conducted to better understand patterns of domestic life and how 
they may have changed over time. Ceramic vessel data is presented by house and megastratum. 
 
 
Megastratum A-I (ca. 1905- ca. 1950) 
This context contained 10 individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 1883.93 
(Tables 5-6, 5-7). These vessels represented several design motifs and vessel forms. Identifiable 
vessel forms included plates, saucers, bowls, and crocks.  
 
 
 
 85 
 
Table 5-6. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum A-I 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Range Mean 
Diameter Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Flatware Hand-painted whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
Mean Ceramic Date 1885 
 
Table 5-7. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-I 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Range Mean 
Diameter Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Utilitarian Albany glazed stoneware NA 1805-1920 1862.5 
hollowware 
1 Dinner plate Decalcomania whiteware 10 1908+ 1929 
1 Tea saucer Hand-painted whiteware 5.5 1820+ 1885 
1 Flatware Hand-painted whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
1 Coffee saucer Shell-edged whiteware 6 1840-1870 1855 
1 Soup cereal Undecorated whiteware 6 1820+ 1885 
bowl 
2 Crock Undecorated earthenware 6.5 NA NA 
1 Large salad Undecorated whiteware 8 1820+ 1885 
plate 
Mean Ceramic Date 1883.93 
 
Two whiteware dinner plates were identified in this context. One was a decalcomania decorated 
dinner plate and the other was an undecorated large salad plate. Two whiteware saucers were 
also recovered. One is a shell-edged coffee saucer and the other is a hand painted tea saucer. One 
undecorated soup cereal bowl was recovered. Further, two unidentified flatware vessels with 
hand painted decorations were recovered from this context. Utilitarian vessels were also 
recovered from this context. These consisted of two undecorated earthenware crocks and one 
Albany glazed hollowware stoneware vessel. 
 
 
Megastratum A-II 
This context contained six individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 
1859.5833 (Tables 5-8, 5-9). These vessels represented several design motifs and vessel forms. 
Identifiable vessel forms included plates, saucers, cups, and a bottle.  
 
Table 5-8. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum A-II 
Count Vessel Vessel Description Rim Date Range Mean 
Form Diameter Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Coffee cup Hand-painted creamware  NA 1775-1820 1797.5 
Mean Ceramic Date 1797.5 
 
 
 86 
 
Table 5-9. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-II 
Count Vessel Vessel Description Rim Date Range Mean 
Form Diameter Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Bottle Color glazed stoneware NA 1820-1900 1860 
bottle 
1 Tea saucer Scalloped edged creamware 5 1800-1950 1875 
with molded decoration and 
pooled glaze 
1 Tea saucer Molded and color glazed 4.5 1820-1900+ 1885 
whiteware  
1 Dinner plate Shell-edged whiteware 10 1840-1870 1855 
1 Coffee Undecorated whiteware 6 1820+ 1885 
saucer 
Mean Ceramic Date 1874.1667 
 
Half of the vessels recovered from this context were saucers, including one coffee saucer and 
two tea saucers. The coffee saucer was undecorated, but the tea saucers had decorations: one 
featured molded decorations with color glaze and the other had scalloped edge with molded 
decorations and pooled glaze. Other tablewares recovered included a hand painted coffee cup 
and a shell-edged dinner plate. Finally, a color glazed stoneware bottle was identified in this 
context. 
 
 
Megastratum A-IV 
This context contained three individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 
1844.1667 (Table 5-10). These vessels represented several decorative design motifs and vessel 
forms. The only identifiable vessel form was a plate. No ceramic vessels were recovered from 
House 24, Megastratum A-IV. 
 
Table 5-10. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-IV 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Utilitarian Lead glazed redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
1 Small salad plate Hand-painted whiteware 7.5 1820+ 1885 
1 Hollowware Undecorated creamware NA 1775-1820 1797.5 
Mean Ceramic Date 1844.1667 
 
The majority of the identified vessels in this context were utilitarian. This comprised two vessels: 
one was an undecorated hollowware creamware vessel and the other was a lead glazed redware 
vessel. The only tableware vessel identified was a small salad whiteware plate featuring hand 
painted decoration. 
 
 
 
 87 
 
Megastratum A-V 
This context contained two individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 1850 
(Table 5-11). These vessels represented several decorative design motifs and vessel forms. No 
ceramic vessels were recovered from House 36, Megastratum A-V. 
 
Table 5-11. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum A-V 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Utilitarian hollowware Lead glazed redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
1 Hollowware Undecorated porcelain NA NA NA 
Mean Ceramic Date 1850 
 
Both of the identified vessels were hollowwares, but no definitive form could be assigned the 
vessels. One vessel was undecorated porcelain and the other was lead glazed utilitarian redware.  
 
 
Megastratum A-VI 
This context contained two individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 1883.3 
(Table 5-12). These vessels represented several decorative design motifs and vessel forms. The 
only identifiable vessel form was a saucer. No ceramic vessels were recovered from House 34, 
Megastratum A-VI.  
 
Table 5-12. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum A-VI 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Flatware Shell-edged whiteware NA 1860-1900 1880 
1 Serving hollowware Undecorated whiteware 10 1820+ 1885 
1 Coffee saucer Undecorated whiteware 6 1820+ 1885 
Mean Ceramic Date 1883.3 
 
All three identified vessels were tablewares. These included one shell-edged whiteware flatware 
vessel, one undecorated hollowware serving vessel, and an undecorated coffee saucer.  
 
 
Megastratum B-I 
This context contained 38 individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 1867.5 
(Tables 5-13, 5-14). These vessels represented several decorative design motifs and vessel forms. 
Identifiable vessel forms in this context included bowls, saucers, cups, and plates. 
 
 
 
 88 
 
Table 5-13. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum B-I 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Utilitarian Albany and salt glazed NA 1805-1920 1862.5 
hollowware stoneware 
1/2 Utilitarian Albany and Bristol glazed NA 1890-1920 1905 
stoneware 
1 Soup cereal bowl Annular banded whiteware 5.5 1820-1850 1835 
1 Saucer Molded whiteware with NA 1820+ 1855 
color glaze 
1 Coffee cup Molded and decalcomania NA 1908+ 1929 
porcelain 
1 NA Decalcomania whiteware NA 1908+ 1929 
3 Utilitarian Lead glazed redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
hollowware 
1 Utilitarian Mocha seaweed and NA 1870-1930 1900 
hollowware annular banded 
yellowware 
1 Saucer Molded whiteware NA 1840+ 1895 
1 NA Molded whiteware NA 1840+ 1895 
2/3 Hollowware Rockingham earthenware NA 1812-1900 1856 
2 Flatware Shell edged whiteware NA 1860-1900 1880 
1 Small salad plate Shell edged whiteware 7 1840-1870 1855 
1 Hollowware Undecorated porcelain NA NA NA 
1 Coffee cup Undecorated whiteware 3 1820+ 1885 
1 Soup cereal bowl Undecorated whiteware 7 1820+ 1885 
Mean Ceramic Date 1881.1 
 
 
Table 5-14. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-I 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Utilitarian Albany and Bristol glazed NA 1890-1920 1905 
stoneware 
1 Cream soup bowl Annular banded whiteware 5 1820-1850 1835 
1 Coffee saucer Annular banded and cut 6 1840-1880 1860 
sponge decorated 
whiteware 
1 NA Hand-painted whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
1 Coffee saucer Hand-painted whiteware 6 1820+ 1885 
1 Hollowware Jackfield  NA 1740-1800 1770 
3 Utilitarian Lead glazed redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
hollowware 
 89 
 
1 Utilitarian Lead glazed redware 3.5 1800-1900 1850 
hollowware 
1 Cream soup bowl Molded pearlware 4.5 1770-1820 1795 
1 Soup cereal bowl Scallop-edged whiteware 7.5 1840+ 1895 
3 Hollowware Rockingham earthenware NA 1812-1900 1856 
1 Hollowware Sponge stamped white NA 1840-1880 1860 
stoneware 
1 Hollowware Transfer printed whiteware NA 1830-1860 1845 
1 Coffee cup Undecorated whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
2 Coffee saucer Undecorated whiteware 6 1820+ 1885 
Mean Ceramic Date 1857.4 
 
The majority of the vessels (N=27) recovered from this context are tablewares. Six saucers, 
including both coffee and tea saucers, were recovered. These included an annular banded and cut 
sponge decorated whiteware coffee saucer, a handpainted whiteware coffee saucer, two 
undecorated whiteware coffee saucer, a molded whiteware saucer, and a molded whiteware with 
color glaze saucer. Several whiteware bowls were also recovered. These included two bowls 
decorated with annular banding, one with a scalloped edge decoration, and one undecorated. One 
pearlware bowl with molded decoration was also recovered.  
 
Three hollowware tableware vessels were recovered. These included a sponge stamped white 
stoneware, a transfer printed whiteware, and an undecorated porcelain vessel. Three tableware 
vessels of an unknown form were recovered. These consisted of a decalcomania decorated 
whiteware vessel, a handpainted whiteware vessels, and a molded decorated whiteware vessel.  
 
Three Rockingham glazed hollowware earthenware vessels and a single Jackfield glazed 
hollowware earthenware vessel were also recovered.  
Eleven utilitarian vessels were recovered. Paste types included stoneware, redware, and 
yellowware. These comprised two Albany and Bristol glazed stoneware hollowware vessels, one 
Albany salt glazed stoneware hollowware vessel, seven lead glazed redware hollowware vessels, 
and one mocha seaweed and annular banded yellowware hollowware.  
 
Additionally, three coffee cups were identified and three plates were recovered.  
 
 
Megastratum B-II 
This context contained 48 individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 1867.5 
(Tables 5-15, 5-16). These vessels represented several decorative design motifs and vessel forms. 
Identifiable vessel forms in this context included bowls, saucers, cups, plates, bottles, and crocks. 
 
Table 5-15. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum B-II 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Tea cup Annular banded whiteware 3.5 1820-1850 1835 
1 Cream soup bowl Annular banded whiteware 5 1820-1850 1835 
 90 
 
1 Soup cereal bowl Annular banded whiteware 5.5 1820-1850 1835 
1 Hollowware Annular banded and cut NA 1820-1850 1835 
sponge decorated 
earthenware 
1 Bottle English ginger beer bottle NA 1790-1920 1855 
1 Saucer Hand-painted whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
1 Hollowware Molded Jackfield NA 1740-1800 1770 
3 Utilitarian Lead glazed redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
hollowware 
1 Crock Lead glazed redware 6.5 1800-1900 1850 
1 Hollowware Molded whiteware NA 1840+ 1895 
1 Hollowware Molded pearlware NA 1770-1820 1795 
1 Coupe soup bowl Molded whiteware 8 1840+ 1895 
2 NA Hand-painted whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
1 Flatware Shell edged whiteware NA 1840-1870 1855 
1 Dinner plate Shell-edged whiteware 10 1860-1890 1875 
1 Lunch plate Shell-edged whiteware 9 1840-1870 1855 
2 Large salad plate Shell-edged whiteware 8 1840-1870 1855 
1 Tea cup Cut sponged whiteware 3.5 1840-1880 1860 
1 Hollowware Sponge stamped whiteware NA 1840-1880 1860 
1 Tea saucer Sponge stamped whiteware 5 1840-1880 1860 
1 Cream soup bowl Transfer printed whiteware 4 1830-1860 1845 
1 Hollowware Transfer printed whiteware NA 1830-1860 1845 
1 Cream soup bowl Undecorated whiteware 5 1820+ 1885 
1 Serving flatware Undecorated whiteware 10 1820+ 1885 
1 Soup cereal bowl Undecorated whiteware 7 1820+ 1885 
1 Soup cereal bowl Undecorated whiteware 6.5 1820+ 1885 
Mean Ceramic Date 1856.5385 
 
Table 5-16. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-II 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Cream soup bowl Annular banded whiteware 5.25 1820-1850 1835 
1 Hollowware Annular banded NA 1828-1850 1839 
yellowware 
1 Utilitarian Albany and Bristol glazed NA 1890-1940 1915 
hollowware stoneware 
1 Hollowware Decalcomania whiteware NA 1908+ 1929 
1 Tea saucer Flow blue and annular 5.5 1844-1929 1886 
banded pearlware 
3 Utilitarian Lead glazed redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
hollowware 
1 Hollowware Molded pearlware NA 1770-1820 1795 
1 NA Hand-painted whiteware NA 1820+ 1885 
 91 
 
1 Hollowware Sponge stamped white NA 1840-1880 1860 
stoneware 
1 Saucer Sponge stamped whiteware NA 1840-1880 1860 
1 Hollowware Sponge stamped whiteware NA 1840-1880 1860 
1 Bottle Color glazed stoneware NA 1820-1900 1860 
bottle 
1 Tea saucer Undecorated whiteware 5.5 1820+ 1885 
1 Coffee saucer Undecorated whiteware 6 1820+ 1885 
1 Coffee saucer Undecorated whiteware 6.5 1820+ 1885 
1 Utilitarian Undecorated yellowware 4.5 1830-1930 1880 
hollowware 
Mean Ceramic Date 1869.3125 
 
 
Megastratum B-III 
This context contained seven individual vessels that had an overall Mean Ceramic Date of 
1849.2857 (Tables 5-17, 5-18). These vessels represented several decorative design motifs and 
vessel forms. Identifiable vessel forms in this context included bowls, saucers, bottles, and 
serving vessels. 
 
Table 5-17. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Megastratum B-III 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Bottle Salt glaze stoneware bottle NA 1800-1900 1850 
1 Hollowware Sponge stamped NA 1845-1870 1857.5 
whiteware 
Mean Ceramic Date 1853.75 
 
Table 5-18. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-III 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Cream soup bowl Annular banded 5 1820-1850 1835 
whiteware 
1 Saucer Annular banded and NA 1840-1880 1860 
sponge stamped 
whiteware 
1 Coffee saucer Molded creamware 6 1775-1820 1797.5 
1 Serving vessel lid Molded whiteware 11 1840+ 1895 
1 Utilitarian Undecorated redware NA 1800-1900 1850 
Mean Ceramic Date 1847.5 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
Megastratum B-IV 
This megastratum contained two vessels, a large shell-edged whiteware salad plate and one flat 
vessel of transfer printed whiteware. This context had an overall Mean Manufacture Date of 
1862.5 (Table 5-19). No ceramic vessels were recovered from House 34, Megastratum B-IV.  
 
Table 5-19. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Megastratum B-IV 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Date Mean 
Diameter Range Manuf. 
(in) Date 
1 Large salad plate Shell edge whiteware 8.5 1860-1900 1880 
1 Flatware Transfer printed whiteware NA 1830-1860 1845 
Mean Ceramic Date 1862.5 
 
 
 
Multiple Megastrata 
The following tables presents ceramic vessels with fragments found in multiple megastrata 
within Houses 34 and 36 as well as those megastrata found away from the houses (Tables 5-20, 
5-21, 5-22). These fragments may have been in multiple locations due to scattered discard or 
bioturbation. Plates, saucers, bowls, hollowware, and crocks were represented in this 
assemblage, reflecting a variety of ceramic vessel functions and sizes.  
 
Table 5-20. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 34, Multiple Megastrata 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Megastrat 
Diameter (in) 
1 Coffee saucer Hand painted whiteware 6.5 A-I and B-I 
1 Cream soup bowl Hand-painted whiteware 4.25 A-III and B-III 
1 Hollowware Annular banded yellowware NA A-III and B-III 
1 Crock Bristol glazed stoneware 5.5 B-I and B-II 
1 Coffee cup Annular banded and cut 3 B-I and B-II 
sponge decorated whiteware 
1 Hollowware Annular banded and cut NA B-I and B-II 
sponge decorated whiteware 
1 Hollowware Cut sponge decorated NA B-I and B-II 
whiteware 
1 Dinner plate Transfer printed whiteware 10.5 B-I and B-II 
1 Soup cereal bowl Annular and sponge stamped 6 B-I and B-II 
whiteware 
1 Tea saucer Sponge stamped whiteware 5.5 B-I and B-II 
2 Soup cereal bowl Annular banded whiteware 5.5 B-I and B-II 
1 Tea saucer Transfer printed whiteware 5.5 B-I and B-II 
1 NA Sponge stamped whiteware NA B-I, B-II, and 
B-III 
1 Utilitarian Albany glazed stoneware 4 Away from 
hollowware house 
 93 
 
1 Cream soup bowl Molded whiteware 4.5 Away from 
house 
 
Table 5-21. Ceramic Vessels Identified in House 36, Multiple Megastrata 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim Megastrat 
Diameter (in) 
1 Dinner plate Shell edged whiteware 10 A-I and B-I 
1 Hollowware Annular banded whiteware NA A-II and B-II 
1 Soup cereal bowl Annular banded whiteware 5.5 A-II and B-II 
1 Saucer Sponge stamped whiteware NA B-I and B-II 
1 Saucer Annular banded and cut NA B-I, B-II, B-
sponge decorated whiteware III, and B-SUB 
1 Cream soup bowl Transfer printed whiteware 4 B-II and B-III 
1 Cream soup bowl Undecorated whiteware 5 B-II and B-III 
 
Table 5-22. Ceramic Vessels Identified Away from the Houses, Multiple Megastrata 
Count Vessel Form Vessel Description Rim 
Diameter (in) 
1 Utilitarian Albany glazed stoneware 4 
hollowware 
1 Cream soup bowl Molded whiteware 4.5 
 
 
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 
 
House 34 contained 61 vessels, while House 36 contained 64. Exactly equal numbers of 
whiteware (n=38), earthenware (n=3), redware (n=8), pearlware (n=1), and jackfield (n=1) 
ceramic vessels were recovered from both house lots. Vessels were 87% (n=53) decorated in 
House 34 and 75% (n=48) in House 36. The similarity of vessel assemblages from these house 
lots reflects similar economic and social conditions for residents of both houses.  
The vast majority of ceramic vessels in this assemblage were recovered from contexts outside of 
the house structures (n=109, 77%). This may be due to outdoor refuse locations or outdoor use, 
reasonable considering the usage of summer kitchens behind the homes.  
Although this site was occupied up until the early twentieth century, the mean manufacture dates 
for ceramic vessels in all strata date before 1884, indicating that residents often used ceramic 
vessels well past their manufacture date. The large number of saucers (n=15) in relation to cups 
(n=5) across the assemblage supports this conclusion. Cups and saucers would have been 
initially purchased in equal numbers, and it is reasonable to conclude that when cups were 
broken or removed from the house, the saucers would have been kept by the residents, perhaps 
functioning as smaller plates. Using ceramic vessels for decades past their manufacture may have 
reflected an unwillingness to replace older vessels for aesthetic or stylistic reasons alone. Likely 
the price of new ceramic vessels would have factored into the decisions of poorly compensated 
Back Street residents.  
 94 
 
Across the site, bowls (n=20) were more prevalent than plates (n=11), discounting the presence 
of saucers. Scholars have interpreted a prevalence of bowls over plates as an indicator of 
economic status, as soups and stews, which would require bowls, allowed residents to purchase 
lower quality cuts of meat at lower prices (Springate and Raes 2013; Lucas 1993; Mrozowski 
2005). However, if saucers (n=15) were functioning as small plates, it is possible that Back 
Street residents were consuming more plate-based meals than the ratio of bowls to plates would 
suggest. Saucers were present in all megastrata except A-IV, not always accompanied by cups, 
and their ubiquity indicates an enduring ability to consume meals beyond the very most 
affordable.  
The majority of ceramics recovered were whiteware (n=68, 48%), which is reasonable 
considering the widespread availability of whiteware ceramics by the end of the nineteenth 
century (Shackel 2000; Lucas 1993). In contemporary boardinghouse contexts, places with 
working class residents, whiteware is present and prevalent due to the low prices of whiteware 
vessels, particularly undecorated whiteware. Mrozowski (2005) argues that the relative 
affordability of whiteware was related to the rise of homogenizing ceramic production 
technology, which in turn narrows and homogenizes affordable consumer choices. At Eckley, 
such homogenization would have affected the availability of ceramic vessels at the company 
store, meaning that residents would have had fewer affordable options beyond whiteware. 
Additionally, Shackel (2000) notes that ?white dinner services had become unfashionable? by 
the late nineteenth century, which would have driven down the price of whiteware vessels and 
made them more accessible to working class consumers.  
Twenty-three (16%) vessels could be confirmed as crocks or other utilitarian hollowware. 
Sixteen (70%) of these were redware vessels, five (22%) were stoneware, and two (1%) were 
unidentified earthenware. Vessels of this material and form were used for food preparation and 
storage (Shackel 1996; Mrozowski 2005). Four (17%) were located in contexts within the house 
structure while 19 (83%) were located in exterior contexts, which may reflect outdoor discard 
areas or the vessels? usage in the summer kitchen outdoor cooking area. Interestingly, though 
storage crocks fell out of use in the mid to late 19th century due to the development of glass 
canning jars, these vessels appear to have remained in use at House 34/36, as the vessels were 
concentrated in upper strata (A-I, B-I, and B-II were the only strata with more than one vessel 
fitting this description). This does testify to the vessels? durability. However, the coexistence of 
glass canning jars (see Chapter 6) and ceramic crocks should be examined. The continued use of 
crocks may be due to the multigenerational nature of the occupants of doublehouses. During the 
late 19th and early 20th century, immigration of one family (or one family member) spurred other 
family members or neighbors to follow, a process known as chain-migration (Metheny 2013). As 
such, several generations of families may have lived under one roof. While newer immigrants 
assimilated to American culture through their work and the help of communities of immigrants 
already familiar with the area, it is possible that the continued usage of crocks may have tied 
immigrants to older, more traditional, less Americanized ways of life, serving as a physical 
reminder or tie to life before immigration. Alternatively, older members of the multigenerational 
household may have preferred ceramic crocks over glass canning jars out of habit, personal 
 95 
 
preference, or a stronger sense of nostalgia for a time before their move while younger members 
of the household embraced the rise of glass canning jars.  
Throughout strata, vessels were recovered that indicate a segmentation of mealtime 
consumption, including bowls, coffee cups, teacups, flatware, saucers, serving bowls and 
platters, and unidentified hollowware. Scholars have posited that vessels with specific rather than 
general functions becoming more popular in assemblages corresponds to and is driven by the rise 
of industrialization. The segmentation of work (particularly in factory jobs) becomes part of the 
fabric of society, playing out in an increased ritualization and segmentation of meals, which is 
reflected in vessels with more specific functions (i.e. teacups versus coffee cups, large and small 
salad plates, serving plates versus dinner plates, etc.) (Shackel 1996; Lucas 1993).  
Interpretation of ceramic vessel assemblages lies at the intersection of gender, class, and race 
(Miller and Sharpless 1985; Westmont 2019; Little 1997; Shackel 1996; Metheny 2013; Wood 
2014; Roller 2018). As such, when creating an image of nineteenth and twentieth century Back 
Street consumer choices, one must remember that the women of poorly compensated, working 
class, racialized immigrants were generally responsible for the acquisition of ceramic vessels. 
Each of these identities affected consumer choices in different ways, and the experience of one 
family was not necessarily the same as others, even if the assemblage data appear similar. 
Archaeologists cannot accurately reconcile the influence of an increasingly mass-manufactured 
culture, media influences and social pressures to conform, the desire to resist cultural or 
company control, and individual expression and choice through ceramic vessel data alone (Little 
1997; Mrozowski 2005; Roller 2018; Pipes and Janowitz 2013). A more thorough interpretation 
is provided at the conclusion of this report.  
 
  
 96 
 
6. GLASS VESSEL ANALYSIS, by Aryn Neurock Schriner 
 
OVERVIEW 
 
The following is the minimum number of individual glass vessel analysis results from the 
36LU331 assemblage. Following, vessels are sorted by location relative to House 34 or 36, 
megastratum, and by vessel form and function (if known).  
In total, 103 distinct glass vessels were recovered from 36LU331 during the 2016 field season. 
House 34 held 30% (n=31) of these vessels and House 36 held 68% (n=70). Two percent (n=2) 
of the vessels were from unprovenienced locations. Test units were located in the basements and 
backyards of House 34 and 36, the exterior west side yard of House 34, the exterior east side 
yard of House 36, and a crawlspace in House 36. At House 34, the majority of vessels were 
located in the back yard (?back, exterior? in Table 6-1), followed by the exterior west side yard 
and then the basement. However, the basement and back yard of House 36 held the majority of 
the vessels overall ? accounting for nearly 50% of the vessels found at both houses ? with the 
east side yard and interior crawlspace yielding smaller, but not insignificant numbers of vessels.  
 
Table 6-1. Count of Vessels by House and Excavation Location Relative to Houses 
% of % of 
House House Un- % of Un- % of 
 House House Total 
34 36 provenienced provenienced Total 
34 36 
Exterior, 
16 51.6% 21 30% 0 -- 37 36% 
Back Yard 
Exterior, 
East Side -- -- 8 11.4% 0 -- 8 8% 
Yard 
Exterior, 
West Side 9 29% --- -- 0 -- 9 9% 
Yard 
Interior, 
6 19.4% 31 44.3% 0 -- 37 36% 
Basement 
Interior, 
-- -- 10 14.3% 0 -- 10 10% 
Crawlspace 
Un-
0 -- 0 -- 2 100% 2 2% 
provenienced 
Total 31 100% 70 100% 2 100% 103 100% 
 
Without separating data specific to each house, glass vessels were concentrated in the back yards 
and basement areas and are otherwise nearly equally distributed across the side yards and the 
crawlspace of House 36. Additionally, vessels were almost equally distributed between the 
interior and the exterior of the house.   
 97 
 
Megastrata designations were used to easily compare depositional soil events across the site. As 
noted in the ?Field Results: House Foundation Excavations? chapter, the strata are named for 
their location ?inside (A) or outside (B) the house, as well as a roman numeral indicating that 
stratum?s position relative to other strata (Megastratum I is above Megastratum II, etc.)? (see 
Chapter 4). Whether located in the house?s interior or exterior, the number of vessels per 
megastratum was inversely related to the stratum?s depth; vessels were most common closest to 
the surface and declined with each deeper stratum. A-I, the stratum on the exterior of the house 
closest to the surface, held the most vessels (30%, n=31), closely followed by B-I, the interior 
stratum closest to the surface (26%, n=27) (Table 6-2).  
Table 6-2. Count of Vessels by House and Megastratum 
 House 34 % House 36 % Unprovenienced Total % 
A-I 5 16% 26 37% 0 31 30% 
A-II 0 0% 11 16% 0 11 11% 
A-IV 1 3% 3 4% 0 4 4% 
A-VI 0 0 1 1% 0 1 1% 
B-I 8 26% 17 24% 2 27 26% 
B-II 12 38% 4 6% 0 16 16% 
Z 5 16% 8 11% 0 13 13% 
Total 31 100% 70 100% 2 103 100% 
 
Across the site, glass vessels from A-I had manufacture dates ranging from the late nineteenth 
century to as late as 1959. Two vessels were likely manufactured before 1900 and three likely 
between 1900 and 1910. Eight vessels have terminus post quem (TPQ) dates firmly during the 
1910s, seven during the 1920s, three during the 1930s, four during the 1940s, and one during the 
1950s.  
A-II contained mostly vessels manufactured no earlier than the 1910s, but one vessel dated no 
earlier than 1932 and another no earlier than 1940. Megastratum A-IV held vessels that could 
have been produced during the mid-nineteenth century. The one glass vessel found in A-VI was 
a colorless piece of stemware with an unknown TPQ.  
B-I held vessels from the late nineteenth century to the early to mid-twentieth century while B-II, 
despite it being deeper, held vessels from primarily the early to mid-twentieth century.  
Megastratum Z, located away from the house structures, contained vessels ranging from the late 
nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, with six of the thirteen vessels dating after 1915, 
and one club sauce bottle dating after 1944.  
The TPQ dates for the glass vessels recovered in this excavation do not necessarily correspond 
with typical stratigraphical layering suggesting that the oldest artifacts should be in the deepest 
megastratum. This is due to the use life of glass vessels, as many glass vessels were reused long 
after their manufacture (Busch 1987; Lindsey 2016). Therefore, a vessel manufactured in 1910 
may have been used for several years before breaking or being replaced and discarded alongside 
artifacts from a later time period.   
 98 
 
DESCRIPTION OF VESSELS BY LOCATION  
 
To understand consumption patterns of Back Street residents, the following provides a 
distribution of glass vessels by house, area, and function. 
 
House 34, Back Yard 
Table 6-3. Glass Vessels Identified in the Back Yard of House 34 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Solarized Purple Bottle Beverage - 
1 Colorless Bottle Condiment - 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Rim: 2.25?, Base: 3? 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Finish: 4? 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation - 
1 Green Bottle General Use - 
1 Colorless Bottle Medicinal - 
1 Aqua Bottle Medicinal - 
Medicinal, 
1 Aqua Bottle - 
Proprietary 
2 Colorless Tumbler Tableware Rim: 3? 
1 Colorless Bottle Milk - 
1 Aqua Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Solarized Pink Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Colorless Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Colorless Bottle Unidentified - 
 
The back yard of House 34 contained 16 glass vessels: 3 (19%) medicine bottles, 3 (19%) 
preservation jars, 1 (6%) beverage bottle, 1 (6%) milk bottle, 1 (6%) condiment bottle, 2 (13%) 
tumblers, 1 (6%) general use bottle, and 4 (25%) vessels of unidentifiable function. The three 
medicine bottles had a colorless patent finish, an aqua wide prescription finish, and an aqua 
prescription finish likely belonging to a proprietary medicinal bottle. Three separate colorless 
preservation canning jars were excavated, evidenced by a wide mouth 4-inch external threaded 
finish, a thick cup bottom base with an ejection scar (split into two shards in different megastrata, 
noted below), and 80% of an external threaded finish with base and body. The milk bottle was 
colorless with a cap seat finish. A colorless club sauce finish denotes a condiment bottle. 
Fragments of two colorless tumbler rims were recovered as well as one green bottle with a rolled 
finish. Of the unidentifiable vessels, there was a pink solarized globular flare finish, an aqua 
bottle base, and a colorless external threaded bottle finish. The final unidentifiable vessel was a 
small intact colorless jar with the rusted crown cap closure still attached. This oblong jar had 
 99 
 
geometric art deco-style embossing on the sides, and while the patent number is visible, the 
purpose or manufacturers of this vessel are unknown.  
These vessels were excavated from multiple strata. The green household bottle, one shard of the 
colorless canning jar base, the patent and wide prescription medicine bottle finishes, a tumbler 
rim, the aqua bottle base, and the solarized pink globular finish were found in B-I (late 1800s to 
mid-1900s).  
The proprietary medicine bottle finish, the milk bottle finish, the other shard of the colorless 
canning jar base, a tumbler rim, and a wide mouth external threaded canning jar finish were 
found in B-II (early to mid-1900s).  
The solarized purple bottle base, the club sauce finish bottle, the nearly intact canning jar, the 
complete bottle with rusted cap, and the colorless external threaded finish bottle were found in 
megastratum Z (late 1800s to mid-1900s).  
 
House 34, Exterior West Side Yard 
Table 6-4. Vessels Identified in the West Side Yard of House 34 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Colorless Mug Alcohol, Beer - 
Beverage, Soda or 
1 Aqua Bottle - 
Mineral Water 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Finish: 2.5? 
1 Solarized Purple Tumbler Tableware - 
Green Depression Glass 
1 Tableware Rim: 2.75?, Base: 2.5? 
Tumbler 
1 Colorless Tumbler Tableware - 
2 Colorless Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Aqua Bottle Base Unidentified - 
 
Evidence of nine vessels was excavated from House 34?s exterior west side yard: 1 (11%) beer 
mug, 3 (33%) tumblers, 1 (11%) non-alcoholic beverage bottle, 1 (11%) preservation jar, and 3 
(33%) vessels of unidentifiable function. The colorless base of the beer mug was thick with wide 
vertical ridges. One complete tumbler was a green depression glass with a flared rim and shallow 
vertical ridges, while the other tumbler fragments were a rim and a base, colorless and solarized 
purple with molded vertical ridges respectively. The beverage bottle, likely containing either 
soda or mineral water, was evidenced by an aqua post-bottom base embossed with ?T&P.? A 
colorless pressed glass rim belonged to a jelly jar meant to both preserve and serve jelly or jams. 
Two of the vessels of unidentifiable function were fragments of colorless bottles, one wide 
prescription finish and a cup bottom base, and the other is an aqua base with no other diagnostic 
features.  
 100 
 
In this area, all vessels belonged to the B-II megastratum (early to mid-1900s) except for the 
soda or mineral water bottle excavated from B-I (late 1800s to mid-1900s).  
 
House 34, Basement 
Table 6-5. Vessels Identified in the Basement of House 34 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Colorless Mug Alcohol, Beer - 
2 Amber Bottle Alcohol, Beer Bases: 2.75? 
1 Amber Bottle Alcohol, Liquor - 
Household, 
1 Amber Bottle - 
Cleaning Product 
White Milk Glass Tableware or 
1 - 
Hollowware Personal Use 
 
The 6 vessels excavated from the basement of House 34 were related to either alcohol (67%) or 
household (33%) activities. One colorless beer mug rim with molded ridges (17% of assemblage) 
and two amber bottles (33% of assemblage) indicate the presence of beer consumption, and were 
located alongside the base and body of an amber liquor bottle (17% of assemblage). The base, 
body, and crown cap finish of one beer bottle originated from the Brockway Glass Company, in 
operation from 1933 to 1980, but the stippling along the base indicates a post 1940 manufacture 
date (Lindsey 2016). The other beer bottle was just a cup bottom base with stippling, also 
indicating a post 1940 manufacture date. The base and body of the amber liquor bottle was 
manufactured by F.E. Reed Glass Company, in operation from 1923 to 1956, and had ?4/5 
QUART? embossed on the body. Of the two household vessels, one was the body and external 
threaded finish of an amber Clorox brand bottle with the plastic cap intact. ?CLOROX? is 
embossed on the plastic cap and on the neck of the textured body. According to the Clorox 
Vintage Bottle Guide (2020), the manufacture date for these specific Clorox bottles ranged from 
1955-1959. The other household vessel is a white milk glass cup bottom base with a very wide 
diameter. It may have held cosmetic products or served as tableware.  
Of the vessels in this area, all belonged to the A-I megastratum (late 1800s to 1959) except for 
the beer mug, which was excavated from A-IV (mid-1900s). 
 
House 36, Back Yard 
Table 6-6. Vessels Identified in the Back Yard of House 36 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Amber Bottle Alcohol - 
2 Colorless Mug Alcohol, Beer - 
 101 
 
1 Colorless Bottle Food, Extracts - 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Rim: 2.5? 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Rim: 4? 
4 Colorless Jar Preservation - 
Beverage, Soda or 
1 Colorless Bottle - 
Mineral Water 
1 Colorless Tumbler Tableware - 
1 Colorless Tumbler Tableware Rim: 4? 
3 Colorless Vessel Base Unidentified - 
2 Aqua Vessel Base Unidentified - 
1 Teal Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Aqua Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Solarized Pink Bottle Unidentified - 
 
In the back yard of House 36, 21 vessels were excavated: 1 (5%) amber bottle, 2 (10%) colorless 
mugs, 1 (5%) colorless extract bottle, 6 (29%) colorless jars, 1 (5%) colorless non-alcoholic 
beverage bottle, 2 (10%) colorless tumblers, 3 (14%) colorless vessel bases, 2 (10%) aqua vessel 
bases, 1 (5%) teal bottle, 1 (5%) aqua bottle, and 1 (5%) solarized pink bottle. The rim of one 
crown-cap finish amber bottle as well as the bases from two colorless beer mugs (one of which 
was burned) were recovered (14%), all fitting in the alcohol category. The colorless extract bottle 
had an oblong rectangular base with beveled edges, embossed side panels that read ??R?S 
EXTRACTS? on one and ??CTS? on the other, and dates to between 1910 and 1930. Three 
colorless preservation jars likely held jams or jellies and had ribbed bands around the rims. The 
other three preservation jars, canning jars, had wide mouth external threaded finishes, one of 
which was melted. One tooled blob finish of a colorless soda or mineral water bottle was 
recovered, possibly dating between the 1880s and the 1910s and may be a Hutchinson Spring 
Stopper style bottle. Of the two colorless tumbler rims, one was undecorated with an 
undetermined rim diameter, and one held an embossed annular bead along the 4-inch rim. Two 
cup bottom bases of colorless unidentified vessels were excavated, one of which had a ?9? on the 
base and other illegible embossing while the other was undecorated. Two aqua bases of 
unidentifiable vessels were also recovered. The third colorless vessel base was rectangular and 
had raised straight lines on the body close to the base. The teal bottle base had a high kick up. 
The aqua bottle had either a blob or crown applied finish. The solarized pink bottle base was of a 
cup bottom mold.  
The amber bottle, extract bottle, two jelly jars, one canning jar, the soda or mineral water bottle, 
one tumbler, two aqua unidentified vessels, two colorless unidentified vessels, the teal and aqua 
bottles were recovered from megastratum B-I (late 1800s to mid-1900s).  
 102 
 
The two beer mugs, one jelly jar, two canning jars, one tumbler, the solarized pink bottle, and 
one colorless unidentified vessel were all excavated from megastratum Z (late 1800s to mid-
1900s). 
 
House 36, Exterior East Side Yard 
Table 6-7. Vessels Identified in the East Side Yard of House 36 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Colorless Bottle Milk - 
1 Solarized Pink Bottle Milk - 
Beverage, Soda or 
1 Green Bottle - 
Mineral Water 
2 Colorless Jars Preservation - 
1 Solarized Pink Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Colorless Vessel Finish Unidentified - 
1 Colorless Vessel Base Unidentified - 
 
Eight vessels were recovered from the east side yard of House 36: 2 (25%) milk bottles, 1 (13%) 
green non-alcoholic beverage bottle, 2 (25%) colorless jars, 1 (13%) solarized pink bottle, 1 
(13%) colorless vessel finish, and 1 (13%) colorless vessel base. Both milk bottles were 
identified by their cap seat finishes. Neither had decoration. The soda or mineral water bottle was 
the 7-Up shade of green with a crown cap finish. One colorless preservation jar had the Owens-
Illinois makers mark on the cup bottom base, surrounded by an embossed ?3? and ?9? on either 
side, dating it between 1929 and 1982. The other preservation jar had a wide mouth external 
threaded finish. The solarized pink bottle had an unidentifiable finish with the word ?SEALED? 
embossed around ?11? inside a circle on the neck. One colorless vessel had another 
unidentifiable finish, while the other had an Owens Automatic Bottle Machine suction scar 
(indicating a post 1915 manufacture date) and a raised band near the base.  
The solarized pink milk bottle, one colorless preservation jar, the colorless vessel finish and the 
colorless vessel base were excavated from B-I (late 1800s to mid-1900s).  
The colorless milk bottle, green beverage bottle, colorless preservation jar, and the solarized pink 
bottle were excavated from B-II (early to mid-1900s). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
House 36, Basement 
Table 6-8. Vessels Identified in the Basement of House 36 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Colorless Bottle Alcohol, Flask - 
1 Solarized Pink Bottle Milk - 
Beverage, Soda or 
2 Aqua Bottle - 
Mineral Water 
Beverage, Soda or 
2 Colorless Bottle - 
Mineral Water 
Extract or 
1 Aqua Bottle - 
Medicinal 
1 Colorless Bottle Food, Condiment - 
Household, 
1 Colorless Vessel Base - 
Kitchenware 
1 Aqua Bottle Medicinal - 
1 Colorless Bottle Medicinal - 
Medicinal, 
1 Colorless Bottle - 
Prescription 
White Milk Glass Vessel 
1 Personal - 
Base 
Colorless Vessel Base, 
1 Preservation - 
Large 
2 Colorless Jar Preservation - 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Base: 2.5? 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Rim: 2.75? 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Rim: 2.25? 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation Rim: 2.5? 
1 Colorless Tumbler Tableware Rim: 3.5? 
7 Colorless Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Aqua Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Colorless Vessel Rim Unidentified Rim: 3.5? 
1 Colorless Vessel Rim Unidentified - 
 
In the basement of House 36, 31 vessels were recovered representing eleven functional 
categories. One (3%) bottle was related to alcohol consumption: an oblong colorless flask with a 
brandy finish made from a two-piece machine mold. Its straw-tinted colorless glass points to a 
manufacture date after 1912, and the 1920 institution of National Prohibition indicates a possible 
end date for the manufacture of this type of brandy finish flasks (Lindsey 2016). The solarized 
pink milk bottle (3%) has a cap seat finish above a uniquely shaped neck in the form of a police 
 104 
 
officer?s face. Embossed along the rim is ?COP THE CREAM BOTTLE CO. INC.? dating the 
vessel to after the company?s 1938 start. Fragments of four beverage bottles (10%) were 
recovered: an aqua tooled oil/ring finish with rusted evidence of a lightning stopper (therefore 
likely dating between 1870 and the 1910s), a colorless crown cap finish with most of the metal 
crown cap intact, a colorless body embossed with ?FOX BOTTLING WKS, PARK ST., 
FREELAND, PA.?  and ?CONTENTS 6.5 OZ.? with a two-piece cup bottom mold, and a 
complete aqua crown cap bottle. The complete beverage bottle had molded vertical panels on its 
neck and an ejection scar on the base in addition to ?STANDARD BOTTLING WKS, 
FREELAND, PA., CONTENTS 7 FL. 025? embossed on the body. No dating information could 
be found for Standard Bottling Works in Freeland, Pennsylvania, but the embossed volume 
capacity of the bottle indicates a manufacture date after 1913 (Lindsey 2016). The patent finish 
of one aqua bottle (3%) could have held flavoring extracts or medicine. The patent finish fell out 
of use by the 1930s (Lindsey 2016). The condiment bottle (3%) recovered was entirely intact 
with a bead finish with an extra ring below the finish and an intact cork stopper. On the cup 
bottom base was a Turner Brothers Co. makers mark, indicating a manufacture date between 
1920 and 1930 (Lindsey 2016). The base of one colorless vessel (3%) was embossed with the 
?PYREX? brand name, but no information about the specific type of kitchenware. The Pyrex 
company was established in 1915 (Pyrex 2020).  
Three (10%) medicinal bottles were excavated. The first was a fragment of a tooled double ring 
finish with a neck indicating an oblong shape and dates to no later than 1915 (Lindsey 2016). 
The second was a fragment of a small colorless collared rim finish. The final medicinal bottle 
had a colorless base, body, and continuous external threaded finish recovered. It was an oblong 
panel bottle with the Knox Glass Bottle Co. makers mark, indicating a manufacture date between 
1924 and 1968 (Lockhart et al. 2017). One (3%) rectangular white milk glass vessel base was 
recovered with a visible ejection scar, and likely held personal use products such as lotion or 
ointment.  
Six (19%) colorless preservation jars were recovered, one of which was intact. This wide mouth 
external threaded jar had a Capstan Glass Co. makers mark, therefore dating between 1920 and 
1938, with a 2.25-inch rim diameter. Another jar had a knurled cup bottom base with an ejection 
scar. The base of one jar with a 2.5-inch diameter was embossed with the Hazel Atlas Glass Co. 
(1923-1982) makers mark. Two jars had evidence of external threaded finishes, and the fragment 
of the sixth preservation jar was a base with an ejection scar. One large Hazel Atlas Co. vessel 
with a cup bottom base was recovered which likely served for preserving goods but could not be 
confirmed as a jar.  
A portion of a 3.5-inch colorless rim of one (3%) colorless tumbler with horizontal external mold 
seam was recovered.  
Seven (23%) bottles of unidentifiable function were excavated, all colorless except for one aqua 
bottle. The aqua bottle had an applied blob finish with evidence of a lightning stopper closure. 
Five of the colorless bottles had bases with diagnostic information. The first was an oblong base 
with an Owens Automatic Bottle Machine suction scar. The second had a rectangular cup bottom 
base with ?WOODBURY? embossed, but no information on a Woodbury bottling company 
 105 
 
could be found. The third had a base with an ejection scar and molded vertical ridges, and the 
fourth had ??AZLETO?? embossed on the base, possibly a portion of the word ?Hazleton,? a 
Pennsylvania city near Eckley Miners? Village. The final colorless base was embossed with 
patent information for the Owens-Illinois Glass Co. Duraglass makers mark, indicating a 
manufacture date between 1940 and the 1950s (Lindsey 2016).  
Lastly, fragments of two (6%) colorless unidentifiable vessels were recovered, both with external 
mold seams on the exterior of the rim. 
Vessels from this area were located in one of two megastrata, A-I or A-II. A-I (late 1800s to 
1959) held the beverage bottles, the condiment bottle, the Pyrex kitchenware, one medicinal 
bottle, all preservation vessels, the tumbler, the flask, the Owens Automatic Bottle Machine 
bottle, the Woodbury bottle, and the Knox Glass Bottle Co. bottle.  
A-II (late 1800s to mid-1900s) held the unidentifiable vessel rims as well as the remaining five 
colorless bottles of unidentifiable function.  
 
House 36, Crawlspace 
Table 6-9. Vessels Identified in the Crawlspace of House 36 
Relevant Diameter (Base, 
Count Container Description Function 
Finish, or Rim) 
1 Olive Green Bottle Alcohol Base: 2.75? 
1 Colorless Tumbler Tableware Rim: 3? 
1 Colorless Stemware Tableware Base: 2.75? 
Medicinal, 
1 Aqua Bottle - 
Prescription 
1 Colorless Vessel, Large Preservation - 
1 Colorless Jar Preservation - 
2 Colorless Vessel Base Unidentified - 
1 Colorless Bottle Unidentified - 
1 Aqua Vessel Base Unidentified - 
 
Ten vessels were excavated from the crawlspace of House 36: 1 (10%) bottle related to alcohol 
consumption, 2 (20%) tableware vessels, 1 (10%) medicinal bottle, 2 (20%) preservation vessels, 
and 3 (30%) vessels of unidentifiable function. The olive green bottle base had a high kick up, 
suggesting the bottle held wine, and was made up of two shards from two megastrata, discussed 
below. The colorless tumbler had evidence of an indented panel. What remained of the stemware 
was a circular base with molded ridges and a portion of the stem. The medicinal bottle had a 
Whitall Tatum & Co. (1890-1901) with a ?7? on its oblong cup bottom base. The large colorless 
unidentified vessel had a Hazel Atlas Glass Co. makers mark (1923-1982) on its square cup 
bottom base. The base was knurled, dating it to after 1940. The colorless jar meant for 
 106 
 
preservation had a continuous external threaded finish. Of the two colorless bases of unidentified 
vessels, one had a knurled base (indicating a post-1940 manufacture date) and the other was of a 
cup bottom mold. The colorless bottle had a lug thread finish, pointing to a manufacture date 
after 1930. Finally, the aqua vessel base lacked diagnostic traits beyond a rough open pontil 
mark.  
The medicine bottle, one shard of the green bottle, the large Hazel Atlas Glass Co. base, the 
preservation jar, the lug thread finish vessel and the two colorless vessel bases were excavated 
from megastratum A-I (late 1800s to 1959). 
One shard of the green bottle, the tumbler, and the aqua base were excavated from megastratum 
A-IV (mid-1900s). The stemware was excavated from A-VI. 
 
MEGASTRATA ANALYSIS 
In total, there were 47 vessels found in the megastrata inside the houses. In Megastratum A-I, 31 
(66%) vessels were found, 11 (23%) in A-II, 4 (9%) in A-IV, and 1(2%) in A-VI (Table 6-10) 
Megastratum A-I (late 1800s to 1959) contained vessels from eight functional categories, 
primarily preservation (n=9, 29%) and unidentified (n=7, 23%) vessels. Beneath that stratum, A-
II (late 1800s to mid-1900s) held mostly unidentified vessels (n=7, 64%), followed by medicinal 
(n=3, 27%) and alcohol (n=1, 9%). Still deeper, A-IV (mid-1900s) held two alcohol-related 
vessels (50%), one household vessel (25% and one preservation jar (25%). The deepest stratum, 
A-VI (mid-1900s), held only one vessel, the stemware.  
Of the strata located inside the houses, most vessels were of an unidentified function (n=15, 
32%), but of the identifiable functional categories, most vessels were related to preservation 
(n=9, 19%), followed by alcohol-related (n=6, 13%), and non-alcoholic beverages, household, 
and medicinal at equal values (n=5, 11%).   
Table 6-10. Vessels Identified in Megastrata Inside Houses 
 A-I % A-II % A-IV % A-VI % Total % 
Alcohol 3 10% 1 9% 2 50% 0 0% 6 13% 
Beverage 
(Milk, Soda, 
5 16% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 11% 
or Mineral 
Water) 
Food 
(Extracts, 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 2% 
Condiments) 
 107 
 
Household, 
Tableware, 
3 10% 0 0% 1 25% 1 100% 5 11% 
or 
Kitchenware 
Medicinal 2 6% 3 27% 0 0% 0 0% 5 11% 
Personal 1 3% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 2% 
Preservation 9 29% 0 0% 1 25% 0 0% 9 19% 
Unidentified 7 23% 7 64% 0 0% 0 0% 15 32% 
Total 31 100% 11 100% 4 100% 1 100% 47 100% 
 
Forty-three vessels were located in two megastrata corresponding to outside the houses (Table 6-
11). B-I (late 1800s to mid-1900s) held 27 (63%) and B-II (early to mid-1900s) held 16 (37%). 
Vessels within B-I represented all functional categories except for personal use, with 
unidentifiable function as the largest portion (n=10, 37%), followed by preservation (n=5, 19%), 
non-alcoholic beverages, household, and medicinal of equal values (n=3, 11%), then alcohol 
(n=2, 7%), and food (n=1, 4%). B-II held 5 (31%) vessels of unidentifiable function, 3 (19%) 
vessels in the non-alcoholic beverage, household, and preservation categories, and 1 (6%) in both 
the alcohol and medicinal categories.  
The vessels located within B-I and B-II were mostly of unidentifiable function (n=15, 35%), 
followed by preservation (n=8, 19%), then non-alcoholic beverages and household (n=6, 14%), 
medicinal (n=4, 9%), alcohol (n=3, 7%), and food (n=1, 2%).  
Table 6-11. Vessels Identified in Megastrata Outside Houses 
 B-I % B-II % Total % 
Alcohol 2 7% 1 6% 3 7% 
Beverage (Milk, 
Soda, or 3 11% 3 19% 6 14% 
Mineral Water) 
Food (Extracts, 
1 4% 0 0% 1 2% 
Condiments) 
Household, 
Tableware, or 3 11% 3 19% 6 14% 
Kitchenware 
 108 
 
Medicinal 3 11% 1 6% 4 9% 
Personal 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 
Preservation 5 19% 3 19% 8 19% 
Unidentified 10 37% 5 31% 15 35% 
Total 27 100% 16 100% 43 100% 
 
Megastratum Z (late 1800s to mid-1900s) contained 13 vessels: 4 (31%) representing the 
unidentifiable and preservation functional categories, 2 (15%) alcohol, and 1 (8%) for non-
alcoholic beverages, food, and household categories each (Table 6-12). 
Table 6-12. Vessels Identified in Megastratum Z 
 B-I % 
Alcohol 2 15% 
Beverage (Milk, 
Soda, or 1 8% 
Mineral Water) 
Food (Extracts, 
1 8% 
Condiments) 
Household, 
Tableware, or 1 8% 
Kitchenware 
Medicinal 0 0% 
Personal 0 0% 
Preservation 4 31% 
Unidentified 4 31% 
Total 13 100% 
 
The following table (Table 6-13) shows the number of vessels from each functional category in 
each stratum across the site, disregarding whether the stratum was located inside or outside the 
house. As noted earlier, the majority of vessels were located in the strata located closest to the 
surface (n=58, 64%) and decrease in number with each deeper strata (II with n=30%; IV with 
n=4, 4%; and VI with n=1, 1%). This trend occurs within each functional category as well. 
Megastratum Z is not included in this table as it does not have depth indicators that correspond to 
the units located within or adjacent to the houses.  
 109 
 
Across the site, most vessels were of unidentifiable function (n=29, 32%). Aside from that 
category, the functional category most represented is preservation (n=18, 20%), followed by 
non-alcoholic beverages and household (n=11, 12% each), alcohol and medicinal (n=9, 10% 
each), food (n=2, 2%), and personal use (n=1, 1%).  
Table 6-13. Vessels Identified in Megastrata Depth Levels 
 I % II % IV % VI % Total % 
Alcohol 5 9% 2 7% 2 50% 0 0% 9 10% 
Beverage 
(Milk, Soda, 
8 14% 3 11% 0 0% 0 0% 11 12% 
or Mineral 
Water) 
Food 
(Extracts, 2 3% 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 2 2% 
Condiments) 
Household, 
Tableware, 
6 10% 3 11% 1 25% 1 100% 11 12% 
or 
Kitchenware 
Medicinal 5 9% 4 15% 0 0% 0 0% 9 10% 
Personal 1 2% 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 1 1% 
Preservation 14 24% 3 11% 1 25% 0 0% 18 20% 
Unidentified 17 29% 12 44% 0 0% 0 0% 29 32% 
Total 58 100% 27 100% 4 100% 1 100% 90 100% 
 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
 
Identifiable glass vessels from Houses 34 and 36 are primarily related to household consumption 
of food, non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, and preserving goods. Twenty percent 
(n=21) of the vessels were canning jars or other vessels related to preserving goods, 12% (n=12) 
were non-alcoholic beverage bottles, 11% (n=11) of vessels were for alcohol consumption, 11% 
(n=11) were meant for household activities such as cleaning products and tableware, and 7% 
(n=7) were medicine bottles. The other vessels were related to personal use (1%, n=1), had more 
than one possible use (3%, n=3) or were unidentifiable.  
Vessels related to alcohol consumption were located in basements and side or back yards, 
possibly indicating consumption patterns discussed below, but it is also possible bottle remains 
were discarded in the basement or yard. However, milk and soda or mineral water bottles were 
found in all areas except the crawlspace of House 36, leaving no discernable pattern.  
 110 
 
Kitchenware and cleaning product vessels were located in the basement, but tableware was found 
in the back and side yards as well as the crawlspace.  
Medicine bottles were found in basements, back yards, and the crawlspace, but only House 36 
had identifiable prescription bottles. The other medicinal bottles were identified as proprietary or 
unable to be identified one way or the other.  
Additionally, three vessels originated from Pennsylvania bottling companies in Hazleton and 
Freeland (Fox Bottling Works and Standard Bottling Works), indicating local commerce.  
In all, the glass vessel MNV analysis reveals that residents of Houses 34 and 36 consumed a 
variety of food and beverage, canned and preserved foods and used both prescription and 
proprietary medicine. A large portion of vessels of all types were located the back yards, and in 
many cases vessels of the same type were located both indoors and outdoors. Taken together, it 
appears that residents spent a significant amount of time outdoors, demonstrating that the 
outdoors served as an extension of the home for residents of Back Street.  
This analysis is contextualized through previous archaeological work at Eckley and at other 
contemporary mining company towns. The 2015 excavations of the basements and exterior yards 
of Back Street Houses 38 and 40 uncovered a glass vessel assemblage with similar TPQs and 
contents, with relatively high concentrations of colorless containers and aqua and colorless 
bottles. Additionally, both assemblages contained brand-name household cleaning products and a 
number of tumblers or other drinking glasses (Westmont 2017: 90-97). The analysis of glass 
vessels from Houses 38 and 40 uses the presence of medicinal bottles in different strata to argue 
the shifting relationships with proprietary and patent medicine of residents between the 1870s 
and the 1950s, but no clear relationships existed in the glass assemblage from Houses 34 and 36 
(Westmont 2017: 97). However, in both assemblages, decorated tableware (tumblers) were 
heavily represented, possibly indicating the residents? desire to participate in wider American 
cultural ideals through decorated drinkware (Westmont 2017: 98).  
In this vein, four vessels carried identifiable brand names, including Clorox, Pyrex, Cop the 
Cream, and an unidentifiable extract brand. This may have been due to the residents? desire to 
purchase goods from specific brands to assimilate into American society or may reflect the goods 
available at the company store or peddlers. 
The large proportion of preservation vessels found at Houses 34 and 36 is common for Eckley 
Back Street sites and contemporary company mining town sites more generally (Cools and Boyle 
2018; Metheny 2013; Westmont 2017; Wood 2014). Excavations at Back Street in 2015 and 
2017 contain high percentages of canning jars and other glass preservation vessels; about 60% of 
the glass vessels from the 2017 excavations of site 36LU294 were jars and containers (Cools and 
Boyle 2018). The presence of canning jars at Eckley and other company town sites can lead to 
several interpretations: storage of food for lean winters or times of unemployment, storage of 
food grown in home gardens, patriotic participation in national calls for canning during World 
War I, and sharing of food across long distances or between households (respectively: Cools and 
Boyle 2018; Westmont 2017, Wood 2014; Metheny 2013).  
 111 
 
At Houses 34 and 36, preservation jars may have served any or all of these interpretations. The 
low income of Back Street residents meant that preserving food left food for later consumption 
during hard times. Homes at Eckley often had gardens, in which residents would grow their own 
food to reduce the amount of money spent at company stores (which Westmont [2017] also notes 
as a form of agency against oppressive company control). The prevalent machine made exterior 
threaded finishes that indicate a manufacture date that overlaps with World War I combined with 
the post-1920 Hazel Atlas Glass Co. and Capstan Glass Co. jars may support the idea that 
immigrant residents sought to build (or perform) an American identity after the canning jars 
became more nationally significant. Finally, the ethnic communities that often coalesced in 
company mining towns may have lent itself to a culture of sharing food within or across 
communities, for which easily portable jars would have been important (Metheny 2013; Miller 
and Sharpless 1985; Westmont 2019).  
Further, the concentration of preservation vessels in the back yards and the basements is 
significant. Because basements were likely cool and dark spaces away from the high-traffic areas 
of the house, it is logical the residents chose to store goods in the basement. The vessels? 
presence in the back yards may be related to the use of outdoor summer kitchens, as frequently 
used food products may be kept near food preparation areas. 
Mrozowski explores how excavations at nineteenth century Lowell, Massachusetts worked to 
dispel stereotypes of Irish and German immigrant workers as consuming more alcohol than non-
immigrant or higher-income factory associates. This was achieved through a comparison of the 
frequency of alcohol-related vessels between sites at boardinghouses and the homes of 
supervisors and factory owners, which found a higher frequency of such vessels at the homes of 
the latter rather than the former (Mrozowski 2005: 255). Here, a number of interpretations may 
be made about the collection of eleven alcohol-related vessels. The presence of beer mug 
fragments, a flask, and several beer or wine bottles despite the nineteenth century temperance 
movements and twentieth century Prohibition laws suggests a deliberate resistance to prevailing 
social expectations at the time. Alcohol consumption may have been a form of resistance against 
company policies, to relieve muscle strain from work, or a form of commensal recreation 
(Metheny 2013; Westmont 2017; Westmont 2019). The location of such vessels in the back and 
side yards of Houses 34 and 36 alongside non-alcoholic beverage bottles and tableware may 
suggest that alcohol consumption was a social activity. Over half (n=7) of the alcohol bottles 
recovered were found in the basement or crawlspace areas, perhaps indicating those spaces as 
storage areas, discard locations, or, as Metheny suggests, evidence of homebrewing similar to 
that of Helvetia, Pennsylvania (Metheny 2013).   
 112 
 
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS, by Aryn Neurock Schriner 
 
The artifacts recovered from excavations at site 36LU331 at Eckley Miners? Village reveal 
important themes about the lives of Back Street residents. Those living on Back Street, two 
blocks south of Main Street, were among the poorest denizens of Eckley, and were often 
immigrants recently arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe. Upon their arrival, immigrants 
often faced substantial persecution stemming from the same xenophobia that plagued the 
Western European immigrants the generation before, but further exacerbated by language 
barriers (Miller and Sharpless 1985). Once jobs were secured in the mines, workers and families 
took up residence on Back Street where homes were cheaply constructed and poorly maintained, 
lacking electricity, plumbing and running water well into the twentieth century. They were also 
the smallest houses in town (Westmont 2017; Westmont 2019). Immigrant families, particularly 
women, actively exercised control over their circumstances through methods of self-reliance 
rather than relying on the company and by building and participating in cooperative 
communities. Lying at the intersection of class, gender, religion, and race, the archaeological 
remains of Back Street Houses 34/36 illustrate mechanisms residents used for coping and 
thriving in a socially and economically inhospitable town.  
Scholars frequently reference self-reliance among those living in mining towns, referring to the 
necessity and desire of residents to sustain themselves beyond what the company town provided. 
Gardening for food production, picking coal from culm banks, hunting, and supporting families 
of miners who have died are all examples of this phenomenon (Miller and Sharpless 1985; 
Aurand 2003; Shackel 1996; Shackel 2000; Westmont 2019; Roller 2018). At Eckley, self-
reliance likely came into being foremost as a response to racial and national persecution. 
Southern and European immigrants, racialized due to differing language and religious customs, 
were purposefully excluded from better paying jobs and workers? unions (Roller 2018; Metheny 
2013). In the mines, they faced work reductions, taxes, and were precluded from job 
advancement by English-only certification practices (Aurand 2003: 77). Outside the mines, they 
faced higher prices at the company store, and nearly always lived in (lower quality) housing 
segregated by ethnicity (Aurand 2003: 35, 105). Facing these structural hurdles on a daily basis 
would have encouraged Eckley Back Street residents to rely more on themselves than company 
provided services.  
Further, the effects of industrialization on the lives of mining town residents cannot be 
understated. While an exhaustive explanation of industrialization?s effects is beyond the scope of 
this report, it is important to note how segmentation, ritualization, and alienation were on the rise 
during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The transition from craft cottage 
industries to factory manufacturing was marked by a segmentation and specialization of the work 
process. As manufacturing became more standardized, with emphases placed on individual steps 
towards products, and as employment positions became more defined and stratified, including 
the creation of middle management positions, society at large began to internalize these practices 
(Lucas 1993; Mrozowski 2005; Shackel 1996; Shackel 2000). This manifested in many ways, 
but Shackel (1996; 1987) correlates the rise of work segmentation with the segmentation of 
 113 
 
meals, using the growing presence of specialized tableware at Harpers Ferry as an example. 
When meals became more important at home, they were ritualized, giving ceramics ideological 
importance, which can be discerned in archaeological assemblages.  
A conversation about industrialization must address the pressures of capitalism. As members of 
the worst compensated class at Eckley, Back Street residents would have reckoned with their 
financial situation daily. Like most mining families, indebtedness to the company store and 
difficulty securing jobs translated to a need for frugality and workarounds, including personal 
gardens, taking on boarders for extra income, and coal picking (Aurand 2003; Miller and 
Sharpless 1985; Roller 2018; Westmont 2017; Westmont 2019). In other words, Back Street 
residents had to rely on themselves to survive. 
Self-reliance is visible in the archaeological record at Back Street Houses 34/36. Seven shotgun 
shells were recovered, suggesting hunting was one method of food acquisition. Additionally, 
glass and ceramic preservation vessels, particularly colorless glass canning jars, were prevalent. 
Storing and preserving food would have been useful when acquiring food was difficult, like in 
winter when the gardens cannot produce or times when the company store was unaffordable. 
High percentages of food storage vessels are common in contemporary mining towns, class 
notwithstanding (Cools and Boyle 2018; Westmont 2017; Wood 2014). Intimately related to 
food storage are the personal gardens of residents, a well-documented occurrence of coal patch 
towns (Shackel 1987; Aurand 2003; Wallace 1981). Gardens allowed residents to grow their own 
food, and though they were subject to seasonal changes, gardens were an invaluable tool for 
families when money was scarce. Working class gardens at Eckley have been documented 
through ground disturbances and the presence of oyster shells as fertilizer at Back Street House 
38 (Basalik 2009; Westmont 2017). Each of these practices speaks to working class agency, 
deliberate decisions by residents to provide for themselves and exercise power within systems 
that provide them with little support.  
Many mining families could live partially independent of company structures because of support 
from strong intraethnic community networks. Often, communities sprung up along ethnic lines, 
as immigrants from similar backgrounds were experiencing the same difficulties and persecution 
as each other. In fact, in many instances one family?s migration set off a chain of migration from 
the same region, creating a flow of ethnically similar populations and setting the stage for 
communities in the New World to bloom. Upon arrival, families lived in multigenerational 
households, creating small communities within the bounds of one home (Metheny 2013).  
Physically, Eckley was segregated by both ethnicity and class (often interrelated), as more 
affluent residents, of Western European immigration or descent, lived on Main Street while new 
immigrants occupied Back Street (Aurand 2003; Warfel 1993; Westmont 2017; Cools and Boyle 
2018). Aurand notes that residents ?ventured out of their sections at night at their own risk? 
(2003:35), underscoring the rigidity of class and ethnic segregation. Oral histories of Eckley 
residents performed in the 1970s and on file at Eckley Miners? Village also confirm these class 
and ethnic divisions and conflicts existed into the twentieth century. 
 114 
 
At many mining towns, places of worship became physical identifiers of ethnicity by the end of 
the nineteenth century. A rosary bead recovered from the basement of House 36 testifies to the 
religious nature of Back Street residents. However, despite religious similarities, churches were 
often separated by ethnicity. For instance, in the nearby city of Hazleton, churches were 
established for the Irish, Polish, Italian, and Lithuanian Catholics, embodying a trend that held 
true for coal patch towns across Northeastern Pennsylvania (Miller and Sharpless 1985; Aurand 
2003:35). As such, living and working closely with members of the same class, ethnicity, and 
religion was a large part of life at Eckley.  
Residents would have belonged to numerous communities based on their intersecting identities. 
One woman on Back Street may have belonged to a community of women, of women on Back 
Street, of Back Street residents more generally, of mothers, of heads of households, of a specific 
religion, of a town or regional ethnic group, or of a broader ethnic group (i.e. Eastern 
Europeans), many of which would have overlapped and affected decisions and reflected in the 
archaeological record (Westmont 2019; Miller and Sharpless 1985; Little 1994). While material 
remains cannot illuminate the full picture of Back Street communities, artifacts lend insight to 
their functions and their strength.  
The archaeological record indicates the presence of communities forming along gender divides. 
First, canning jars, typically associated with the woman?s tasks of food preparation and 
preservation, appeared in large quantities at Back Street Houses 34/36 (Westmont 2019). These 
vessels would have been useful for both these households and others on Back Street, as canning 
jars would have been easy ways to store as well as share food. Should a church member, 
neighbor, or family member require food, canning jars could be used as portable food containers. 
Losing a family member, unemployment, celebrations, holidays, or good will could have 
prompted such commensalism, in much the same way that friends and families today deliver 
food for gifts or comfort. Note that, like today, food preparation and sharing is not strictly the 
realm of women, as men or children of any gender may have aided in preparation or shuttled 
food between households. 
Men would have been united through similar networks of ethnicity, religion, and location, but 
also through work. When not in the mine, workers retired to their homes and indulged in 
drinking, smoking, and gaming (Westmont 2019). Amber beer bottles, colorless beer mugs, a 
flask, and wine bottles were recovered from the basements, back yards, and side yards, 
evidencing alcohol consumption on the property. Pipe stems and bowls were also recovered in 
these areas at both houses in all strata, as well as a number of clay marbles and a jack. Taken 
together, the image of a lively social life emerges in outdoor spaces behind and adjacent to the 
house. Sharing drinks, smoking, or gaming would have served as both an excuse to gather as 
well as an activity to share when people were brought together, however informally (Metheny 
2013).  
Interpreting both drinking and smoking in archaeological contexts is not a straightforward 
endeavor, as both activities are fraught with complex power and gender relations. From the late 
1800s to 1933, the temperance movement and official prohibition legislation discouraged alcohol 
consumption. As such, the drinking vessels with manufacture dates that fall shortly before or 
 115 
 
within that time period are cast in a different light. Considering the temperance movement?s 
focus on the working class and the tight control companies sought to maintain over their towns, 
consuming alcohol at that time would have been an act of defiance, snubbing social and legal 
expectations and reinforcing class and/or ethnic identities (Mrozowski 2005; Westmont 2017). 
Should this drinking have taken place as a group, whatever community bringing the group 
together, ties would have been strengthened together through a shared act of resistance.  
Metheny briefly explores producing beer at home, known as ?homebrewing,? citing oral histories 
of mining families in Helvetia (2013:167). It was a somewhat secretive task, as one man recalls 
using the phrase ?Mom?s baking cookies? to communicate that home brewing was occurring and 
the beverage would be shared with ?family, neighbors, co-workers, visitors, and even the 
deliveryman from the company store? (Metheny 2013:167). Oral histories from former Eckley 
residents also indicate that home brewing occurred in the early twentieth century. Another 
resident explained that she would drink a bottle of beer before tending her garden. Unmarked 
amber bottles in House 34 were located in the basement, which may be due to the space?s 
function as a storage or as a place away from prying eyes. If homebrewing was occurring at Back 
Street, it surely would have strengthened community ties.  
In the early twentieth century, gendered associations with smoking tobacco were changing. As 
the women?s rights movement gained steam, women sought to assert their independence and 
status as equal members of society through several routes, including smoking tobacco 
(Westmont 2017). However, even with this consideration, interpreting the abundance of smoking 
paraphernalia at Eckley is problematic, as the women?s rights movements did not affect all 
women in the same way, as, for example, African American women were excluded from the 
suffrage movement. Women in Eastern European cultures, particularly those who were working 
class, were not the focus of the women?s rights campaigns due to their marginalized status, and 
as such would have faced less pressure to take up a ?man?s? activity to assert defiance. In sum, 
though artifacts related to drinking, smoking, and gaming suggest the importance of communities 
in Back Street life, it is not the only interpretation. 
The marbles and jack mentioned above, in addition to the porcelain teacups and figurines, shed 
light on the lives of children at Houses 34/36. Seven (28%) of the 25 recreational objects were 
associated with House 34 while the rest were found in or near House 36, suggesting the presence 
of more children or children with more access to toys in House 36. However, remains of 
matching white porcelain toy tea set were located in both houses and the concentration of toys in 
the backyards (44%) may be due to children from many households playing together. As life in 
coal patch towns involved children working at young ages, playing with other children would 
have strengthened social bonds preparing them for labor with each other in the workforce. 
Family, ethnic, and religious communities began at birth, but creating social networks with 
people of the same age would serve children well as they grow into laborers, parents, and heads 
of households.  
Communities based on age, gender, employment, race, class, religion, or any of their 
intersections were not accidents. Facing racial and religious persecution in addition to economic 
hardship made communities integral for support, as navigating such turbulent environments 
 116 
 
alone would have been extremely difficult. In addition to sharing religious observances, food, 
and entertainment, residents of Back Street would have relied upon their communities for 
support at work. The mines were a punishing place to spend the day and balancing the physical 
dangers with the threat of unemployment would have caused significant stress on mine workers. 
Further, social networks would have provided support when the alienation of industrialization 
arose. Distancing oneself from repetitive and grinding work, in addition to the literal alienation 
inherent in mining, were unavoidable in coal patch towns. Finding strength in communities and 
bonding with people who share social and economic experiences fights against alienation, brings 
people together, and injects meaning into a disheartening experience.  
Communities empowered resistance, particularly against corporate paternalism. Self-reliant 
measures and community activities such as gardening, coal picking, food sharing, drinking, and 
homebrewing, all act as forms of defiance, as they exempt the resident from patronizing the 
company store or actively break social norms or laws. Participating in communities sidesteps 
structural inequality, as in the case of food sharing with families suffering a death or 
unemployment. In this way, actions taken by individuals leveraging the strength of their 
communities enables marginalized communities to wrest power from the elite ? in this case, 
affluent Western European company owners and employees ? in the manner that De Certeau 
posited (1984). It is through these actions based on self-reliance and community cooperation that 
residents of Back Street exercised agency. Through the archaeological record, these families 
demonstrate their power on individual and community levels.  
Finally, beyond Back Street and beyond Eckley, residents of Houses 34/36 were dependent on 
broader regional communities. Typically, scholars use ceramic vessel trends to explain the 
influence of industrialization and mass manufacturing on culture, concluding that consumer 
identity is inherent in ceramic goods. Ceramic vessels have been used to understand class, 
correlating style with affordability and availability; gender and class, exploring the relationship 
between working class women and middle class values; and power, contextualizing ceramic 
choices within the contents of the company store (Little 1994; Lucas 1993; Westmont 2019; 
Wallace 1981; Miller and Sharpless 1985). However, ceramic and glass vessels alike speak to 
larger trends in capitalism and community-making. Glass soda bottles from Freeland and 
Hazleton in Houses 34/36 demonstrate regional economic ties to nearby mining towns, perhaps 
brought back to town by a traveler, purchased at the company store, or sold by a traveling 
salesman. Remnants of a Cop the Cream brand milk bottle, a Clorox bottle, and Pyrex 
kitchenware indicate participation in national consumer trends, but also are a testament to the 
power of mass manufacturing and the beginning of ubiquitous national brands. While it is 
possible these products were purchased because they were the only ones available at the 
company store, it is also likely the brand choices signify decisions to participate in regional and 
national economic networks, which may be extended to an understanding of desires or pressures 
to conform to American culture (Pipes and Janowitz 2013; Wood 2014; Westmont 2019). 
It is through these actions that residents of Back Street exercised agency, living out ideals of self-
reliance and community cooperation. Indeed, in some cases, an action borne of self-reliance 
aided the community, and vice versa. Through the archaeological record, the families in Houses 
 117 
 
34/36 demonstrate their power at both the individual and community levels, highlighting a 
critical give-and-take that was relevant to their lives and must be considered our scholarship.  
  
 118 
 
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 126 
 
Appendix A: Artifact Inventory 
Quan
Ex. Site Fea. Additiona -tity 
Count Sit Cat Spe Uni Leve Fe Leve l Prov. Artifact Quan Dis-
y Code e # # c # t # l a # l Info. Description Additional Traits -tity card Comments 
unidentified 
tableware, molded 
LU 331 2     B-I       hollowware whiteware 1 0 decoration 
tableware, 
LU 331 2     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
LU 331 2     B-I       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 3     B-I       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 1   
body fragment 
tableware, with molded 
LU 331 4     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 parallel lines 
tableware, 
LU 331 4     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Container, Jar, 
LU 331 5     B-I       Jelly    1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 6     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 6     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
not certain if 
utilitarian, ceramic pipe or 
LU 331 6     B-I       other Buff Paste Earthenware  1 0 ceramic vessel 
 127 
 
bristol glazed 
with blue 
utilitarian, sponge 
LU 331 7     B-I       vessel Bristol Glazed 1 0 decoration 
container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 8     B-I       bottle Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 8     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Tableware, Manufacturing 
LU 331 8     B-I       Tumbler Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 8     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 8     B-I       vessel whiteware 3 0   
LU 331 8     B-I       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 9     B-I       Window Pane    1 1   
LU 331 9     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 9     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 10     B-I       Window Pane    1 1   
 128 
 
straight edge, 
not scalloped, 
Tableware, shell edged 
LU 331 10     B-I       Flatware whiteware 1 0 decoration 
container, Machine Molded 
LU 331 11     B-I       bottle (Finish) 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 11     B-I       Unidentified   2 0   
Tableware, 
LU 331 12     B-I       saucer whiteware 2 0 pieces mend 
Tableware, 
LU 331 12     B-I       teacup whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 12     B-I       vessel whiteware 5 0   
Container, 
LU 331 13     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 13     B-I       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 7 7   
LU 331 13     B-I       hardware, nut Machine Made 1 0 large nut 
unknown 
function, thin 
copper rolled 
LU 331 13     B-I       plumbing, pipe Machine Made 1 0 into a tube 
tableware, 
LU 331 13     B-I       vessel whiteware 3 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 13     B-I       metal Technique Unknown 47 47   
 129 
 
unknown 
Unidentified, function, not 
LU 331 13     B-I       Sheet Metal Machine Made 5 0 part of a can 
Architectural, 
LU 331 14     B-I       Window Pane    1 1   
tableware, 
LU 331 14     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
large UID metal 
unidentified, Manufacturing rectangle-ish 
LU 331 14     B-I       metal Technique Unknown 1 1 shape 
Architectural, 
LU 331 15     B-I       Brick    1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 15     B-I       metal Technique Unknown 2 2   
small part of 
green sponge 
painted 
tableware, decoration 
LU 331 16     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 visible 
tableware, 
LU 331 16     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
glazed on 
utilitarian, exterior but not 
LU 331 17     B-I       vessel Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0 interior 
Container, 
LU 331 18     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 19     B-I       Brick    1 0   
 130 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 19     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 19     B-I       Unidentified   1 0   
Furniture, mends to 
LU 331 19     B-I       Caster Pressed Glass 1 0 caster in cat. 20 
LU 331 19     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 2 1   
LU 331 19     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 6 5   
Hardware, 
LU 331 19     B-I       Spike, Railroad Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 railroad spike 
Lighting, Lamp Manufacturing 
LU 331 19     B-I       Chimney Technique Unidentified 2 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 19     B-I       vessel whiteware 5 0   
LU 331 19     B-I       toy, marble   1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 20     B-II       Tar Paper   2 2   
Architectural, Manufacturing aqua window 
LU 331 20     B-II       Window Pane  Technique Unidentified 3 0 glass 
 131 
 
Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 20     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
about half 
present; mends 
Furniture, to caster in cat. 
LU 331 20     B-II       Caster Pressed Glass 1 0 19 
LU 331 20     B-II       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 20     B-II       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 3 3   
iron bar, 
hardware, Manufacturing unknown 
LU 331 20     B-II       other Technique Unknown 1 0 function 
Lighting, Lamp 
LU 331 20     B-II       Chimney   1 0   
Tableware, 
LU 331 20     B-II       Flatware whiteware 2 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 20     B-II       hollowware whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 20     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 20     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 20     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
very light pink 
LU 331 20     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0 color 
 132 
 
LU 331 20     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
LU 331 20     B-II       tobacco, pipe   2 0   
LU 331 20     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
LU 331 20     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
LU 331 20     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 20     B-II       metal Technique Unknown 3 3   
Architectural, 
LU 331 21     B-I       Brick    1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 21     B-I       Window Pane    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 21     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0   
Container, 
LU 331 21     B-I       Unidentified   1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 22     B-I       Brick    2 2   
some kind of 
geometric 
molded design 
Container, and the letters 
LU 331 22     B-I       Unidentified   2 0 "?AIC, N?" 
rim with 
interior and 
Utilitarian, exterior bristol 
LU 331 22     B-I       Jar/Crock Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0 glaze 
 133 
 
utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware 
LU 331 22     B-I       vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 23     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 23     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 23     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
utilitarian, Bennington/Rockingha
LU 331 23     B-I       vessel m (Buff paste)   1 0   
utilitarian, 
LU 331 23     B-I       vessel Terra Cotta 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 24     B-I       Window Pane    1 1   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 24     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 24     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
LU 331 24     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 1 0   
has geometric 
hand poainted 
design that has 
tableware, been allowed 
LU 331 24     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 to 'flow' slightly 
 134 
 
tableware, 
LU 331 24     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 25     B-II       Brick    8 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 25     B-II       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 3 3   
tableware, 
LU 331 25     B-II       vessel whiteware 2 0   
LU 331 25     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
utilitarian, 
LU 331 25     B-II       vessel Lead Glazed  4 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 26     B-I       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 1   
Toy, gaming Jack gaming 
LU 331 27     B-I       piece   1 0 piece 
piece of melted 
unidentified, lead, unknown 
LU 331 27     B-I       metal   1 0 function 
Architectural, 
LU 331 28     B-I       Brick    1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 28     B-I       Tar Paper   29 29   
not a cup 
bottom base, 
but an 
unknown 
container, Manufacturing manufacturing 
LU 331 28     B-I       bottle Technique Unidentified 2 0 technique 
 135 
 
LU 331 28     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
LU 331 28     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 8 7   
tableware, 
LU 331 28     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
Utilitarian, 
LU 331 28     B-I       Jar/Crock Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 29     B-II       Tar Paper   1 1   
Architectural, Manufacturing 
LU 331 29     B-II       Window Pane  Technique Unidentified 1 0   
LU 331 29     B-II       clothing, shoe   1 0   
Communication
LU 331 29     B-II       , Pencil, Lead    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 29     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
LU 331 29     B-II       hardware, nail wire (nails) 1 0   
LU 331 29     B-II       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
green and 
purple sponge 
stamping, some 
tableware, over and some 
LU 331 29     B-II       hollowware whiteware 1 0 under glaze 
Architectural, 
LU 331 30     B-I       Tar Paper   1 1   
 136 
 
half of button is 
present, nice 
molded circle 
design around 
center; can't 
tell how many 
sew-through 
holes were 
Clothing, there originally, 
LU 331 30     B-I       Button Button 1 0 but only 2 now 
container, Patent/Extract Finish 
LU 331 30     B-I       bottle (finish) 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 30     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
LU 331 30     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 31     B-I       Window Pane    1 1   
Container, Manufacturing has bubble in 
LU 331 32     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 glass 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 32     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
 137 
 
LU 331 32     B-I       hardware, bolt Machine Made 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 33     B-II       Brick    2 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 33     B-II       Window Pane    1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 33     B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 33     B-II       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 1   
tableware, 
LU 331 33     B-II       vessel whiteware 2 0   
LU 331 33     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian spiral molded 
LU 331 33     B-II       vessel (Buff paste)  1 0 design 
utilitarian, 
LU 331 33     B-II       vessel Bristol Glazed 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 34     B-I       Brick    1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 34     B-I       Window Pane    2 2   
tableware, 
LU 331 34     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 35     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
 138 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 36     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 burned slightly 
Architectural, 
LU 331 37     B-I       Brick    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 38     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 38     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
LU 331 38     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
impressed 
diamonds 
interlocking 
tableware, pattern molded 
LU 331 39     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 onto exterior 
tableware, 
LU 331 39     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 40     B-I       Brick    1 1   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 40     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
LU 331 40     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
 139 
 
tableware, 
LU 331 40     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
shiny brown 
glaze on 
interior and 
utilitarian, matte tan on 
LU 331 40     B-I       vessel buff paste earthenware  1 0 exterior 
Architectural, 
LU 331 41     B-II       Brick    2 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 41     B-II       Tar Paper   1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 41     B-II       Window Pane    2 0   
Container, 
LU 331 41     B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 41     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0   
LU 331 41     B-II       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
tableware, 
LU 331 41     B-II       vessel whiteware 8 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 41     B-II       vessel whiteware 3 0   
possibly related 
Clothing, to clothing, but 
LU 331 41     B-II       Unidentified    6 0 can't tell 
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 41     B-II       metal Technique Unknown 4 4   
 140 
 
LU 331 42     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 42     B-I       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 1   
tableware, 
LU 331 42     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
container, 
LU 331 43     B-II       bottle Unidentified Mold 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 43     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 43     B-II       Unidentified   1 0   
Hardware, Hose 
LU 331 43     B-II       Clamp Machine Made 1 0 hose clamp 
Manufacturing 
LU 331 43     B-II       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 2 2   
white 
earthenware 
tableware, Unidentified White with blue 
LU 331 43     B-II       vessel Paste Earthenware  1 0 sponge stamp 
tableware, 
LU 331 43     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
 141 
 
tableware, Y ellowware, Utilitarian 
LU 331 43     B-II       vessel (Buff paste)  1 0   
LU 331 43     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 44     B-III       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 44     B-III       vessel whiteware 1 0   
LU 331 44     B-III       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
rectangular box 
unidentified, Manufacturing shaped piece of 
LU 331 44     B-III       metal Technique Unknown 1 1 UID metal 
LU 331 45     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
LU 331 45     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 1 0   
small blue 
tableware, sponge 
LU 331 45     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 stamped design 
Container, 
LU 331 46     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0   
LU 331 46     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
LU 331 46     B-I       hardware, nail Wire (nails) 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 47     B-I       Tar Paper   1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 47     B-I       Window Pane    3 3   
 142 
 
LU 331 47     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
LU 331 47     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 47     B-I       metal Technique Unknown 1 1   
slate tablet 
with incised 
Communication straight lines; 
LU 331 48     B-I       , Board, Slate    6 0 writing board 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 48     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 48     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 48     B-I       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 1   
tableware, possible green 
LU 331 48     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0 leaf 
tableware, 
LU 331 48     B-I       vessel whiteware 5 0   
molded pipe 
spur with 
LU 331 48     B-I       tobacco, pipe   1 0 bottom of bowl 
 143 
 
and some of 
stem 
LU 331 48     B-I       tobacco, pipe   2 0   
speckled dark 
and light brown 
utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware on interior with 
LU 331 48     B-I       vessel (Not for use with brick)  2 0 lead glaze 
yellow body 
with whilte 
band and 
seaweed 
mocha 
utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian decoration 
LU 331 48     B-I       vessel (Buff paste)  6 0 inside band 
tableware, 
LU 331 49     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
stem with 
molded ribs on 
half that goes 
LU 331 49     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0 towards bowl 
LU 331 49     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
panel bottle 
container, embossed 
LU 331 50     B-I       bottle Unidentified Mold 2 0 "?ER?." 
container, 
LU 331 50     B-I       bottle Unidentified Mold 2 0   
machine rolled 
copper alloy 
shaped into 
Container, round metal 
LU 331 50     B-I       Unidentified Machine Made 1 0 container 
 144 
 
large 
rectangular 
iron bar, 
hardware, Manufacturing unknown 
LU 331 50     B-I       unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 function 
tableware, 
LU 331 50     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Ammunition, 
Shotgun Shell, 
LU 331 51     B-I       12 Gauge Machine Made 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 51     B-I       Brick    1 1   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 51     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 51     B-I       Unidentified   1 0   
raised lines 
molded on to 
tableware, exterior of 
LU 331 51     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 vessel 
tableware, 
LU 331 51     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Lighting, Lamp 
LU 331 52     B-I       Chimney   1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 52     B-I       vessel whiteware 4 0   
 145 
 
Architectural, Manufacturing 
LU 331 53     B-I       Window Pane  Technique Unidentified 1 1   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 53     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 53     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0   
LU 331 53     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 2 1   
straight edge, 
not scalloped, 
Tableware, shell edged 
LU 331 54     B-I       Flatware whiteware 1 0 decoration 
tableware, 
LU 331 54     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 55     B-I       Brick    1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 55     B-I       Window Pane    2 0   
Container, 
LU 331 55     B-I       Unidentified   1 0   
Lighting, Lamp Manufacturing 
LU 331 55     B-I       Chimney Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 55     B-I       hollowware whiteware 2 0 mend 
 146 
 
tableware, 
LU 331 55     B-I       vessel whiteware 5 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 55     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 55     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 55     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Parian (doll parts, busts 
LU 331 55     B-I       toy, doll etc, unglazed) 1 0   
Unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 55     B-I       Glass Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 56     B-II       Brick    6 0   
Architectural, Manufacturing 
LU 331 56     B-II       Window Pane  Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 56     B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
LU 331 56     B-II       hardware, nail wire (nails) 2 1   
small hollow 
hardware, piece of lead, 
LU 331 56     B-II       unidentified   1 0 like a tiny pipe 
tableware, 
LU 331 56     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
 147 
 
tableware, 
LU 331 56     B-II       vessel whiteware 2 0   
LU 331 56     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 56     B-II       metal Technique Unknown 1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 57     B-I       Window Pane    2 2   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 57     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 57     B-I       Unidentified   1 0   
LU 331 57     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
LU 331 57     B-I       hardware, nail wire (nails) 2 1   
Tableware, 
LU 331 57     B-I       saucer whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 57     B-I       vessel whiteware 3 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 57     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 57     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 57     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
 148 
 
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 57     B-I       metal Technique Unknown 1 1   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 58     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 58     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0   
LU 331 58     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 58     B-I       vessel whiteware 3 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 58     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 59     B-I       Brick    1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 59     B-I       Tar Paper   2 2   
Container, 
LU 331 59     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 59     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0   
 149 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 59     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 59     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 59     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 59     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 60     B-II       Brick    1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 60     B-II       Window Pane    1 0   
Lighting, Lamp 
LU 331 60     B-II       Chimney   1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 60     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0 burnt 
Architectural, 
LU 331 61     B-I       Window Pane    1 1   
Container, mends to cat. 
LU 331 61     B-I       Unidentified Pontil (Generic) (base) 1 0 62 
tableware, 
LU 331 61     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Container, mends to cat. 
LU 331 62     B-II       Unidentified Pontil (Generic) (base) 1 0 61 
 150 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 62     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
LU 331 62     B-II       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 63     B-I       Brick    1 1   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 63     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0   
stoneware with 
blue UID 
decoration on 
exterior; white 
on exterior, 
utilitarian, black on 
LU 331 63     B-I       vessel Bristol Glazed 1 0 interior 
Architectural, 
LU 331 64     B-II       Brick    2 0   
Communication
LU 331 64     B-II       , Slate Pencil    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 64     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
 151 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 64     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
LU 331 64     B-II       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 64     B-II       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 3 3   
tableware, 
LU 331 64     B-II       vessel whiteware 2 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 64     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
buff paste 
kaolin with 
some sort of 
dye on the 
exterior that 
makes it an 
LU 331 64     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0 orange color 
LU 331 64     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 64     B-II       metal Technique Unknown 3 3   
tableware, 
LU 331 65     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 small fragment 
unidentified, 
LU 331 65     B-I       metal   1 1   
 152 
 
one piece with 
white bristol, 
then gradient 
brown to a 
utilitarian, light chocolate 
LU 331 65     B-I       hollowware Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0 brown 
utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware 
LU 331 65     B-I       vessel (Not for use with brick)  2 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 66     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 66     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 67     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 67     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 67     B-I       vessel whiteware 3 0   
 153 
 
utilitarian, Bennington/Rockingha
LU 331 67     B-I       vessel m (Buff paste)   1 0   
utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian 
LU 331 67     B-I       vessel (Buff paste)  1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 68     B-II       Brick    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 68     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 68     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 68     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 69     B-III       Brick    1 0   
Architectural, Manufacturing 
LU 331 69     B-III       Window Pane  Technique Unidentified 1 0   
 154 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 69     B-III       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 69     B-III       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0   
evidence of 
blue decoration 
tableware, but UID 
LU 331 69     B-III       vessel whiteware 1 0 method 
tableware, 
LU 331 69     B-III       vessel whiteware 11 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 69     B-III       vessel whiteware 1 0   
LU 331 69     B-III       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
LU 331 69     B-III       tobacco, pipe   2 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 69     B-III       metal Technique Unknown 7 7   
Architectural, 
LU 331 70     B-I       Brick    1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 70     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 70     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 70     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0   
 155 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 71     B-III       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 71     B-III       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0   
Manufacturing 
LU 331 71     B-III       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 71     B-III       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 71     B-III       vessel whiteware 2 0   
utilitarian, 
LU 331 71     B-III       hollowware Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 72     B-III       Brick    2 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 72     B-III       Window Pane    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 72     B-III       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0   
 156 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 72     B-III       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0   
LU 331 72     B-III       hardware, nail Wire (nails) 3 2   
Lighting, Lamp Manufacturing 
LU 331 72     B-III       Chimney Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 72     B-III       vessel whiteware 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 72     B-III       vessel whiteware 5 0   
Container, 
LU 331 73     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 73     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 73     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 5 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 73     B-I       vessel whiteware 3 0   
 157 
 
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 73     B-I       metal Technique Unknown 1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 74     B-II       Window Pane    1 0   
container, 
LU 331 74     B-II       bottle Unidentified Mold 1 0   
LU 331 74     B-II       Container, Jar  Threaded Finish (finish) 1 0   
Container, 
LU 331 74     B-II       Unidentified   2 0   
Container, 
LU 331 74     B-II       Unidentified   7 0   
Container, 
LU 331 74     B-II       Unidentified   1 0   
LU 331 74     B-II       hardware, nail Wire (nails) 2 1   
LU 331 74     B-II       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 74     B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0   
LU 331 74     B-II       tobacco, pipe   1 0   
Parian (doll parts, busts porcelain doll 
LU 331 74     B-II       toy, doll etc, unglazed) 1 0 body fragment 
Container, 
LU 331 74     B-II       unidentified   1 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 75     B-III       Window Pane    1 0   
 158 
 
mold seam has 
been formed to 
look like a 
twisted rope 
going up the 
side of the 
LU 331 75     B-III       tobacco, pipe   1 0 bowl 
Architectural, 
LU 331 76     B-I       Brick    3 3   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 76     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
piece of flat 
metal with a 
small hole 
hardware, drilled in one 
LU 331 76     B-I       unidentified   1 0 end, broken 
Lighting, Lamp 
LU 331 76     B-I       Chimney   1 0   
utilitarian, Bennington/Rockingha
LU 331 76     B-I       vessel m (Buff paste)   1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 77     B-II       vessel whiteware 6 0   
Architectural, 
LU 331 78     B-I       Brick    2 2   
 159 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 78     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
Lighting, Lamp 
LU 331 78     B-I       Chimney   2 0   
red and green 
stripes on a 
tableware, small piece of 
LU 331 78     B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 rim 
tableware, 
LU 331 78     B-I       vessel whiteware 2 0   
Container, 
LU 331 79     B-I       Unidentified   1 0   
LU 331 79     B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1   
transition place 
between stem 
and bowl, no 
LU 331 79     B-I       tobacco, pipe   1 0 spur 
Architectural, 
LU 331 80     B-II       Brick    1 0   
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 80     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0   
tableware, 
LU 331 80     B-II       hollowware Jackfield  1 0   
 160 
 
Parian (doll parts, busts 
LU 331 80     B-II       toy, doll etc, unglazed) 1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 80     B-II       metal Technique Unknown 1 1   
Architectural, 
LU 331 81     B-I       Window Pane    1 0   
unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 82     B-II       metal Technique Unknown 1 1   
tableware, 
LU 331 83     B-III       vessel whiteware 2 0   
1 piece of UID 
STP Communication lead with one 
LU 331 84   -S1 B-I       , slate pencil   1   rounded end 
STP 1 cream pipe 
LU 331 84   -S1 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
1 solarized 
glass bottle lip 
STP Container, and part of 
LU 331 85   -S2 B-I       Bottle Hand tooled (finish) 1 0 shoulder 
1 piece of 
green 
container glass 
STP Container, with folded 
LU 331 85   -S2 B-I       Unidentified Folded Lip (finish) 1   over rim 
1 piece of 
STP Container, embossed 
LU 331 86   -S2 B-II       Unidentified UID mold 1 0 container glass 
 161 
 
with base. 
Letters "EY" 
1 piece of 
solarized 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 86     B-II       Unidentified UID mold 1 0 seam 
Container, 4 piece of 
LU 331 86     B-II       Unidentified UID mold 4 0 container glass 
7 pieces of 
Container, Manufacturing brown 
LU 331 86     B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 7   container glass 
Manufacturing 2 pieces of UID 
LU 331 86     B-II       Hardware, nail Technique Unknown 5 5 metal 
1 piece of 
STP Container, molded 
LU 331 87   -T1 B-I       Unidentified UID mold 1 0 container glass   
1 piece of a 
molded pipe 
LU 331 87     B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 bowl 
tea set saucer 
with molded 
LU 331 87     B-I       Toy, Tea Set Refined Porcelain 1 0 design 
STP Architectural, 1 piece of red 
LU 331 88   -T2 B-I       Brick    1 1 brick 
 162 
 
Container, Manufacturing 1 piece of 
LU 331 88     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass   
1 cylindrical 
UID hardware 
with 
Hardware, Manufacturing indentations on 
LU 331 88     B-I       hinge Technique Unknown 1 0 top and bottom  
Manufacturing 7 pieces of UID 
LU 331 88     B-I       Hardware, nail Technique Unknown 7 7 metal 
Hardware, Manufacturing 
LU 331 88     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0   
1 piece of 
whiteware 
body with grey 
Tableware, spots of glaze 
LU 331 88     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1 0 deterioration 
clothing, 1 piece of dark 
LU 331 88     B-I       unidentified  Cut 1 0 brown leather 
1 piece of 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware brown glazed 
LU 331 88     B-I       hollowware (Not for use with brick)  1 0 redware 
Architectural, 8 pieces of tar 
LU 331 89     B-I       Tar Paper   8 8 paper 
 163 
 
Architectural, 4 pieces of 
LU 331 89     B-I       Brick    4 3 orange brick 
9 pieces of red 
Architectural, brick of varying 
LU 331 89     B-I       Brick    9 8 sizes 
3 piece of 
molded pipe 
LU 331 89     B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 3 0 bowl 
1 fragment of 
tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 89     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   footring 
1 piece of hand 
painted 
whiteware 
body with 2 
green leaves 
tableware, and slight grey 
LU 331 89     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   near leaves 
1 piece of 
molded 
tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 89     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   plate 
tableware, 3 pieces of 
LU 331 89     B-I       vessel Whiteware 3   whiteware rim 
4 pieces of 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 89     B-I       vessel Whiteware 4 0 body 
1 grey-brown 
LU 331 89     B-I       Toy, Marble unglazed earthenware 1   clay marble 
1 black 
porcelain 
Clothing, button with 4 
LU 331 89     B-I       Button, 4 Hole    1   holes 
 164 
 
1 porcelain 
Clothing, button with 4 
LU 331 89     B-I       Button, 4 Hole  Button 1   holes 
1 piece of knob 
and tube 
industrial 
Electrical, knob Industrial Porcelain (not porcelain with 
LU 331 89     B-I       and tube always translucent) 1 0 rim 
2 pieces of 
molded, thick 
Container, container glass 
LU 331 89     B-I       bottle, milk Cap seat finish 2 0 with rim 
1 piece of 
container glass 
Container, base with mold 
LU 331 89     B-I       Unidentified cup bottom 1 0 seam 
1 piece of 
molded 
container glass 
Container, with molded 
LU 331 89     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 stripe 
1 small piece of 
Container, brown 
LU 331 89     B-I       Unidentified   1   container glass 
3 pieces of 
Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 89     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0 container glass 
Personal, 1 blue plastic 
LU 331 89     B-I       Jewelry Molded 1   jewel 
 165 
 
1 piece of 
Unidentified, melted blue 
LU 331 89     B-I       Glass Melted 1 0 glass 
Lighting, Lamp 2 pieces of 
LU 331 89     B-I       Chimney   2 0 lamp glass 
3 pieces of 
Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 89     B-I       Window Pane    3 0 glass 
7 piece of 
Architectural, colorless 
LU 331 89     B-I       Window Pane    7 0 window glass 
147 pieces of 
linoleum with 
white borders 
and light blue 
base color with 
Architectural, blue and green 
LU 331 89     B-I       Tile, Floor    147 0 circles 
1 small piece of 
plastic with 
Unidentified, small amount 
LU 331 89     B-I       Plastic   1 0 of blue 
Unidentified, 1 white strip of 
LU 331 89     B-I       Plastic Molded 3 0 plastic 
Clothing, Button bbroken 
LU 331 89     B-I       Button, 4 Hole    5   apart; MNI=2 
Hardware, 1 strip of grey 
LU 331 89     B-I       Unidentified Machine Made 1   UID hardware 
Ammunition, 1 metal 
LU 331 89   1 B-I       Percussion Cap    1   percussion cap 
 166 
 
Shotgun shell 
engraved with 
Ammunition, "WESTERN 
Shotgun Shell, PERT" "Made in 
LU 331 89     B-I       12 Gauge Machine Made 1   USA" "No 12' 
1 crown bottle 
Container, cap with 
Bottle, Crown separate metal 
LU 331 89     B-I       Cap  Machine Made 1   lining 
2 large metal 
grates with 
square holes, 1 
Hardware, with corner, 1 
LU 331 89     B-I       grate Machine made 2 0 with base 
14 cut nail of 
LU 331 89     B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 15 13 varying sizes 
Manufacturing 
LU 331 89     B-I       Hardware, nail Technique Unknown 7 7 7 UID nails 
7 wire nails 
with head and 
LU 331 89     B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 6 5 body 
Unidentified, Manufacturing 1 piece of UID 
LU 331 89     B-I       Metal Technique Unknown 1 1 metal 
2 orange balls 
of unknown 
Unidentified use and 
LU 331 89     B-I       Object   2 0 material 
Architectural, 1 pieces of 
LU 331 90   1 B-I       Brick    1 1 orange brick 
 167 
 
3 pieces of 
Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 90     B-I       Window Pane    2 0 glass 
5 pieces of 
Architectural, colorless 
LU 331 90     B-I       Window Pane    5 0 window glass 
Container, 
Bottle, Loop 1 metal loop 
LU 331 90     B-I       Seal  Machine Made 1   seal 
3 pieces of a 
molded glass 
LU 331 90     B-I       Container, jar Threaded finish 3 0 container rim 
 2 pieces of 
milk glass, 
Container, Jar, larger fragment 
LU 331 90     B-I       Lid Liner  Molded 1   is embossed 
Container, Manufacturing 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 90     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
colorless 
Container, molded 
LU 331 90     B-I       Unidentified Cup bottom 1 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 90     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
1 piece of 
molded, 
Container, colorless 
LU 331 90     B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 container glass 
 168 
 
5 pieces of 
Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 90     B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 5 0 container glass 
LU 331 90     B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 4 3 4 cut nails 
2 pieces of 
Lighting, Lamp colorless lamp 
LU 331 90     B-I       Chimney   2 0 glass 
1 red plastic 
LU 331 90     B-I       Personal, Bead Molded 1   bead 
1 white glass 
LU 331 90     B-I       Personal, Bead UID mold 1   bead 
Personal, comb, 
LU 331 90     B-I       tooth Molded 1     
aqua mirror 
glass with 
Personal, mirroring 
LU 331 90     B-I       mirror   1   present 
1 piece of 
painted purple 
Tableware, and blue 
LU 331 90     B-I       Flatware Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 complete 
incised 
greenish, 
Tableware, greyish, brown 
LU 331 90     B-I       Spoon molded 1   spoon 
1 piece of a 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 90     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   footring 
 169 
 
1 piece of blue 
Tableware, transfer print 
LU 331 90     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
Tableware, molded yellow 
LU 331 90     B-I       vessel UID mold 1 0 glass container 
Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 90     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1 0 whiteware  
sponge 
stamped in 
Tableware, blue, purple, 
LU 331 90     B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   and red 
1 piece of a 
LU 331 90     B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 pipe stem 
1 piece of 
molded pipe 
LU 331 90     B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 bowl 
8 pieces of dark 
grey 
Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 90     B-I       Metal Technique Unknown 8 8 metal 
Architectural, 1 large piece of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Brick    1 0 orange brick 
32 pieces of 
Architectural, red brick of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Brick    32 29 varying sizes 
24 pieces of tar 
Architectural, paper of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tar Paper   24 24 varying sizes  
1 white 
Clothing, porcelain 4 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  molded 1   hole button 
 170 
 
Top of knob 
Electrical, Knob Industrial Porcelain (not and tube 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       and Tube always translucent) 3   insulator 
2 large piece of 
Tableware, whiteware with 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Hollowware Whiteware 2   rim 
1 piece of 
annular banded 
whiteware, 
dark blue line 
Tableware, and paint over 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       saucer Whiteware 1   light blue, rim 
decalcomania 
and gilding 
Tableware, tea with 2 bore 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       strainer Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 holes 
1 piece of 
annular banded 
yellowware 
body with 
green and 
Tableware, white band at 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Yellowware, Refined 1 0 top 
1 piece of blue 
sponge 
Tableware, decorated 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of dark 
blue sponge 
painted 
Tableware, whiteware with 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   footring 
 171 
 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
body with 
Tableware, three circular 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1 0 chipped areas 
1 piece of 
Tableware, whiteware with 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   slight footring 
1 piece of 
Tableware, yellowware 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Yellowware, Refined 1 0 body 
Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Yellowware, Refined 1 0 yellowware rim 
Tableware, 11 whiteware 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 11 0 body piece 
1 grey pipe 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
1 piece of 
molded pipe 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
1 piece of thick, 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 tan pipe stem 
4 piece of a 
molded pipe 
bowl, largest 
piece has black 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 4 0 inside 
4 cream 
pipestems of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 4 0 varying sizes 
1 tan clay 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Toy, Marble Kaolin/Ball Clay 1   marble 
 172 
 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware 5 pieces of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       hollowware (Not for use with brick)  5 0 glazed redware 
interior and 
exterior Bristol 
Utilitarian, glazed on buff 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Jar/Crock Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0 paste 
7 pieces of 
Utilitarian, terracotta of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Vessel Terra Cotta 7 0 varying sizes 
10 pieces of 
aqua window 
Architectural, glass of varying 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Window Pane    10 10 sizes 
Container, 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Bottle Cap seat finish 2 0 2 pieces, mend 
Embossed glass 
bottle neck 
with circular 
embossing with 
letters "SEALED 
Container, II" with mold 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Bottle Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
Owens 
mahcine mold 
Container, and 3 <> 9 on 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Bottle Cup bottom mold 1 0 bottom 
Container, 1 green bottle 
Bottle, lip with mold 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Beverage Crown finish 3   seam 
 173 
 
1 piece of 
green 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   seam 
2 pieces of 
molded and 
embossed 
container glass. 
1 piece says 
Container, "S". Another 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0 says "I" 
4 piece of 
Container, molded 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 4 0 container glass 
Container, Manufacturing 6 piece of aqua 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 6 0 container glass 
2 pieces of light 
Container, Manufacturing green 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2   container glass 
Container, Manufacturing Brown 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1   container glass 
 174 
 
Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 16 0   
Lighting, Lamp 6 pieces of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Chimney   7 0 lamp glass 
6 pieces of 
linoleum with 
white border 
and blue and 
light blue 
Architectural, circles in a base 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Tile, Floor    6 0 of light blue 
A blue toy 
billiard ball 
with printed 
number 4 
circle; number 
is detached but 
originally was 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Toy, Other   1   attached 
1 tiny piece of 
Unidentified, melted light 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Plastic Burned 1 0 green plastic 
Unidentified, 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Plastic molded 3 0   
Communication 1 metal pencil 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       , Pencil, Ferrule    1 0 ferrile 
14 wire nails of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 14 12 varying sizes 
6 cut nails of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 5 4 varying sizes 
 175 
 
Hardware, UID spike, but 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Spike Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 not railroad 
1 jewelry pin 
with white 
diamond head 
Personal, with brown 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Jewelry, Pin Machine Made 1   letter "P"  
Colgate and Co 
Handy Grip 
Personal, shave stick lid 
shaving, shave (possibly trial 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       stick Machine Made 1   or travel sized) 
1 piece of UID 
Unidentified, lead with one 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Metal   1 0 rounded end 
Unidentified, Manufacturing 15 pieces of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 15 15 UID metal 
Communication 1 small piece of 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       , Pencil    1 0 pencil graphite 
1 light brown 
Clothing, bone button 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  cut 1   with 4 holes 
Communication 1 red wooden 
LU 331 91   1 B-II       , Pencil, Ferrule    1   penicl ferrile 
Architectural, 2 small pieces 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Brick    2 1 of orange brick 
5 pieces of 
brick of varying 
sizes, largest 
Architectural, piece has grey 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Brick    5 4 bottom 
 176 
 
Architectural, 2 small pieces 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Tar Paper   2 2 of tarpaper 
2 pieces of a 
grey paste 
stoneware 
Container, bottle with 
Bottle, English brown brown opaque 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Beverage  stoneware 2 0 glaze 
1 piece of an 
Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Hollowware Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
3 pieces of blue 
and white 
annular banded 
whiteware with 
thick lines, one 
piece all blue 
with slight 
Tableware, white line at 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Hollowware Whiteware 3   top 
1 burned piece 
Tableware, of a whiteware 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   footring 
1 piece of 
Tableware, yellowware 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel Yellowware, Refined 1 0 body 
1 small piece of 
whiteware with 
Tableware, brown sponge 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   decoration 
 177 
 
1 small piece of 
whiteware with 
small amount 
Tableware, of blue sponge 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   decoration  
Tableware, 13 small pieces 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 13 0 of whiteware 
4 pieces of a 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 4   footring 
Tableware, 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       vessel whiteware 1     
1 piece of 
cream pipe 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
2 pieces of a 
molded 
ceramic pipe 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 2 0 bowl 
Parian (doll parts, busts 1 pale pink doll 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Toy, Doll etc, unglazed) 1   fragment 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware 2 pieces of 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       hollowware (Not for use with brick)  2 0 glaze redware 
Utilitarian, 2 small pieces 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Vessel Terra Cotta 2 0 of terracotta 
Architectural, 12 pieces of 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Window Pane    13 0 aqua window 
 178 
 
glass of varying 
sizes 
1 piece of 
embossed 
container glass 
with "O" and 
Container, possibly "R" or 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 "H" 
10 pieces of 
Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 8 0 of varying sizes 
2 pieces of 
Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2 0 glass 
1 piece of 
embossed 
container glass, 
letters 
Container, incomplete and 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 indecipherable 
Container, 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0   
2 pieces of 
Lighting, Lamp colorless lamp 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Chimney   3 0 glass 
1 piece of 
Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Glass Technique Unknown 1 0 milk glass 
 179 
 
3 pieces of blue 
Architectural, linoleum with 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Tile, Floor    3 0 green circles 
1 piece of 
unidentified 
Unidentified, aluminum in 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Metal   1 0 square shape 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 9 8 5 cut nails 
Manufacturing 8 unidentified 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 6 6 metal nails 
1 large 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Hardware, Nut Machine Made 1 0 hardware nut 
part of grate, 
Hardware, Manufacturing possible coal 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Other Technique Unknown 1 0 sizer grate 
Hardware, 1 large 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Spike, Railroad Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 hardware spike 
Manufacturing 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Hardware, Tack Technique Unknown 1 0   
Unidentified, Manufacturing 15 pieces of 
LU 331 92   1 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 14 14 UID metals 
Architectural, 4 small pieces 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Brick    3 2 of red brick 
 180 
 
Architectural, 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Brick    1 0   
1 piece of 
Architectural, colorless 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Window Pane    1 0 window glass 
1 small piece of 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 UID metal 
roseheaded 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 nail 
Lighting, Lamp 1 small piece of 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Chimney   1 0 lamp glass 
2 pieces of dark 
blue shell edge 
Tableware, decorated 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Flatware Whiteware 2   whiteware rim 
1 small piece of 
Tableware, a whiteware 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       vessel Whiteware 1   footring 
2 pieces of 
oriental blue 
transfer print 
whiteware, 
Tableware, both pieces fit 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       vessel Whiteware 2   together 
2 pieces of 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       vessel Whiteware 1 0 body 
Tableware, 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       vessel whiteware 1     
1 piece of 
white pipe 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
Unidentified, 1 hard rubber 
LU 331 93   1 B-IV       rubber   1   cap 
 181 
 
1 small piece of 
Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 94   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 glass 
2 small pieces 
Container, Manufacturing of container 
LU 331 94   1 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2 0 glass 
2 pieces of 
whiteware 
body with grey 
spots of 
Tableware, deteriorating 
LU 331 94   1 B-II       vessel Whiteware 2 0 glaze 
Unidentified, Manufacturing 1 piece of UID 
LU 331 94   1 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 1 1 metal 
2 pieces of 
white and blue 
B- Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 95   1 SUB       vessel Whiteware 2   whiteware 
3 pieces of 
B- Tableware, whiteware with 
LU 331 95   1 SUB       vessel Whiteware 3   footring 
4 piece of red 
Architectural, brick of varying 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Brick    4 4 sizes 
61 pieces of tar 
Architectural, paper of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Tar Paper Machine Made 61 61 varying sizes 
 182 
 
jackfield on 
Tableware, dark paste with 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       hollowware Jackfield  1 0 white interior 
1 small piece of 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   footring 
12 pieces of 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       vessel Whiteware 12 0 body 
5 pieces of blue 
Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       vessel Whiteware 5   whiteware 
1 piece of a 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 pipe stem 
2 pieces of 
molded pipe 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 2 0 bowl 
molded 
decorated pipe 
bowl with 
white surface 
but black clay 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 inside 
clear glaze on 
interior, black 
glaze on 
Utilitarian, exterior (poss. 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       hollowware albany slip 1 0 Albany glaze) 
3 large pieces 
of buff past 
lead glazed 
Utilitarian, earthenware 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       unidentified Buff Paste Earthenware  3 0 container 
 183 
 
1 piece of 
glazed redware 
with small bit 
of brown glaze 
of one side and 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware tan glaze on 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0 the other side 
1 piece of 
yellow and 
brown glazed 
redware with 
molded dots on 
rim, mostly 
brown with 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware yellow on 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0 bottom 
Utilitarian, 2 small piece of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Vessel Terra Cotta 2 0 terracotta 
3 pieces of 
Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Window Pane    5 5 glass 
Architectural, 4 pieces of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Window Pane    2 2 window glass 
1 piece of jelly 
glass with small 
vertical ridges 
Container, Jar, at the top of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Jelly  Unidentified Mold 1 0 the body 
 184 
 
1 piece of a 
molded 
container with 
rim and 
molded ridge 
toward top; 
glass lid to 
unknown 
vessel with no 
Container, Jar, threading, 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Lid  Unidentified Mold 1 0 maybe not lid? 
Container, 1 piece of blue 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
1 piece of 
embossed 
Container, container glass 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 with "T" 
1 piece of glass 
container base 
Container, with cup 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Cup Bottom (base) 1 0 bottom 
1 small piece of 
Container, a container 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 glass rim 
2 small pieces 
of container 
Container, glass with mold 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 seam 
1 tiny piece of 
Container, Manufacturing amber 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   container glass 
 185 
 
1 small piece of 
Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 glass 
Container, Manufacturing 7 pieces of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 7 0 container glass 
1 small piece of 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
Lighting, Lamp 2 small pieces 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Chimney   2 0 of lamp glass 
Unidentified, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Glass Melted 1 0 melted glass 
1 pieces of 
molded 
orange-red 
plastic with 
Unidentified, molded ridge in 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Plastic Machine Made 1 1 middle 
2 pieces of 
Unidentified, Manufacturing white plastic 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Plastic Technique Unknown 2 2 strips 
21 cut nails of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 21 19 varying sizes 
7 wire nails of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 7 6 varying sizes 
 186 
 
Unidentified, Manufacturing 12 pieces of 
LU 331 96   3 B-I       Metal Technique Unknown 12 12 UID metal 
Architectural, 2 pieces of red 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Brick    2 1 brick  
Architectural, 3 small pieces 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Brick    3 2 of orange brick 
22 pieces of tar 
Architectural, paper varying 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Tar Paper   22 22 sizes 
1 piece of grey 
pipe bowl with 
molded 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 decoration 
3 molded 
pieces of pipe 
bowl, interior 
of two pieces 
darkened from 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 3 0 use 
4 pieces of 
cream kaolin 
pipe bowl.  2 
pieces show 
dark stain on 
interior of bowl 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 4 0 from use. 
5 pieces of 
cream kaolin 
pipe stem of 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 5 0 varying lengths 
 187 
 
1 light blue 
annular banded 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   body sherd 
1 piece of light 
blue annular 
Tableware, banded 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 small body 
sherd of flow 
Tableware, blue decorated 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Flatware Whiteware 1 0 whiteware 
1 hand painted 
whiteware 
body sherd 
with 2 green 
leaves and a 
slight line of 
Tableware, red between 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       vessel   1   leaves 
1 sponge 
spatter 
decorated 
whiteware 
body sherd 
Tableware, with cranberry 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       vessel   1   and green paint 
7 pieces of 
whiteware 
Tableware, body of varying 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       vessel Whiteware 7 0 sizes 
not certain if 
Utilitarian, ceramic pipe or 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Other Buff Paste Earthenware  1 0 ceramic vessel 
 188 
 
1 piece  brown 
rockingham 
glazed 
Utilitarian, Bennington/Rockingha eartheware 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Vessel m (Buff paste)   1 0 body sherd 
1 small piece of 
Rockingham 
glazed redware 
with only a tiny 
amount of 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware glaze on the 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0 top 
1 porcelain 
button with 4 
holes and 
raised 
Clothing, decorative 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  Molded 1   edge 
1 piece of 
Electrical, Industrial Porcelain (not industrial 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Insulator always translucent) 1 0 porcelain 
1 piece of 
Unidentified, unidentified 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Ceramic Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 porcelain 
1 piece aqua 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
 189 
 
1 piece 
colorless 
Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 with rim 
1 piece of 
brown 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Molded 1   seam 
1 piece of 
colorless 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
1 small piece of 
Container, blue container 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   glass 
12 pieces of 
colorless 
Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 12 0 of varying sizes 
 190 
 
2 pieces of 
embossed aqua 
container glass, 
letters on one 
piece read "D 
CUT     END      
BOT" with 
additional 
undecipherable 
letters, while 
the letters on 
the other piece 
read "BA" and 
what could 
possibly be 
Container, either "OM" or 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Molded 2 0 "WO" 
4 pieces of 
Container, amber 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 4   container glass 
9 pieces of 
aqua container 
Container, Manufacturing glass of varying 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 9 0 sizes 
Unidentified, 1 piece black 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Glass Melted 1 0 melted glass 
2 pieces of 
Unidentified, melted 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Glass melted 2 0 colorless glass 
1 piece of 
Tableware, green 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       vessel UID mold 1 0 container glass 
 191 
 
(Depression 
glass?) 
1 base piece of 
Lighting, Lamp Manufacturing colorless lamp 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Chimney Technique Unidentified 1 0 glass 
1 piece 
colorless lamp 
glass with 
Lighting, Lamp crimped/pie 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Chimney   1 0 crust edge 
Lighting, Lamp 3 pieces aqua 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Chimney   3 0 lamp glass 
Lighting, Lamp solarized lamp 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Chimney   1 0 glass 
4 pieces of 
aqua window 
Architectural, glass of varying 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Window Pane    4 0 sizes 
6 pieces of 
Architectural, colorless 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Window Pane    6 0 window glass 
Clothing, 1 piece of 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified    1 0 leather 
3 pieces of 
linoleum with 
unidentified 
decorative 
elements of 
Architectural, cream, brown, 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Tile, Floor    3 0 and gray 
 192 
 
1 piece of 
tortoiseshell 
Personal, pattern plastic 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Comb, Lice molded 1   lice comb 
Unidentified, 1 piece of clear 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Plastic molded 1 0 plastic 
Container, 2 Baltimore 
Bottle, Loop loop seal bottle 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Seal    2   stoppers 
Container, Can, 1 metal 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified  Machine Made 1 0 container rim 
Manufacturing 11 UID nails of 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unidentified 11 11 varying sizes 
21 wire nails of 
varying sizes, 
both 
fragmented 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 19 17 and whole 
29 machine cut 
nails of varying 
sizes.  Both 
complete and 
fragmented 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 30 27 nails present. 
1 large 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Hardware, Nut Machine Made 1 0 hardware nut 
Hardware, UID spkie, not 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Spike Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 railroad 
 193 
 
14 pieces of 
unidentified 
Unidentified, Manufacturing metal of 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Metal Technique Unidentified 14 14 varying sizes. 
Manufacturing 1 lead horse 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Toy Figurine Technique Unidentified 1   figurine 
Communication 3 pieces of 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       , Board, Slate    3   slate 
1 piece of 
Fauna, unidentified 
Mammal, mammalian 
LU 331 97   3 B-II       Unidentified   1   bone 
Architectural, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Brick    2 1 orange brick 
11 piece of tar 
Architectural, paper of 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Tar Paper Machine Made 11 11 varying sizes 
1 piece of 
Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 piece of 
Tableware, transfer print 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Hollowware Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
2 pieces of 
transfer printed 
whiteware with 
Tableware, geometric 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Hollowware Whiteware 2   design 
 194 
 
1 piece of blue 
annular banded 
whiteware 
body with 
slight curve 
Tableware, towards the 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   blue band 
2 pieces of 
whiteware rim, 
one tiny piece, 
Tableware, one larger 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       vessel Whiteware 2   piece 
7 pieces of 
Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       vessel Whiteware 7 0 body 
very smll piece 
of thin 
porcelain, 
unknown 
Tableware, function or 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       vessel Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 manufacture 
1 large piece of 
molded pipe 
stem with half 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 burned inside 
1 piece of pipe 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Toy, Marble Kaolin/Ball Clay 1   1 clay marble 
3 pieces of 
Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Window Pane    3 0 glass 
 195 
 
1 large piece of 
brown bottle 
glass with "NOT 
TO BE SO" on 
Container, it, most likely 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Bottle Unidentified Mold 1   "not to be sold"  
1 piece of 
embossed 
panel bottle 
with "O - 
MANGA" 
letters and 
slight curve 
toward the 
Container, tops of the 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Bottle, Panel Unidentified Mold 1 0 letters 
1 piece of 
solarized 
container glass 
Container, with mold 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
1 piece of 
Container, yellow 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
1 tiny piece of 
Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 glass rim 
13 piece of 
Container, container glass 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 13 0 of varying sizes 
 196 
 
10 pieces of 
Container, Manufacturing aqua colored 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 10 0 lamp glass 
2 pieces of 
solarized 
Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2 0 body 
Container, 3 pieces of blue 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3   container glass 
1 piece of glass 
Personal, Manufacturing with tar stuck 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Mirror Technique Unknown 1   on 
lid to tea 
service 
creamer or 
sugar dish; 
Westmoreland 
company, 
pattern "swan 
and cattails" 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Tableware, Lid UID mold 1 0 pattern #115 
Unidentified, 1 tiny piece of 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       glass Unidentified Mold 1 0 milk glass body 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 1 0 1 wire nail 
Manufacturing 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unidentified 10 10 10 UID nails 
 197 
 
5 cut nails of 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 5 4 varying sizes 
Unidentified, Manufacturing 7 pieces of UID 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       Metal Technique Unidentified 7 7 metal 
1 slate pencil 
Communication with rounded 
LU 331 98   3 B-II       , Slate Pencil    1   edge 
Architectural, 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Brick    1 0 1 piece of brick 
8 pieces of tar 
paper, couple 
Architectural, of pieces hard, 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Tar Paper   9 9 maybe dried 
marly sloping 
Tableware, down to 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Flatware Whiteware 1 0 interior 
1 piece of grey 
Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hollowware Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
2 large pieces 
of whiteware 
(possible part 
Tableware, of a bowl) with 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hollowware Whiteware 2   footrings 
 198 
 
3 pieces of 
transfer print 
whiteware with 
crosshatching 
and possible 
building on one 
piece and 
possible plant 
Tableware, on another 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hollowware Whiteware 3   piece 
1 large piece of 
a whiteware lid 
with slightly 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Tableware, Lid Whiteware 1   molded rim 
1 piece of blue 
and purple 
sponge painted 
whiteware, half 
blue, half 
Tableware, purpleish 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       vessel Whiteware 1   cranberry 
1 piece of hand 
painted 
Tableware, whiteware with 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       vessel Whiteware 1   one leaf 
1 piece of 
molded 
creamware rim 
with scalloped, 
swooped edge 
mold and 
Tableware, possible part of 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       vessel Creamware  1   a leaf mold 
 199 
 
3 pieces of 
whiteware rim, 
1 large piece 
might be part 
of a 
Tableware, hollowware rim 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       vessel Whiteware 3   (bowl rim?) 
sponge 
decroated with 
annular 
Tableware, bandings in 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       vessel Whiteware 1   blue 
5 pieces of 
whiteware 
Tableware, body of varying 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       vessel Whiteware 5 0 sizes 
1 piece of 
molded pipe 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
3 pieces of a 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 5 0 pipe stem 
4 pieces of 
molded pipe 
bowls of 
varying sizes 
with a couple 
pieces having 
slightly burned 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 4 0 insides 
1 clay reddish-
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Toy, Marble Kaolin/Ball Clay 1   tan marble 
 200 
 
1 piece of 
rockingham 
glazed redware 
with small 
amount of 
Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware glaze at the top 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0 of the piece 
4 pieces of 
Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Window Pane    4 0 glass 
Architectural, 11 pieces of 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Window Pane    11 0 window glass 
Container, 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Bottle, Panel Unidentified Mold 1 0 container glass 
1 large piece of 
aqua container 
glass with 
decorative 
mold (possibly 
mold seam) 
with a thick line 
Container, going down the 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 piece 
1 piece of 
container glass 
Container, with slight 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 mold seam 
1 piece of 
embossed 
container glass 
with cursive 
Container, lettering "F" 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Unidentified UID mold 1 0 possibly 
 201 
 
1 piece of red 
container glass, 
one side red, 
Container, Manufacturing the opposite 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   side is colorless 
2 pieces of 
aqua container 
glass, 1 big 
Container, Manufacturing piece, 1 small 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Unidentified Technique Unknown 3 0 piece 
1 piece of 
Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
Unidentified, melted aqua 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Glass melted 1 0 glass 
1 small 
cylindrical 
piece of 
hardware with 
vertical lines 
Container, lid, Manufacturing going around 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       screwtop Technique Unknown 1   the body 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 14 13 10 cut nails 
Manufacturing 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hardware, Nail Technique Unidentified 5 5 5 UID nails 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 8 7 8 wire nails 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Hardware, Tack Wire (nails) 1 0 1 intact tack 
 202 
 
Unidentified, Manufacturing 8 pieces of UID 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Metal Technique Unidentified 11 11 metal 
Unidentified, 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       Metal   1 0   
Communication 1 piece (point) 
LU 331 99   3 B-III       , Slate Pencil    1   of a slate pencil 
10 Architectural, 1 piece of red 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Brick    1 1 brick 
sherd has UID 
10 Tableware, molded 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Flatware Whiteware 1   decoration 
10 Tableware, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Hollowware Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 porcelain body 
1 small piece of 
whiteware 
holloware rim 
with UID 
10 Tableware, molded 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Hollowware Whiteware 1   decoration 
1 piece of 
holloware 
whiteware rim 
10 tableware, with scalloped 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       hollowware whiteware 1   ridge 
1 piece of 
10 tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       saucer whiteware 1   saucer rim 
10 tableware, sponge 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       saucer Whiteware 1   stamped with 
 203 
 
annular 
banding 
15 pieces of 
whiteware 
10 Tableware, body, varying 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 15 0 sizes 
2 pieces of 
thick annular 
banded blue 
and white 
whiteware, 1 
piece has 
evident lines, 
other piece all 
blue but 
10 Tableware, thought to be 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 2   annular banded 
3 pieces of 
whiteware 
footring, 1 
10 Tableware, large piece, 2 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 3   small pieces 
1 piece of 
10 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       vessel whiteware 1   vessel rim 
10 1 long piece of 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 pipe stem 
1 thick piece of 
10 molded pipe 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
10 Utilitarian, 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Vessel Buff Paste Earthenware  1 0   
 204 
 
14 pieces of 
aqua window 
10 Architectural, glass, varying 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Window Pane    14 14 sizes 
"?ER'S 
10 Container, EXTRACTS" and 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Bottle, Panel  Cup Bottom (base) 2 0 "?CTS?" 
1 piece of jar 
10 glass rim with 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Container, Jar  Threaded Finish (finish) 1 0 threaded finish 
10 Container, Jar, 3 bands of 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Jelly  Pressed Glass 1 0 ribbing 
1 piece of 
molded milk 
glass canning 
jar lid with "ED" 
10 Container, Jar, lettering and 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Lid Liner  UID mold 1 0 curved ridges 
10 Container, ?E? and ?T? 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 embossed 
1 piece of 
container glass 
base with 
molded 
10 Container, geometric 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified cup Bottom (base) 1 0 design 
1 piece of 
knurled 
10 Container, container glass 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 base 
 205 
 
1 thick piece of 
embossed 
brown glass 
(possibly bottle 
glass) with 
lettering, first 
row "RIE", 
10 Container, second row 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified UID mold 1   "DE" 
3 pieces of 
aqua container 
10 Container, glass with mold 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0 seams 
9 pieces of 
10 Container, container glass 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 9 0 of varying sizes 
10 Container, 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Unidentified UID manufacture 1   bubbles in glass 
10 Lighting, Lamp 1 piece of lamp 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Chimney   1 0 glass 
1 piece of 
10 Lighting, Lamp frosted lamp 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Chimney   1 0 glass 
10 Unidentified, 1 piece of 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Plastic Molded 1 1 white plastic 
10 Manufacturing 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Hardware, Nail Technique Unidentified 1 1 1 thick UID nail 
10
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 2 1 2 wire nails 
 206 
 
10 3 fairly large 
LU 331 0   5 B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 3 2 cut nails 
10 Architectural, 3 pieces of red 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Brick    3 2 brick 
10 Architectural, 1 piece of tar 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Tar Paper   1 1 paper 
3 pieces of 
transfer print 
whiteware, 1 
piece with 
circular grid 
pattern, 1 with 
flower, and one 
10 Tableware, with curved 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Flatware Whiteware 3   lines 
portion of 
marly, has 
10 Tableware, transfer printed 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Flatware Whiteware 1   circles 
10 Tableware, blue and purple 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Hollowware Whiteware 1   sponge painted 
1 piece of blue 
10 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 piece of blue 
sponge 
10 Tableware, decorated 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
molded 
whiteware with 
10 Tableware, slight pie crust 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   edge towards 
 207 
 
the top of the 
piece 
1 piece of 
whiteware with 
green leaf on 
one side and 
small amount 
of green paint 
10 Tableware, on the other 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   side 
2 small pieces 
of blue transfer 
10 Tableware, print 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 2   whiteware 
4 small pieces 
of blue glazed 
whiteware, 
most likely 
10 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 4   decoration 
blue sponge 
stamp with 
10 Tableware, blue annular 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   band 
9 pieces of 
10 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 9 0 body 
10 Tableware, 1 piece of small 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
 208 
 
1 piece of 
10 cream pipe 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
1 piece of 
molded pipe 
10 bowl with grey 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 smoky inside 
10 1 small piece of 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 pipe stem 
10 1 marble made 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Toy, Marble Refined Porcelain 1   of porcelain 
1 porcelain 
marble with 
multiple faded 
red concentric 
lines going 
around the 
10 body of the 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Toy, Marble Refined Porcelain 1   marble 
10 Utilitarian, red Paste Earthenware redware lead 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  2 0 glazed vessel 
10 Architectural, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Window Pane    1 0 window glass 
6 pieces of 
10 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Window Pane    6 0 glass 
1 piece of aqua 
bottle glass 
10 Container, with probable 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Bottle Applied Finish 1 0 lip 
 209 
 
10 Container, 1 piece of 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Bottle Blob Finish (finish) 1 0 bottle lip 
1 piece of 
container glass 
10 Container, with raised 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Bottle Unidentified Mold 1 0 mold seam 
1 piece of jar 
10 Container, with threaded 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 finish 
1 piece 
ofmolded aqua 
10 Container, container glass 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 base 
1 small piece of 
10 Container, Manufacturing amber 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2   container glass 
1 small piece of 
10 Container, Manufacturing olive container 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   glass 
1 thick piece of 
10 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 base 
1 thick piece of 
brown curved 
glass, possibly 
10 Container, Manufacturing part of bottle 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   neck? 
 210 
 
1 piece of 
10 Container, Manufacturing solarized 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
5 pieces of 
10 Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 5 0 container body 
10 Container, Manufacturing 1 piece of teal 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   container glass 
10 Lighting, Lamp 4 pieces of 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Chimney   4 0 lamp glass 
10
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 5 4   
10
LU 331 1   5 B-I       hardware, nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
10 Manufacturing 
LU 331 1   5 B-I       Hardware, nail Technique Unidentified 1 1 1 UID nail 
1 small white 
10 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 2   5 B-III       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
2 halves of a 
burnt slate 
pencil with 
rounded tip 
10 Communication and reddish 
LU 331 2   5 B-III       , Slate Pencil  Burned 1 0 grey coloring 
 211 
 
1 small piece of 
10 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       Window Pane    1 0 glass 
1 small white 
10 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
10 Lighting, Lamp 1 small piece of 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       Chimney   1 0 lamp glass 
2 small pieces 
10 Tableware, of whiteware 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       Flatware Whiteware 2   footrings 
transfer print 
circles on marly 
going in to 
10 Tableware, sloping part of 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   flatware 
1 piece of 
10 Tableware, burned 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1 0 whiteware 
1 piece of 
cranberry 
10 Tableware, sponge painted 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 small piece of 
light blue 
annular banded 
whiteware with 
small amount 
of dark blue 
10 Tableware, sponge 
LU 331 3   5 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   decoration 
 212 
 
1 piece of 
sponge painted 
whiteware with 
dark blue thick 
10 Tableware, lined sponge 
LU 331 4   5         vessel Whiteware 1   decoration 
1 piece of 
suspected 
whiteware 
figurine with 
10 Personal, molded linear 
LU 331 5   5         Figurine Whiteware 1   design 
3 pieces of 
10 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 5   5         Flatware Whiteware 3   whiteware 
1 piece of 
10 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 5   5         vessel Whiteware 1 0 footring 
10 Tableware, 1 tiny piece of 
LU 331 5   5         vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
10 Tableware, 3 pieces of 
LU 331 5   5         vessel Whiteware 3 0 whiteware 
blue sponge 
stamped with 
10 Tableware, blue annular 
LU 331 5   5         vessel Whiteware 1   bnd 
10 Container, Manufacturing 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 5   5         Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
 213 
 
1 piece of 
10 Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 5   5         Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
1 piece of teal 
container glass 
10 Container, with mold 
LU 331 5   5         Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   seam 
10 clothing, 1 piece of 
LU 331 5   5         Unidentified    1 0 leather 
10 Unidentified, Manufacturing 4 pieces of UID 
LU 331 5   5         Metal Technique Unidentified 4 4 metal 
10 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Brick    2     
10 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Brick    2     
10 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Brick    8     
10 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Tar Paper machine Made 181     
10 Architectural, Unidentified 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       mortar  Earthenware 2     
10 Clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1     
10 Clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1     
 214 
 
10 Clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1     
10 Clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 2     
10 Clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Button 1     
10 Container, Jar, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Lid Liner  Refined Porcelain 1     
10 Electrical, Knob Industrial Porcelain (not 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       and Tube always translucent) 5     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Flatware Creamware  1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Flatware Whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Flatware Whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Flatware Whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Flatware Whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Flatware Whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hollowware whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       vessel Whiteware 1     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       vessel Whiteware 2     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       vessel Whiteware 2     
 215 
 
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       vessel Whiteware 19     
10 Tableware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       vessel Whiteware 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Toy, Marble   1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Toy, Marble Kaolin/Ball Clay 1     
10 Utilitarian, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Jar/Crock Gray Paste Stoneware  2     
10 Utilitarian, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Jar/Crock Buff Paste Earthenware  6     
10 Utilitarian, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Vessel Buff Paste Stoneware  1     
10 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Window Pane    1     
10 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Window Pane    9     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle Tooled (finish) 1     
10 Container, Machine Molded 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle (Finish) 1     
 216 
 
10 Container, Machine Molded 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle (Finish) 1     
10 Container, Machine Molded 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle (Finish) 1     
10 Container, Hand Applied Finish 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle (finish) 1     
10 Container, Machine Molded 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle, Milk  (Finish) 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle, Panel Cup Bottom (base) 1     
10 Container, Machine Molded 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle, Soda (Finish) 2     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle, Soda  Cup Bottom (base) 3     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Container, Jar Threaded Finish (finish) 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Container, Jar Threaded Finish (finish) 2     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Container, Jar Cup Bottom (base) 1     
 217 
 
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Container, Jar  Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, Jar, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Food  Threaded Finish (finish) 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Molded 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Molded 1     
10 Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Ejection Scar 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 12     
 218 
 
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 12     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Cup Bottom (base) 2     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 32     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 5     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle, Panel Unidentified Mold 1     
10 Container, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Bottle Unidentified Mold 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Personal, Bead   1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Personal, Bead   1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Personal, Bead   1     
 219 
 
10 Religious Item, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Rosary Bead   1     
10 Clothing, Shoe, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Sole Machine Made 1     
10 Unidentifiable, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Styrofoam Machine Made 2     
10 clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified    1     
10 Unidentified, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Plastic Molded 1     
10 Ammunition, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Percussion Cap  Machine Made 1     
10 Clothing, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Machine made 1     
10 Clothing, Shoe, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Eyelet Machine Made 1     
Container, 
10 Bottle, Crown 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Cap  Machine Made 2     
Container, 
10 Bottle, Loop 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Seal  Machine Made 1     
10 Container, Can, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified  Machine Made 5     
10 Container, Jar, Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Lid  Technique Unknown 2     
10 Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2     
 220 
 
Food 
10 Preparation, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Cooking Pot  Machine Made 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 27     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 41     
10 Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, strap Technique Unknown 3     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, Tack Wire (nails) 2     
10 Hardware, Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1     
10 Hardware, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Unidentified Machine Made 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, Wire extruded (wire) 1     
10 Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, Wire Technique Unknown 1     
10
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Hardware, Wire Extruded (wire) 4     
Personal, 
10 Jewelry, Watch 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Part Machine Made 1     
 221 
 
10 Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Personal, Other Technique Unidentified 1     
10 Unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Metal Technique Unknown 16     
10 Unidentified, 
LU 331 6   4 A-I       Plastic   1     
42 pieces of 
10 Architectural, brick, varying 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Brick    42 38 sizes 
10 Architectural, 9 brick pieces 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Brick    9 8 of varying sizes 
10 pieces of tar 
10 Architectural, paper, varying 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Tar Paper   10 10 sizes 
1 large piece of 
molded plaster 
block with 
10 Unidentified, square 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Plaster Molded 1 0 indentations 
1 small 
10 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
1 piece of 
jackfield glazed 
Container, whiteware rim 
10 Bottle, Ginger (maybe handle 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Beer  Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0 or cup lip?) 
 222 
 
10 Electrical, Knob Industrial Porcelain (not 1 piece of knob 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       and Tube always translucent) 1 0 and tube   
1 piece of 
annular banded 
10 Tableware, whiteware, 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   mostly blue 
1 piece of thick 
10 Tableware, whiteware, 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   annular banded 
10 Tableware, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
5 pieces of 
10 Tableware, whiteware of 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       vessel Whiteware 5 0 varying sizes 
10 1 cream pipe 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem 
1 piece of 
10 molded pipe 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 bowl 
1 piece of tan 
10 pipestem cut in 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 half 
10
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Toy, Marble Kaolin/Ball Clay 1   1 clay marble 
10 Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0   
 223 
 
1 molded 
container glass 
base, letters " 
OES PAT 120 
277" "4A43" 
"33" "Duraglas" 
10 Container, in cursive, "16 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified cup Bottom (base) 1 0 G" 
1 piece of 
container glass 
10 Container, with base and 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified cup bottom (base) 1 0 mold seam 
1 small piece of 
molded 
container glass 
10 Container, base, letters 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 "ZLETO" 
2 mending 
pieces of 
decorative 
molded 
container glass 
10 Container, with ejection 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Ejection Scar 2 0 scar  
10 Architectural, 2 piece of aqua 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Window Pane    2 0 window glass 
4 pieces of 
colorless 
container glass 
with decorated 
10 Container, lined molding, 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Bottle Unidentified Mold 4 0 varying sizes 
 224 
 
bottle with 
vertical ridges 
10 Container, with circles on 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Bottle Unidentified Mold 3 0 the ridges 
1 piece of 
colorless 
embossed 
container glass 
with two 
10 Container, square lined 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Bottle, Panel Unidentified Mold 1 0 designs 
1 piece of 
embossed 
container glass 
with knurling 
decorative 
molding, letters 
10 Container, "LUB" "HAZ 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 (L?)" 
1 small piece of 
amber 
container glass 
10 Container, with mold 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   seam 
2 small pieces 
of container 
10 Container, glass with 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 knurling 
10 Container, 23 pieces of 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 23 0 container glass 
3 pieces of 
amber 
10 Container, container glass, 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3   varying sizes 
 225 
 
9 pieces of 
container glass 
with mold 
10 Container, seam, varying 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 9 0 sizes 
1 bottle lip, 
neck, and 
shoulder with 
10 Container, Machine Molded machine 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Bottle (Finish) 1 0 molded finish 
3 piece of 
10 Container, container rim, 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0 varying sizes 
10 Container, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Other    1 0 paper label 
unidentified 
material that 
appears to be a 
bottle closure 
10 Container, (not screw 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Other    1 0 type) 
10 Container, Can, metal can lid 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified  Machine Made 8 0 fragments 
Zinc mason jar 
lid liner with 
milk glass cap 
still in place, 
reads "BOYD'S 
GENUINE 
10 Container, Jar, PORCELAIN 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Lid Liner  Machine Made 1 0 LINED CAP" 
10 24 cut nails of 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 23 20 varying sizes 
 226 
 
10
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 9 8 8 wire nails 
Machine 
made,, long 
10 Hardware, strip with nail 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Strap   1 0 holes 
10
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Hardware, Tack Wire (nails) 1 0 1 tack 
2 distinct light 
bulb bases, one 
with filament 
10 Lighting, Light and the other 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Bulb Machine Made 3 0 with wires 
two pieces of 
pocket watch 
workings one is 
wheel and 
Personal, other is 
10 Jewelry, Watch mounting for 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Part Machine Made 2 0 gear 
10 Unidentified, Manufacturing 13 pieces of 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Metal Technique Unidentified 4 4 UID metal 
Fauna, 1 piece of bone 
10 Mammal, from unknown 
LU 331 7   4 A-II       Unidentified   1   mammal 
10 Architectural, 1 large piece of 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Brick    1 0 orange brick 
1 black 
porcelain 
10 Clothing, button with 4 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   holes 
 227 
 
1 piece of blue 
and white 
10 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
brown and light 
blue annular 
banded 
10 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Flatware Whiteware 1   body  
molded twig 
design on 
scalloped rim 
10 Tableware, and colored 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Flatware whiteware 1 0 )cream) glaze 
10 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Hollowware Whiteware 1   whiteware, rim 
1 piece of 
curved 
10 Tableware, whiteware rim 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       vessel Whiteware 1   (hollowware) 
4 pieces of 
whiteware 
10 Tableware, body, varying 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       vessel Whiteware 3 0 sizes 
Whiteware, Hardpaste 
10 tableware, ("Ironstone", "Granite 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       vessel ware")  1 0   
10 1 piece of tan 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 pipestem 
 228 
 
10 1 small piece of 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 white pipestem 
1 small piece of 
10 Utilitarian, Bennington/Rockingha unidentified 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Vessel m (Buff paste)   1 0 earthenware 
1 embossed 
glass bottle 
with decorative 
molding, 
machine made 
finish, and 
threaded finish, 
first letter looks 
like "z" and "3" 
10 Container, Machine Molded on top of one 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Bottle (Finish) 1 0 another and "i" 
1 glass cup 
bottom base 
with maker's 
mark K and 3;  
Knox Glass 
10 Container, Company 1932-
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Bottle Cup Bottom (base) 1 0 1968 
1 piece of glass 
10 Container, bottle with 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Bottle Tooled (finish) 1 0 tooled finish 
4 pieces of 
linear 
decorative 
molded glass 
container, parts 
10 Container, of panel 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Bottle, Panel Unidentified Mold 4 0 bottle? 
 229 
 
1  piece of aqua 
container glass 
10 Container, with mold 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam 
1 piece of 
colorless 
10 Container, container glass, 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 rim 
2 pieces of 
aqua container 
glass body with 
10 Container, embossed 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 letters "HIS" 
4 small pieces 
of unidentified 
10 Container, container glass 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 4 0 body  
1 piece of aqua 
10 Personal, window glass 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Mirror   1 0 with tar 
1 piece of 
10 Clothing, Shoe, leather shoe 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       sole   1   sole  
Container, 
10 Bottle, Loop 1 baltimore 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Seal  Machine Made 1   loop seal 
10 Personal, 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Comb, Lice   2   2 lice combs 
10 2 cut nails, one 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1 bent  
10 2 metal nails, 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 2 1 wire cut 
 230 
 
10 Manufacturing 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 4 4 4 UID nails 
10 1 piece of 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Hardware, Wire machine Made 1 0 metal wire 
10 Clothing, 2 fragile shell 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Button, 4 Hole    2   buttons 
1 piece of rib 
Fauna, bone from 
10 Mammal, unidentified 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Unidentified   1   mammal 
1 piece of 
Fauna, unidentified 
10 Mammal, mammalian 
LU 331 8   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mammal 1   bone 
10 Architectural, 4 orange brick 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Brick    4 3 fragments  
7 pieces of red 
10 Architectural, brick, varying 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Brick    7 6 sizes 
10 Architectural, 2 pieces of tar 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Tar Paper   2 2 paper 
10 Clothing, 1 cream 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   colored button 
1 white 
10 Clothing, porcelain 4 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   hole button 
1 cream cup 
handle with 
silver coating; 
10 handle is pretty 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       tableware, mug Creamware  1 0 thick and 
 231 
 
sturdy, 
probably not 
teacup 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
plate with rim, 
10 Tableware, shell edged 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Plate Whiteware 1   blue 
1 piece of 
whiteware with 
one light blue 
annular band, 
looks like one 
more light blue 
annular band 
10 Tableware, where it breaks 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Whiteware 1   off 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
10 Tableware, body with 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       vessel Whiteware 1 0 curve 
1 triangular 
piece of 
whiteware rim, 
10 Tableware, with molded 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       vessel Whiteware 1   lines 
1 piece of 
10 orange pipe 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem  
1 piece of 
10 cream 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 pipestem 
 232 
 
1 piece of tan 
10 tobacco pipe 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 1 0 stem  
3 pieces of 
molded clay 
10 tobacco pipe 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Tobacco, Pipe Kaolin/Ball Clay 3 0 bowl  
10
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Toy, Marble Kaolin/Ball Clay 1   1 clay marble 
1 piece of aqua 
10 Container, glass bottle 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Bottle Lipping Tool (finish) 1 0 with rim  
1 piece of aqua 
container glass 
10 Container, with embossed 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 letters TT 
1 piece of 
colorles 
10 Container, molded 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 container glas 
1 piece of 
colorless 
container glass 
10 Container, with mold 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified cup Bottom (base) 1 0 seam and base 
10 Container, 1 piece of olive 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
1 thick shard of 
10 Container, curved aqua 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 bottle glass 
2 pieces of 
colorless 
10 Container, container glass 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 rims 
 233 
 
4 pieces of 
container glass, 
one embossed 
with letter EPS 
and linear 
designs, one 
embossed with 
NT, one 
embossed with 
what looks like 
C, one 
embossed with 
10 Container, unintelligible 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 4 0 letter 
10 Container, Manufacturing 7 shards of 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 7 0 glass, cracked 
1 piece of 
pencil lead, 
probably 
10 Communication graphite, with 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       , Pencil, Ferrule    1   ferrule 
Container, 
10 Bottle, Crown 2 crown bottle 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Cap    2   caps 
10
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 3 2 3 wire nails 
10 Manufacturing 4 pieces of UID 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 4 4 nail 
 234 
 
10 7 machine cut 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 7 6 nails 
one inch thick 
metal strap 
10 Hardware, with unknown 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Strap Machine Made 3 0 function 
10 Unidentified, Manufacturing 8 pieces of UID 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Metal Technique Unknown 8 8 metal 
2 pieces of rib 
Fauna, bone from 
10 Mammal, unidentified 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified   2   mammal 
10 Communication 1 piece of slate 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       , Board, Slate    1 0 writing tablet 
1 piece of slate 
pencil, flat on 
one end and 
10 Communication jagged on other 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       , Slate Pencil   1 0 end 
10 Crystal, 1 small crystal 
LU 331 9   4 A-II       Unidentified   1 0 with 4 facets 
11 Architectural, 1 fragment of 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Brick    1   orange brick  
11 Architectural, 1 piece of red 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Brick    1   brick  
11 Architectural, 1 piece of tar 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Tar Paper   1   paper  
1 white 
11 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
 235 
 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
body with one 
11 Tableware, blue annular 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Flatware whiteware 1   band  
1 piece of 
whiteware rim 
with zigzag 
dark blue lines 
and crosses on 
exterior and 
11 Tableware, one annular 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Teacup whiteware 1   line on interior 
2 pieces of 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       vessel whiteware 2   body  
11 Tableware, 1 tiny piece of 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       vessel Unidentified Porcelain 1   porcelain body 
11 1 piece of pipe 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Tobacco, Pipe   1   stem 
11 1 piece of pipe 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Tobacco, Pipe   1   stem 
11 3 pieces of pipe 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Tobacco, Pipe   3   bowl, molded  
Yellowware 
body fragment 
with large 
11 Utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian white annular 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Vessel (Buff paste)  1   stripe 
11 Lighting, Lamp 1 shard of lamp 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Chimney   1   glass 
11 Tableware, 1 shard of 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Flatware   1   milkglass body 
 236 
 
11 2 cut nails, one 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 2   bent 
11 Manufacturing 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 3   3 UID nails 
3 pieces 
unidentified 
11 Hardware, Manufacturing metal 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Unidentified Technique Unknown 3   hardware  
1 UID metal 
tool, nail 
11 Tool, shaped with 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Unidentified Machine Made 1   ridges  
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing 4 pieces of UID 
LU 331 0   4 A-III       Metal Technique Unknown 4   metal 
11 Architectural, 3 pieces of 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Brick    3 2 orange brick  
11 Architectural, 2 pieces of tar 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Tar Paper   2 2 paper  
11 Architectural, 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Window Pane    1 0 window glass  
1 white 
11 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
4 pieces of 
colorless 
11 Container, Manufacturing container glass, 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 4 0 cracked 
 237 
 
1 piece of bone 
Fauna, from a large 
11 Mammal, unidentified 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Medium/Large LongBone 1   mammal 
11 Manufacturing 1 unidentified 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 1 1 nail 
1 whiteware 
footring with 
shape of four 
small squres 
forming a 
11 Tableware, larger square 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Teacup whiteware 1   on bottom 
1 piece of 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       vessel whiteware 1 0 body 
11 1 cream 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipestem 
11 1 piece of tan 
LU 331 1   4 A-IV       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipe stem 
11 A- Architectural, 1 piece of red 
LU 331 2   4 SUB       Brick    1 0 brick  
11 A- Architectural, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 2   4 SUB       Brick    2 1 orange brick 
11 A- Manufacturing 
LU 331 2   4 SUB       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 2 2 2 UID nails 
11 A- Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 2   4 SUB       vessel Burned 1 0 whiteware 
 238 
 
body with dirty 
glaze 
2 pieces of 
11 A- cream pipe 
LU 331 2   4 SUB       Tobacco, Pipe   3 0 stem  
85 pieces fo 
11 Architectural, brick of varying 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Brick    87 87 sizes 
3 large, heavy 
pieces of 
11 Architectural, reddish fire 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Fire brick   3 0 brick  
11 Architectural, 113 pieces of 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Tar Paper   113 113 tar paper 
1 half of a dark 
11 Clothing, blue porcelain 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Button Refined Porcelain 1   button 
5 porcelain 
11 Clothing, buttons, 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 5   varying sizes 
1 piece of blue 
11 Tableware, shell edged 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
6 pieces of 
whiteware with 
11 Tableware, blue annular 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Flatware whiteware 6   bands 
handle lug on 
body of 
unidentified 
11 Tableware, hollowware 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Hollowware whiteware 1 0 vessel 
 239 
 
saucer footring 
with extremely 
11 Tableware, thin walled 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       saucer whiteware 2 0 body 
1 piece of 
whiteware rim 
with light blue 
11 Tableware, spot of paint 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       saucer whiteware 1   under the glaze 
11 pieces of 
chipped 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       vessel whiteware 11 0 body 
1 piece of 
chipped 
whiteware with 
11 Tableware, hand painted 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       vessel whiteware 1   green teardrop 
11 1 cream 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipestem 
11
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 1 tan pipestem 
11 Architectural, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Window Pane    2 2 window glass 
3 pieces of 
11 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Window Pane    3 3 glass  
1 aqua molded 
container base 
with maker's 
11 Container, mark WT & CO, 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Bottle cup bottom (base) 1 0 7, USA 
 240 
 
external 
threaded "lug" 
type (1906 
intorduction, 
11 Container, Machine Molded popular after 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Bottle (Finish) 1 0 1920) 
1 piece of jar 
rim with 
11 threaded finish 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Container, Jar  Threaded Finish (finish) 2 0 and mold seam 
1 colorless 
container base 
with knurling, 
molded with 
M, 11 - 6; 
11 Container, hazel-atlas 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 glass copmany 
embossed 
container glass, 
letters "ID", 
11 Container, other piece 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 embossed "EN" 
1 piece of 
colorless 
11 Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 base 
1 piece of 
colorless 
container glass 
11 Container, base with 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified cup bottom (base) 1 0 knurling 
 241 
 
1 piece of 
curved milk 
11 Container, glass container 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified molded 1 0 rim 
1 piece of olive 
container glass 
11 Container, with folded lip 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   and rim 
11 Container, Manufacturing 1 shard of olive 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
19 shards of 
11 Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 22 0 container glass 
4 pieces of 
decorative 
molded 
11 Container, colorless 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 4 0 container glass 
1 unidentified 
piece of dark 
brown plastic 
with multiple 
11 Unidentified, curves 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Plastic   1   indicating holes 
2 pieces of 
11 Unidentified, white UID 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Plastic   2 2 plastic 
 242 
 
1 large token 
with no 
discernable 
design, except 
for a carved 
triangular 
shape with an 
offshooting 
line, same 
11 carving on both 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Coin, Token Machine Made 1   sides 
11 Hardware, 1 handwrought 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Chain, Link Hand Wrought (nails) 1   chain and hook  
11 Manufacturing 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 2 2 2 UID nails 
11
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 15 13 20 wire nails 
11
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 39 35 35 cut nails  
11 Hardware, 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Screw Machine Made 1 0 1 screw 
11 Hardware, Manufacturing 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Spring Technique Unknown 1 0 1 metal spring  
1 pyramid 
shaped 
11 Hardware, unidentified 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Machine Made 1 0 metal 
 243 
 
hardware with 
three legs  
1 UID 
rectangular 
11 Hardware, metal 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified Machine Made 1   hardware piece 
11 1 metal wire, U 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Hardware, Wire Extruded (wire) 1 0 shaped 
Fauna, 1 circular 
11 Mammal, molded piece 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Unidentified   1   of plaster 
11 1 fruit pit 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       Vegetal, Pit   1 0 (peach?) 
2 pieces of 
slate pencil, 1 
11 Communication piece with 
LU 331 3   13 A-I       , Slate Pencil    2   rounded edge 
1 four hole 
porcelain 
prosser button 
11 Clothing, with crimped 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   pie crust edge 
11 1 porcelain 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Tableware, Cup Unidentified Porcelain 1   footring 
1 chipped 
whiteware rim 
11 Tableware, with blue shell 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Flatware whiteware 1   edge design 
1 piece of blue 
annular banded 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Flatware whiteware 1   body  
 244 
 
2 pieces of 
11 Tableware, chipped 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Hollowware whiteware 2   whiteware rim 
1 chipped 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       vessel whiteware 1 0 body  
1 whiteware 
rim with 
cranberry 
annular 
banding and 
11 Tableware, purple sponge 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       vessel whiteware 1   decoration  
4 pieces of 
11 cream pipe 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       tobacco, Pipe   4 0 stem 
2 pieces of 
11 cream molded 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 pipe bowl 
3 shards of 
11 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Window Pane    3 0 glass 
1 colorless 
glass lid with 
Tableware, decorative 
11 stemware mold and 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       drinking glass   1 0 handle 
1 shard of aqua 
11 Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 body  
 245 
 
2 shards of 
11 Container, olive green UID 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2   container glass 
3 shards of 
embossed 
container glass; 
1 shard with 
letters SW; 1 
shard with PA.; 
1 shard with 
11 Container, unintelligible 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0 letters 
1 shard of 
11 Lighting, Lamp colorless lamp 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Chimney   1 0 glass 
1 fragment of 
plastic comb 
11 with tortoise 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Personal, Comb   1   shell design 
1 amber plastic 
11 Personal, jewel with 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Jewelry   1   teardrop shape 
1 metal button 
with 
11 Clothing, Manufacturing unidentifiable 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Button Technique Unknown 1   holes 
11
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 22 20 22 cut nails 
3 Uid metal 
hardwares; 2 
11 Hardware, Manufacturing hoops and one 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified Technique Unknown 3   hook 
 246 
 
1 unidentified 
11 Tool, Manufacturing metal tool, a 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 rod 
11 Unidentified, 4 pieces of UID 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Metal Machine Made 4 4 metal 
1 bone of 
medium to 
Fauna, large 
11 Mammal, unidentified 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified   1   mammal 
Fauna, 1 rib bone from 
11 Mammal, large UID 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       Unidentified FlatBone 1   mammal 
11 Communication 1 piece of slate 
LU 331 4   13 A-VI       , Slate Pencil    1   pencil  
11 Architectural, 5 pieces of 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Brick    5 4 orange brick 
1 porcelain 
button, 4-hole 
11 Clothing, with crimped 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Button, 4 Hole  Unidentified Porcelain 1   pie crust edge 
3 complete 
porcelain 
prosser 
11 Recreation, buttons, 1 half 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Gaming Piece   4   button 
1 cream 4-hole 
11 Recreation, porcelain 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Gaming Piece   1   prosser button 
11 Recreation, 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Gaming Piece   1   1 cream marble 
 247 
 
1 piece of 
11 Recreation, complete 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Gaming Piece   1   yellow marble 
1 piece of blue 
glazed 
whiteware with 
brown 
handpainted 
11 Tableware, swag with 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Flatware whiteware 1   molded rim  
base of 
hollowware 
vessel (possible 
cup?) with very 
hint of green 
11 Tableware, hand painted 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Hollowware whiteware 1   decoration) 
4 pieces of 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       vessel whiteware 4 0 body 
11 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
11 1 piece of clay 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipe stem 
complete intact 
pipe bowl, 
molded 
11 geometric 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 design 
very small 
11 porcelain toy 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       toy, tea set refined Porcelain 1 0 tea cup 
 248 
 
11 Utilitarian, red paste Earthenware 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0   
11 Architectural, 5 piece of aqua 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Window Pane    5 0 window glass 
1 piece of 
green bottle 
11 Container, Machine Molded glass with 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Bottle (Finish) 1   pontil base 
11 Container, 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Unidentified Pontil (Generic) (base) 1 0 container glass 
blue milk glass 
with gilding 
and evidence 
11 Container, of 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Unidentified   1 0 decalcomania 
11 Lighting, Lamp 1 piece of lamp 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Chimney frosted 1 0 glass 
11 1 complete 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Personal, Bead   1   bead 
1 piece of 
colorless 
11 tableware, container glass 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       tumbler   1 0 rim  
has stitch 
11 holes; very 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       clothing, shoe Cut 1 0 small 
24 pieces of 
11 Unidentified paper with 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Object   24   print 
 249 
 
11 11 pieces of cut 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 14 13 nails  
11 12 pieces of 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       hardware, nail Wire (nails) 3 2 wire nails  
11 Manufacturing 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 5 5   
1 piece of 
unidentified 
metal 
11 Hardware, Manufacturing hardware, 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   circular 
2 pieces of 
unidentified 
metal utility, 
11 hardware, Manufacturing bar and 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       unidentified Technique Unknown 2 0 halfcircle 
11 Tableware, Manufacturing 1 piece of a 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Spoon Technique Unknown 1 0 spoon 
19 pieces of 
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 5   13 A-IV       Metal Technique Unknown 19 19 metal 
11 Architectural, 
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Brick    5 4   
11 Architectural, 2 pieces of tar 
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Tar Paper   2 2 paper  
11 Clothing, 1 porcelain 
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1 0 prosser button 
 250 
 
11 Container, Manufacturing 1 piece of olive 
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass   
11
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 5 4 4 cut nails 
1 piece of dark 
purple sponge 
11 Tableware, painted 
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Flatware whiteware 1 0 whiteware 
11 1 cream pipe 
LU 331 6   13 A-VI       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 stem 
11 Architectural, 5 pieces of tar 
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Tar Paper   5 5 paper 
1 piece of 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Flatware whiteware 1   body 
1 piece of 
11 Container, colorless 
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 container glass 
11 Container, 1 piece of olive 
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
1 top part of a 
shotgun shell 
Ammunition, letters 
11 Shotgun Shell, "WINCHESTER 
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       12 Gauge Machine Made 1   REPEATER" 
11
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 1 cut nail 
11
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 1 0 1 wire nail 
 251 
 
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing 2 pieces of UID 
LU 331 7   13 A-VII       Metal Technique Unknown 2 2 metal 
2 piece of 
orange brick, 1 
11 Architectural, large piece, 1 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Brick    2 1 small piece 
3 pieces of 
brick, 1 very 
large piece of 
11 Architectural, brick and 2 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Brick    3 2 smaller pieces 
44 pieces of tar 
11 Architectural, paper, varying 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Tar Paper   44 44 sizes 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
11 Tableware, footing with 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Hollowware whiteware 1   rounded body 
3 pieces of 
11 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   6 Z       vessel whiteware 3 0 body  
11 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 8   6 Z       vessel whiteware 1   pearlware body 
embossed 
"...AR..." 
around a 
center 
11 Container, decoration; 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Bottle Unidentified Mold 1 0 bubbles in glass  
 252 
 
1 piece of jar 
11 rim with 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Container, Jar  Threaded Finish (finish) 1 0 threaded finish 
1 piece of 
melted glass 
11 with rim and 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Container, Jar  Threaded Finish (finish) 1 0 threaded finish 
Likely Welches' 
11 Container, Jar, jelly jar 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Jelly  Unidentified Mold 1 0 drinking class 
has a rim 
diameter of 
approx. 3.5", 
but rim is not 
perfectly 
round, unsure 
if melted or 
11 Container, molded that 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 way 
"9" embossed 
on side, 
embossed on 
11 Container, bottom but 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Unidentified cup bottom (base) 1 0 cant read 
1 piece of 
11 Container, knurled 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 container glass 
1 small piece of 
11 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 glass 
 253 
 
1 small piece of 
11 Container, solarized 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Unidentified   1 0 container glass 
11 Container, Manufacturing 13 pieces of 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 13 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
Household curved, molded 
11 Accessory, glass, most 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Figurine Unidentified Mold 1 0 likely a figurine 
based of beer 
tankard with 
11 Tableware, molded ridges 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Beer Mug Unidentified Mold 1 0 going around 
11 Container, 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Other  Molded 1 0 1 plastic cap 
1 piece of blue 
printed plastic 
11 Unidentified, with lined 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Plastic molded 1 1 design 
11 Manufacturing 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 10 10 10 UID nails 
11
LU 331 8   6 Z       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 50 45 50 wire nails 
11
LU 331 8   6 Z       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0   
 254 
 
1 piece of 
11 Hardware, Manufacturing metal coil, 
LU 331 8   6 Z       unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 possibly spring 
2 pieces of 
metal wire, 1 
piece twisted 
11 (almost looks 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Hardware, Wire Extruded (wire) 4 0 like a doll) 
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing 66 piece UID 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Metal Technique Unknown 66 66 metal 
1 very large 
piece of UID 
metal 
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing hardware, 
LU 331 8   6 Z       Sheet Metal Technique Unknown 1   sheet 
1 piece of thick 
colorless 
container glass 
rim, burned, 
11 Tableware, maybe beer 
LU 331 9   6 Z       tankard Unidentified Mold 1 0 mug base 
metal 
11 Container, Can, container 
LU 331 9   6 Z       Unidentified  Machine Made 3 0 (can?) 
11 Manufacturing 
LU 331 9   6 Z       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 1 1 1 UID nail 
 255 
 
2 wire nail, 1 
11 full nail, 1 part 
LU 331 9   6 Z       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 3 2 of a nail 
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing 15 pieces of 
LU 331 9   6 Z       Metal Technique Unknown 15 15 UID metal 
4 pieces of UID 
metal 
11 Unidentified, Manufacturing hardware, 
LU 331 9   6 Z       Sheet Metal Technique Unknown 4 0 sheet 
12 Architectural, 3 pieces of 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Brick    3 2 orange brick  
1 piece of 
annular banded 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Hollowware Whiteware 1   body 
3 pieces of 
12 Tableware, molded 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Hollowware whiteware 3   whiteware rim 
1 piece of 
12 Tableware, burned 
LU 331 0   9 Z       vessel Burned 1 0 whiteware 
1 piece of 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 0   9 Z       vessel whiteware 1   footring 
12 Tableware, 6 pieces of 
LU 331 0   9 Z       vessel whiteware 6 0 whiteware    
very thin 
terracotta 
pieces with 
12 Unidentified, small nail 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Ceramic Terra Cotta 7 0 holes; 
 256 
 
unknown 
purpose 
1 piece of 
12 Utilitarian, brown 
LU 331 0   9 Z       hollowware Buff Paste Stoneware  1 0 stoneware rim 
3 pieces of 
12 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Window Pane    4 0 glass  
1 machine 
made bottle lip 
12 Container, with threaded 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Bottle Threaded Finish (finish) 1 0 finish 
1 piece of 
12 Container, colorless glass 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Bottle Crown Finish (finish) 1 0 bottle lip    
1 piece of 
complete glass 
bottle, molded, 
cup bottom 
base, ejection 
scar, with 
metal lid. 
Bottom molded 
reads 
12 Machine Molded "DES.PAT. 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Container, Jar  (Finish) 1 0 86565" 
1 piece of 
12 Container, Jar, colorless glass 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Lid  Unidentified Mold 1 0 lid    
 257 
 
1 piece of 
amber 
12 Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1   body 
1 small piece of 
12 Container, milk glass 
LU 331 0   9 Z       unidentified   1 0 container 
12 Container, Manufacturing 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
4 pieces of 
12 Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 5 0 cointainer glass 
12 Container, embossed 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 "?IN?" 
12 Container, 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Unidentified Cup bottom (base) 1 0   
4 small pieces 
12 Lighting, Lamp of colorless 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Chimney   4 0 lamp glass 
12 Unidentified, 1 piece of 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Glass Melted 1 0 melted glass 
black plastic 
with red 
12 Unidentified inclusions with 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Object Molded 1   a rounded edge 
 258 
 
and a broken 
edge 
Container, 
12 Bottle, Crown 3 metal crown 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Cap  Machine Made 3 0 caps 
12 Container, Can, 4 pieces of a 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Unidentified  Machine Made 4 0 metal can rim 
12
LU 331 0   9 Z       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 11 10 13 wire nails 
12
LU 331 0   9 Z       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 9 8 4 cut nails 
12
LU 331 0   9 Z       Hardware, Nut Machine Made 1 0 1 metal nut 
51 pieces of 
12 Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Metal Technique Unknown 51 51 metal 
Electrical, 
12 Battery, Dry battery carbon 
LU 331 0   9 Z       Cell    1 0 cell 
2 pieces of 
12 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Window Pane    2 0 glass 
embossed "L-
12 Machine Molded 1044" and "18" 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Container, Jar  (Finish) 5   on base 
12 Container, 
LU 331 1   9 Z       unidentified   1 0   
Canning jar lid, 
12 Container, Jar, zinc type not 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Lid  Machine Made 3 0 ring type 
 259 
 
12 Manufacturing 1 piece of a 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Hardware, Bolt Technique Unknown 1 0 metal bolt 
3 pieces of 
12 Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 3 3 nails 
1 piece of 
unidentified 
12 Hardware, metal (railroad 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Spike, Railroad Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 spike?) 
12 Hardware, Manufacturing some kind of 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 metal bar 
3 pieces of 
12 Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 1   9 Z       Metal Technique Unknown 3 3 metal 
12 Architectural, 1 piece of 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Brick    1 1 orange brick   
12 Architectural, about 5 half-
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Brick    9 9 bricks 
2 pieces of 
12 Architectural, mortar, 1 large, 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Mortar    2 2 1 small 
A huge amount 
12 Architectural, of tar paper, 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Tar Paper   140 140 varying sizes 
 260 
 
2 pieces of 
annular banded 
whiteware with 
12 Tableware, glaze 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Flatware whiteware 2   deteriortaion 
1 piece of hand 
painted 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       saucer Whiteware 1   body sherd 
12 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 whiteware 
1 small piece of 
whiteware rim, 
blue 
handpainted 
12 Tableware, geometric 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       vessel whiteware 1   design 
1 piece of 
molded pipe 
12 stem, molded 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 at one end 
12 1 piece of pipe 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 stem 
12 1 tiny piece of 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipe bowl 
2 pieces of 
12 molded pipe 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 bowl 
12 molded pipe 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 bowl with spur 
2 pieces of 
12 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Window Pane    4   glass 
 261 
 
1 amber bottle 
profile, 
machine 
molded, 
ejection scar, 
base is molded 
"2099" "0" in a 
circle "70" in a 
smaller circle 
"B" "6"; 
manufactured 
12 Container, Machine Molded 1935- ca. 1980, 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Bottle (Finish) 1   possibly 1970 
16 pieces of 
12 Container, milk glass 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified   25 0 container body 
2 pieces of 
12 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2 0 glass 
2 small pieces 
12 Container, Manufacturing of container 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2   glass 
container base 
with ?E? 
12 Container, embossed on 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified Cup bottom (base) 2   bottom 
 262 
 
embossed 
"CLOROX", cap 
is present, 
most of bottle 
is present, 
12 Container, body is covered 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 81   in stippling 
embossed 
"QUART 4/5" 
around base, 
most of bottle 
present, 
ejection scar 
12 Container, and marks on 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified cup bottom (base) 42   bottom of base 
embossed 
pieces, mend 
12 Container, "?R 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2   B?/?THIS?" 
12 Lighting, Lamp 2 pieces of 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Chimney   2 0 lamp glass 
2 strips of 
12 Unidentified, colorless, thin 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Plastic   2 2 plastic 
2 pieces of 
styrofoam, 1 
12 Unidentified, large piece, 1 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Synthetic   2 2 small piece 
3 pieces of 
12 Unidentified, styrofoam, 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Synthetic   3 3 varying sizes 
 263 
 
12 Manufacturing 4 pieces of UID 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Hardware, nail Technique Unknown 1 1 metal 
12
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 8 7 5 cut nails 
12
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 26 23 26 wire nails 
piece of flat 
metal with 4 
nail/screw 
12 Hardware, Manufacturing holes one in 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   each corner 
2 pieces of UID 
metal personal 
item, one piece 
has rounded 
edge with 
scratch marks 
around that 
12 Personal, lip end (lipstick 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       stick tube   2   tube?) 
12 Unidentified, Manufacturing 1 small piece of 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Metal Technique Unknown 1 1 Uid metal 
Fauna, 
12 Mammal, 
LU 331 2   12 A-I       Unidentified   3   3 animal bones 
12 Architectural, Many pieces of 
LU 331 3   12 A-IV       Tar Paper   125 125 black tarpaper 
 264 
 
1 piece of 
12 Container, amber 
LU 331 3   12 A-IV       unidentified   1 0 container glass  
6 pieces of wire 
nails, some 
with wood 
12 remaining 
LU 331 3   12 A-IV       Hardware, Nail wire (nails) 6 5 attached 
rim of thick 
glass with 
molded ridges 
v similar to 
12 Tableware, those seen on 
LU 331 3   12 A-IV       Beer Mug Unidentified Mold 1 0 beer tankards 
12 Architectural, 
LU 331 4   12 A-IV       Tar paper   2 2   
12
LU 331 4   12 A-IV       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 3 1   
12 Unidentified, Manufacturing 
LU 331 4   12 A-IV       Metal Technique Unknown 2 2   
12 Architectural, 3 pieces of tar 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Tar paper   3 3 paper 
piece of 
12 Tableware, hollowware 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       hollowware Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 porcelain 
1 piece of 
amber glass 
12 Container, Manufacturing with decorative 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1   mold 
5 pieces of 
12 Container, amber 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 5   container glass 
 265 
 
1 piece of 
12 Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
flat piece of 
milk glass, no 
12 Container, Manufacturing manufacture 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 marks 
12
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 1 cut nail 
12
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 1 0 1 wire nail 
3 pieces of 
mottled 
12 Textile, unidentified 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Unidentified   3 0 textile 
1 unidentified, 
12 Fauna, butchered 
LU 331 5   12 A-V       Unidentified LongBone 1   bone 
12 Architectural, 4 pieces of red 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       Brick    4 3 brick 
12 Architectural, 1 piece of tar 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       Tar Paper   1 1 paper  
2 pieces of 
annular banded 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       vessel whiteware 2   body 
lead glazed on 
12 Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware interior on red 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       hollowware (Not for use with brick)  1 0 ware  
 266 
 
4 pieces of 
12 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       Window Pane    4 0 glass 
1 piece of 
amber 
container glass 
12 Container, with decorative 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       Unidentified UID mold 1   mold 
12 Container, Manufacturing 2 colorless 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       Unidentified Technique Unknown 2 0 container glass 
12 Container, Manufacturing 3 pieces of milk 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       unidentified Technique Unknown 3 0 glass body 
4 pieces of 
12 Container, Manufacturing amber 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       unidentified Technique Unknown 4   container glass 
4 pieces of 
12 Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       hardware, nail Technique Unknown 3 3 nails 
3 pieces of 
12 Architectural, wood flooring 
LU 331 6   12 A-V       Plank    3 0 planks 
11 pieces of 
12 Architectural, brick, varying 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Brick    11 11 sizes 
16 pieces of 
12 Architectural, orange brick, 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Brick    16 16 varying sizes 
 267 
 
12 Architectural, 9 pieces of tar 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Tar Paper   9 9 paper 
1 piece of 
12 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 piece of shell 
12 Tableware, edged 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
porcelain cup 
with molded 
decoration and 
decalcomania 
12 Tableware, of roses and 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       teacup Refined Porcelain 1 0 leaves 
25 pieces of 
12 Tableware, whiteware, 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       vessel whiteware 27 0 varying sizes 
12 Tableware, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       vessel whiteware 2   whiteware rim 
12 1 molded pipe 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 bowl with spur 
12 Utilitarian, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Flower Pot Terra Cotta 2 0 terracotta rims 
1 piece of 
12 Utilitarian, orange 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Vessel Terra Cotta 1 0 terracotta 
1 piece of lead 
12 Utilitarian, red Paste Earthenware glazed 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0 earthenware 
 268 
 
1 piece of 
12 Utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian yellowware 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Vessel (Buff paste)  1 0 body 
3 small pieces 
12 Architectural, of aqua 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Window Pane    4 4 window glass 
4 pieces of 
12 Architectural, colorless 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Window Pane    4 4 window glass 
1 piece of thick 
container glass, 
aqua with 
embossed 
12 Container, base, letters 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Bottle Post Bottom (base) 1 0 "ECIST" 
12 Container, 1 piece of milk 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified molded 1 0 glass container 
1 piece of 
12 Container, solarized glass 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       unidentified   1 0 handle 
12 Container, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified   1 0 solarized glass 
1 tiny piece of 
12 Container, blue container 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   glass 
10 pieces of 
12 Container, Manufacturing container glass, 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 10 0 varying sizes 
 269 
 
12 pieces of 
aqua container 
12 Container, Manufacturing glass, varying 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 12 0 sizes 
1 piece of 
container glass 
rim, possibly 
12 Container, part of a glass 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 lid  
2 small pieces 
12 Container, of olive 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2 0 container glass 
12 Lighting, Lamp 4 tiny pieces of 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Chimney   4 0 lamp glass 
1 piece of 
12 Tableware, colorless 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       tumbler pressed glass 1 0 tumblr rim  
7 pieces of UID 
12 Unidentified, white plastic, 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Plastic   7 7 varying sizes 
12 2 cut nails, one 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1 large 
12 5 wire nails, 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 5 4 varying sizes 
6 pieces UID 
12 Unidentified, Manufacturing metal, varying 
LU 331 7   7 B-I       Metal Technique Unknown 6 6 sizes 
12 Architectural, 16 pieces of 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Brick    16 15 orange brick 
12 Architectural, 33 pieces of 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Tar Paper   33 33 black tarpaper 
 270 
 
1 piece of teal 
annular banded 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   body 
1 piece of 
12 Tableware, transfer printed 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
3 pieces of blue 
annular banded 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Flatware whiteware 3   body 
5 pieces of 
green annular 
12 Tableware, banded 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Flatware whiteware 5   whiteware rim  
31 pieces of 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 31 0 body 
1 piece of 
brown painted 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   body 
1 piece of gray 
annular banded 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   body 
1 piece of 
green and 
brown painted 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   body 
12 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 porcelain 
 271 
 
1 piece of 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   footring 
3 pieces of 
cranberry 
12 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 3   whiteware rim 
2 pieces of 
cranberry 
12 Tableware, sponge painted 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 2   whiteware rim  
3 pieces of 
sponge painted 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 3   body 
12 Tableware, 3 pieces of 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 3   whiteware rim 
5 pieces of 
hard painted 
whiteware 
body, one with 
green with 
12 Tableware, black leaf 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 5   stems 
sponged 
12 Tableware, stamped blue 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
12 7 pieces of pipe 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   7 0 stem 
1 piece of 
12 Utilitarian, glazed 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       hollowware buff paste Stoneware  1 0 stoneware 
 272 
 
1 piece of 
redware body, 
12 Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware glaze on one 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       hollowware (Not for use with brick)  1 0 side 
2 pieces of 
redware rim, 
12 Utilitarian, Red Paste Earthenware dark lead glaze 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Jar/Crock (Not for use with brick)  2 0 on one sides 
12 Utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian 6 pieces of 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Vessel (Buff paste)  6 0 yellowware 
6 pieces of 
12 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Window Pane    6 0 glass  
1 piece of aqua 
12 Container, Patent/Extract Finish patent finish 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Bottle (finish) 1 0 bottle 
two pieces of 
embossed, one 
"?Y" the other 
"P[T?]?" both 
inside a circle; 
base to this 
container also 
in bag but UID 
12 Container, manufacture 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Bottle Unidentified Mold 3 0 technique 
1 piece of 
12 Container, amber 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified   1   container glass 
 273 
 
1 piece of 
12 Container, Manufacturing solarized 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
12 Container, 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 container rim 
10 pieces of 
12 Container, colorless 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified   9 0 container glass 
3 small pieces 
12 Container, of aqua 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0 container glass 
2 pieces of 
12 Container, Manufacturing thick aqua 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0 container glass 
12 Container, Manufacturing 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0   
12 Lighting, Lamp 1 piece of lamp 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Chimney   1 0 glass 
2 pieces of 
12 Unidentified, unidentified 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Plastic   2 0 plastic 
12 3 pieces of cut 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 5 4 nails 
12 6 pieces of wire 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 4 3 nails  
 274 
 
12 Hardware, 1 complete 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Washer Machine Made 1 0 metal washer 
1 piece of 
12 Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 1 1 metal 
12 Communication 1 piece of slate 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       , Slate Pencil    1   pencil  
1 piece of 
12 Clothing, unidentified 
LU 331 8   7 B-II       Unidentified    1 0 cloth 
1 piece of 
green annular 
12 Tableware, banded 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
2 pieces of 
painted 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       Flatware whiteware 2   body 
6 pieces 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       Flatware whiteware 6 0 body 
1 piece of 
burned annular 
banded 
12 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       Hollowware whiteware 1 0 body 
blue sponge 
stamped with 
12 Tableware, cranberry 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       vessel whiteware 3   annular band 
 275 
 
1 piece of aqua 
12 Container, patent/Extract Finish container glass 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       Unidentified (finish) 1 0 rim 
12 Unidentified, 1 piece of 
LU 331 9   7 B-I       Glass   1 0 melted glass 
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Brick    2 2   
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Brick    5 5   
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Tar paper   21 21   
1 piece 
annular/bande
13 Tableware, d painted 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware 
13 Tableware, 17 pieces of 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Flatware whiteware 17   whiteware 
3 pieces 
annular banded 
13 Tableware, whiteward 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Flatware whiteware 3   body 
1 piece of 
whiteware with 
blue crossed 
lines design 
with circles 
13 Tableware, where lines 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Flatware whiteware 1   intersect 
13 Tableware, 6 pieces of 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Flatware whiteware 7   whiteware rim 
 276 
 
1 piece of 
porcelain doll 
figurine, 
outside is pink 
13 Parian (doll parts, busts painted and 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Toy, Doll etc, unglazed) 1 0 inside is white 
burned foot 
pedestal that 
held up some 
kind of 
13 Tableware, hollowware -- 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       hollowware Unidentified Porcelain 1 0 large footring 
white 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       vessel whiteware 1 0 footring 
13 Tableware, green and pink 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       vessel whiteware 1   hand painted 
small portion of 
markers mark 
visible, can't 
13 Tableware, figure out what 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       vessel whiteware 1   brand 
2 pieces of 
molded pipe 
13 stems with 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       tobacco, Pipe   2 0 spurs 
3 pieces of 
13 cream pipe 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       tobacco, Pipe   3 0 stems 
black glaze on 
interior and 
13 Utilitarian, white on 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       hollowware Albany Type Slip Glazed 1 0 exterior 
 277 
 
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Window Pane    5 5   
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Window Pane    5 5   
1 piece of 
tooled finish 
13 Container, reinforced glass bottle 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Bottle extract/patent (finish) 1 0 neck 
11 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 11 0 glass 
2 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing yellow 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
13 Container, Manufacturing amber 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container rim 
1 piece of 
13 Container, Manufacturing amber 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
 278 
 
1 piece of light 
green 
container glass 
13 Container, Manufacturing finish with 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 possible thread 
body just 
above base; 
sign of mold 
13 Container, but cannot ID 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 which type 
2 pieces of dark 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0 glass 
13 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing colorless 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 13 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
13 Container, solarized 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Unidentified   1 0 container glass 
13 lighting, Lamp 3 pieces of 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Chimney   3 0 lamp glass 
3 pieces of 
colorless glass 
tumblr rim, one 
is pretty thick 
with molded 
13 Tableware, ridge 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       tumbler pressed glass 3 0 decoration 
 279 
 
13
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 4 3   
looks like a 
13 hardware, ratchet wrench 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       unidentified Machine Made 1 0 piece 
broken square 
with slits cut 
13 hardware, out, unknown 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       unidentified Machine Made 1 0 function 
black object 
with cross 
hatching on 
one side and 
13 Unidentified indentation on 
LU 331 0   8 B-I       Object   1 0 other 
2 pieces of 
13 Architectural, brick, 1 big, 1 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Brick    2 1 mall 
8 pieces of 
13 Architectural, orange brick, 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Brick    8 7 varying sizes 
21 pieces of tar 
13 Architectural, paper, varying 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Tar Paper   21 21 sizes 
13 Clothing, 1 porcelain 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 11   button 
2 pieces of blue 
13 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 2   whiteware rim 
2 pieces of 
13 Tableware, burned 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 2   whiteware 
 280 
 
3 pieces of 
whiteware shell 
13 Tableware, edge decorated 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 3   rim 
13 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Hollowware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
2 pieces of blue 
13 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Hollowware whiteware 2   whiteware 
1 piece of hand 
painted 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   footring  
1 small piece of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   footring 
10 pieces of 
13 Tableware, whiteware, 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       vessel whiteware 10   varying size 
2 pieces of 
13 molded pipe 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 bowl 
13 Utilitarian, 1 piece of 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Vessel Terra Cotta 1 0 terracotta 
5 pieces aqua 
13 Architectural, window glass, 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Window Pane    5 0 varying sizes 
13 Container, Manufacturing 3 piece of 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0 container glass 
 281 
 
3 pieces of 
13 Container, aqua molded 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 3 0 container glass 
7 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 7 0 glass 
1 piece of lamp 
glass edge with 
13 Lighting, Lamp crimped/ pie 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Chimney   1 0 crust edge 
13 Unidentified, 1 piece of 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Glass melted 1 0 melted glas  
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 3 3 3 UID nails 
13
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 4 3 4 cut nails 
13 Unidentified, 1 piece of UID 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Lead   1 0 lead 
13 Unidentified, Manufacturing 4 pieces UID 
LU 331 1   8 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 5 5 metal 
13 Architectural, 11 pieces of 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Brick    10 9 red brick 
13 Architectural, 9 pieces of 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Tar Paper   9 9 tarpaper 
2 white 
13 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 2   buttons 
 282 
 
1 large piece of 
whiteware 
base of cup 
13 with entire 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Tableware, Cup whiteware 1   footring 
1 piece of blue 
13 Tableware, glazed 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of grey 
13 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 piece of 
13 Tableware, transfer printed 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1 0 rim 
2 thick pieces 
13 Tableware, of shell edged 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 2 0 whiteware rim 
1 thick piece of 
transfer print 
whiteware, 
transfer print 
has a grid of 
circles with 
smaller circles, 
and hints of 
other darker 
blue 
decorations, 
13 Tableware, dark blue line 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   at the top 
4 pieces of blue 
painted shell 
13 Tableware, edged 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 4 0 whiteware 
 283 
 
6 pieces of blue 
13 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Flatware whiteware 6   whiteware 
sponge 
stamped pink 
13 Tableware, flower with 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Hollowware whiteware 2   green leaves 
1 piece of 
whiteware rim 
with hint of 
13 Tableware, blue circular 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Hollowware   1 0 underglaze 
edge 
decorated, but 
not enough of 
13 Tableware, finish to tell if 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       saucer whiteware 1 0 shell edged 
37 pieces of 
13 Tableware, whiteware, 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       vessel whiteware 37 0 varying sizes 
4 pieces of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       vessel whiteware 4   footring 
6 pieces of 
whiteware rim, 
13 Tableware, varying sizes 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       vessel whiteware 6   and thickness 
1 piece of 
13 molded pipe 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 bowl with spur 
 284 
 
2 pieces of 
molded pipe 
bowl, one is full 
bowl, other 
13 piece is only a 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 part of a bowl 
13 2 pieces of tan 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 pipe stem 
13 3 pieces of pipe 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   3 0 stems 
lead glazed 
earthenware, 
13 Utilitarian, not redware, 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Vessel Lead Glazed  1 0 but buff paste 
1 piece of 
rockingham 
13 Utilitarian, Bennington/Rockingha earthenware 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Vessel m (Buff paste)   1 0 body 
13 pieces of 
13 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Window Pane    13 0 glass 
1 piece of 
13 Container, amber 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glas 
aqua container 
glass, 
13 Container, unidentified 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 6 0 molding 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua colored 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 5 0 glass container 
 285 
 
5 pieces of 
13 Container, colorless 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 5 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
13 Unidentified, colorless 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Glass melted 1 0 melted glass 
13
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 4 3 3 cut nails 
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 7 7 7 UID nails 
13 Unidentified, Manufacturing 3 pieces of UID 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 3 3 metal 
1 oval shaped 
13 Unidentified, rock? With cut 
LU 331 2   8 B-II       Stone   1   marks 
13 Architectural, 3 large pieces 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Brick    3 3 of brick 
13 Architectural, 5 pieces of 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Brick    5 5 orange brick 
6 pieces of 
13 Architectural, mortar, varying 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Mortar    6 6 sizes 
41 pieces of 
13 Architectural, tarpaper 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Tar Paper   41 41 varying sizes 
 286 
 
2 pieces of 
knob and tube 
13 Electrical, Industrial Porcelain (not industrial 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Insulator always translucent) 2 0 porcelain 
1 piece of UID 
13 Personal, personal item, 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Unidentified   1   molded curves  
2 pieces of 
whiteware rim 
13 sherds, 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Tableware, Cup whiteware 2   holloware 
5  pieces of 
13 Tableware, whiteware, 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       vessel Whiteware 5 0 varying sizes 
13 Tableware, large footring 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       vessel whiteware 1   like  pedestal 
13 1 small piece of 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipe stem 
13 1 large, glazed 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Toy, Marble   1   marble 
13 Architectural, 4 pieces of 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Window Pane    4 4 window glass 
17 pieces of 
13 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Window Pane    17 17 glass 
13 Container, Manufacturing 1 tiny piece of 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 container glass 
 287 
 
2 small pieces 
13 Container, Manufacturing of container 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0 glass 
13 Lighting, Lamp 1 piece of lamp 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Chimney   1 0 glass 
13 Ammunition, 1 percussion 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Percussion Cap  Machine Made 1   cap 
13
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 12 11 12 cut nails 
13
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 17 15 17 wire nails 
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 3 3 3 UID nails 
1 piece of UID 
metal 
hardware with 
13 Hardware, Manufacturing hole and 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 square edge 
13 Unidentified, Manufacturing 1 piece of UID 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Metal Technique Unknown 1 1 metal 
1 piece of 
13 Architectural, planed wood 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       Plank    1   edge 
13 Communication 1 piece of a 
LU 331 3   2 B-I       , Slate Pencil    1   slate pencil 
 288 
 
2 pieces of 
orange brick, 1 
13 Architectural, large piece, 1 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Brick    6 5 small piece 
6 pieces of 
13 Architectural, brick, varying 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Brick    6 6 sizes  
6 pieces of 
13 Architectural, mortar, varying 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Mortar    6 5 sizes 
19 pieces of 
13 Architectural, tarpaper, 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Tar Paper   22 22 varying sizes 
13 Clothing, 1 porcelain 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
1 piece of 
molded 
13 Electrical, Industrial Porcelain (not industrial 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Insulator always translucent) 1 0 porcelain 
1 piece of 
ceramic 
Household figurine with 
13 Accessory, one rounded 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Figurine Whiteware 1   edge 
13 Tableware, 12 pieces of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       vessel whiteware 12 0 whiteware 
2 pieces of blue 
glazed 
whiteware, 1 
13 Tableware, small piece, 1 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       vessel Whiteware 2   large piece 
 289 
 
cranberry and 
13 Tableware, purple sponge 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       vessel whiteware 1   stamped 
1 piece of 
molded pipe 
13 bowl with 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 spatter of grey  
1 piece of 
13 molded pipe 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 stem 
13 1 small piece of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 pipe stem 
13 Utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian 1 small piece of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Vessel (Buff paste)  1 0 yellowware  
13 Architectural, 2 tiny pieces of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Window Pane    2 0 window glass 
46 pieces of 
aqua window 
13 Architectural, glass, varying 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Window Pane    46 0 sizes 
1 piece of 
container glass 
base with 
letters 
embossed 
"T&P" and 
slightly less 
embossed 
"T&P" directly 
13 Container, behind the first 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Bottle Unidentified Mold 1 0 embossing 
 290 
 
1 thick piece of 
13 Container, solarized 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Unidentified   1 0 container glass 
2 pieces of 
brown 
container glass, 
13 Container, 1 large 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 2   rounded piece 
3 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 3 0 glass 
6 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing container glass, 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 6 0 varying sizes 
13 Lighting, Lamp 1 small piece of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Chimney   1 0 lamp glass 
13 Unidentified, 1 piece melted 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Glass melted 1 0 amber glass 
13 Container, Many pieces of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Other    150 0 a paper label 
1 piece of UID 
plastic with 
13 Unidentified, molded 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Plastic Molded 1 0 decoration 
1 shot gun shell 
Ammunition, with letters 
13 Shotgun Shell, "WESTERN" 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       12 Gauge Machine made 1   "FELD" "N1" 
 291 
 
12" "MADE IN 
USA" 
13 11 cut nails, 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 11 10 varying sizes 
13 13 wire nails, 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 13 12 varying sizes 
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 4 4 4 UID nails 
1 piece of 
hardware, 
possible a 
screw, looks 
like a cap with 
threaded finish 
13 Hardware, inside and hole 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Other Machine Made 1   in middle  
13 1 small piece of 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       Hardware, Wire Machine Made 1   metal wire 
2 pieces of 
slate pencil, 
13 Communication both pieces fit 
LU 331 4   2 B-I       , Slate Pencil    2   together 
13 Architectural, 1 piece of 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Brick    1 0 orange brick   
13 Architectural, 1 red brick, 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Brick    3 2 complete 
13 Architectural, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Mortar    2 1 mortar 
 292 
 
13 Architectural, 25 pieces of tar 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Tar Paper   25 25 paper 
1 black 
13 Clothing, porcelain 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button 
1 half of a 
13 Clothing, white porcelain 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Button, 4 Hole  Refined Porcelain 1   button  
small piece of 
stoneware 
bottle neck 
with brown 
glaze on 
Container, exterior and 
13 Bottle, Ginger white galze on 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Beer  Gray Paste Stoneware  1 0 interior 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
body with blue 
13 Tableware, transfer print 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   design 
1 piece of light 
blue annular 
banded 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   body 
13 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
6 pieces of 
chipped 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 7   body 
13
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Toy, Marble   1   1 glazed marble 
 293 
 
1 piece of 
13 Utilitarian, Y ellowware, Utilitarian yellowware 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Vessel (Buff paste)  1 0 body 
3 pieces of 
13 Architectural, colorless 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Window Pane    3 0 window glass 
30 pieces of 
13 Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Window Pane    30 0 glass 
2 pieces 
13 Container, Jar, colorless jelly 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Jelly  pressed glass 6 0 glass  
1 piece of 
13 Container, Jar, molded 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Lid Liner  molded 1 0 milkglass 
4 pieces of pink 
13 Container, solarized 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Other    4 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
container glass 
13 Container, with mold 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 seam and rim 
13 Container, 1 piece of 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Unidentified melted 1 0 melted glass 
1 piece of 
13 Container, yellow 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
16 pieces of 
colorless 
13 Container, Manufacturing container glass 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 16 0 body  
 294 
 
8 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 8 0 glass 
2 pieces of 
13 Lighting, Lamp colorless lamp 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Chimney   2 0 glass 
13 Tableware, 1 piece of glass 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       beer mug Unidentified Mold 1 0 bottle base 
base of 
colorless 
tumbler, crystal 
13 Tableware, tumbler design 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       tumbler pressed glass 2   but not crystal 
13 1 peach collar 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Clothing, Other   1   stay 
13 1 yellow collar 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Clothing, Other   1   stay 
13 Clothing, 4 pieces of 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Unidentified    4 0 leather  
13
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 2 1 2 cut nails  
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 4 4 4 UID nails 
13
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 4 3 4 wire nails 
13 Hardware, 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Washer Machine Made 1 0 metal washer 
 295 
 
13 Unidentified, Manufacturing 2 pieces of UID 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 2 2 metal 
13 Clothing, 
LU 331 5   2 B-II       Button, 2 Hole    1   1 shell button  
1 piece of 
13 Architectural, reddish orange 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Brick    1 0 brick 
13 Architectural, 2 pieces of tar 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Tar Paper   2 2 paper  
1 piece of a 
13 Electrical, cermaic 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Insulator whiteware 1 0 insulator 
1 piece of 
13 Tableware, burned 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware   1 0 whiteware 
1 piece of 
13 Tableware, chipped 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 piece of 
green annular 
13 Tableware, banded 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware 
13 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
1 piece of 
whiteware with 
a polychrome 
13 Tableware, glaze 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   decoration 
 296 
 
2 pieces of blue 
13 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 2   whiteware 
2 pieces of 
13 Tableware, green annular 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 2   whiteware 
13 Tableware, 5 whiteware 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 5   footrings 
13 Tableware, 20 pieces of 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 20 0 whiteware 
1 piece of blue 
13 Tableware, sponge painted 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of blue 
13 Tableware, sponge painted 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
cranberry 
13 Tableware, sponged 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel Whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
green 
13 Tableware, spongepainted 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of red 
and green 
annular banded 
13 Tableware, whiteware with 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   blue sponging 
1 piece of 
whiteware 
13 Tableware, decorated with 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   flow blue 
 297 
 
2 pieces of blue 
and purple 
13 Tableware, sponge painted 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 2   whiteware 
1 piece of hand 
13 Tableware, painted 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
13 2 black pipe 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 stems 
2 pieces of 
molded 
13 pipestems with 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   2 0 spurs 
13 3 pieces of a 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   3   pipe bowl 
13 7 white pipe 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   7 0 stems 
13 Utilitarian, red paste Earthenware 1 piece of lead 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Vessel (Not for use with brick)  1 0 glazed redware 
3 piece of 
13 Architectural, aquamarine 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Window Pane    3 0 window glass 
1 piece of aqua 
container glass, 
13 Container, embossed with 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 the letter S 
 298 
 
1 piece of 
colorless 
container glass 
13 Container, Manufacturing with mold 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1 0 seam 
1 piece of 
13 Container, container glass 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified Cup Bottom (base) 1 0 base 
1 small piece of 
13 Container, frosted 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified   1 0 container glass 
1 piece of 
13 Container, Manufacturing melted amber 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 1   glass 
5 pieces of 
13 Container, colorless 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified   5 0 container glass 
1 piece of aqua 
13 Container, cup bottom 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified cup Bottom (base) 1 0 container base 
6 pieces of 
13 Container, Manufacturing aqua container 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 6 0 glass 
Household 
Accessory, 
13 Decorative 1 piece of 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Bowl Carnival 1   carnival glass 
 299 
 
13 Lighting, Lamp 1 piece of lamp 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Chimney   1 0 glass base 
13 Lighting, Lamp 10 pieces of 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Chimney   10 0 lamp glass  
1 piece of 
13 Unidentified, unidentified 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Plastic molded 1 0 plastic 
13
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 1 0 1 cut nail 
13
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Wire (nails) 1 0 1 wire nail 
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 2 2 2 cut nails 
13
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Hardware, Tack Wire (nails) 1 0 1 tack 
1 unidentified 
13 metal personal 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Personal, Other Machine Made 1   item 
13 Unidentified, 2 unidentified 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Lead   2 0 pieces of lead 
12 pieces of 
13 Unidentified, Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Metal Technique Unknown 12 12 metal 
1 piece of 
13 Fauna, unidentified 
LU 331 6   2 B-II       Unidentified   1   bone 
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Brick    3 2 3 red brick 
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Brick    1 0   
 300 
 
1 small piece of 
13 Tableware, shell edge 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware 
3 pieces of blue 
and green 
annular banded 
whiteware rim, 
13 Tableware, two pieces fit 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 3   together 
5 pieces of 
13 Tableware, annular banded 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Flatware whiteware 5   whiteware 
2 pieces of 
whiteware 
footring with 
13 Tableware, blue sponge 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       hollowware whiteware 2   paint 
small green 
handpainted 
leaves with 
13 Tableware, grey painted 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       hollowware whiteware 1   stem 
1 piece of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       hollowware whiteware 1   hollowware rim 
rim of 8.5" 
casserole dish 
13 with flange for 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Tableware, lid whiteware 1   pick up 
13 Tableware, golged 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
13 Tableware, 1 small piece of 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   blue sponge 
 301 
 
painted 
whiteware 
1 piece of 
cranberry and 
blue sponge 
13 Tableware, painted 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
cranberry 
sponge 
13 Tableware, decorated 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
4 pieces of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 4   footring 
16 pieces of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 16   body 
1 piece of 
brown pipe 
stem with 
13 brown 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 spattering 
1 piece of 
13 molded pipe 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 bowl 
13 6 pieces of pipe 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Tobacco, Pipe   6 0 stem 
13 Container, 1 half of a thin 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1 0 glass rim 
1 piece of 
13 Container, green 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
 302 
 
1 small piece of 
13 Container, amber 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Unidentified Unidentified Mold 1   container glass 
2 small pieces 
13 Container, Manufacturing of aqua 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 2 0 container glass 
13 Container, Manufacturing 4 pieces of 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Unidentified Technique Unidentified 4 0 container glass 
13 Lighting, Lamp 3 pieces of 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Chimney   3 0 lamp glass 
13
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Machine Cut (nails) 4 3 2 cut nails 
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 4 4 3 UID nails 
13 Hardware, Manufacturing 
LU 331 7   2 B-II       Spike Technique Unknown 1 0 1 metal spike 
13 Architectural, 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       Brick    2 1 2 large bricks 
annular 
banding with 
13 Tableware, handpainting 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       hollowware whiteware 1 0 on other side 
 303 
 
13 Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
13 Tableware, 2 pieces of 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       vessel whiteware 3 0 whiteware 
13 1 piece of pipe 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 stem 
13 Manufacturing 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 1 1 1 cut nail 
13 Unidentified, Manufacturing 1 piece of UID 
LU 331 8   2 B-III       Metal Technique Unknown 2 2 metal 
1 piece of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 9   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1 0 body 
1 piece of 
13 Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 9   2 B-II       vessel whiteware 1   footring 
13 Architectural, 1 piece of aqua 
LU 331 9   2 B-II       Window Pane    1 0 window glass  
1 piece of 
13 Manufacturing unidentified 
LU 331 9   2 B-II       Hardware, Nail Technique Unknown 1 1 nail 
2 pieces of 
aqua window 
14 Architectural, glass, varying 
LU 331 0   2 B-II       Window Pane    2 0 sizes 
14 Tableware, two pieces, 
LU 331 0   2 B-II       Drinking Glass Unidentified Mold 2   mend to be 
 304 
 
complete 
vessel 
6 pieces of 
brick, varying 
sizes, largest 
brick has 
14 B- Architectural, circular dark 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Brick    6 5 stain 
14 B- Architectural, 2 pieces of tar 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Tar Paper   2 2 paper  
14 B- Clothing, 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Button, 4 Hole  button 1   Prosser button 
14 B- Tableware, 1 piece of 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Flatware whiteware 1   whiteware rim 
3 pieces of 
14 B- Tableware, whiteware 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       vessel whiteware 3 0 body  
1 piece of blue 
14 B- Tableware, transfer print 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       vessel whiteware 1   whiteware 
1 piece of 
handpainted 
whiteware with 
14 B- Tableware, possible light 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       vessel whiteware 1   green leaf 
1 piece of 
molded grey 
14 B- pipe stem with 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 spur 
1 piece of 
14 B- molded pipe 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Tobacco, Pipe   1 0 bowl 
 305 
 
1 large piece of 
14 B- Architectural, aqua window 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Window Pane    1 0 glass 
14 B- Container, Manufacturing 1 small piece of 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Unidentified Technique Unknown 1 0 container glass 
14 B- Unidentified, Manufacturing 1 piece of UID 
LU 331 1   2 SUB       Metal Technique Unknown 1 1 metal 
 
 
 306 
 
Appendix B: Faunal Analysis 
 
This is a small assemblage with good preservation.  Because of the size of the assemblage both 
households are included in this brief description. There are a few clearly butchered elements 
from cattle. These are from long bones and from reasonably rich parts of the animal. Along with 
the rib fragments this could indicate that the household that produced this assemblage had access 
to reasonable quality beef. The metacarpus from the very young animal could on the other hand 
possibly indicate a few things. It could be the consumption of a calf that died at birth or shortly 
thereafter. This bone does not show some of the other indications of neonatal age that I would 
expect ? so there is a possibility that it was fusing late due to some other problem such as bad 
nutrition.  
The butchery with saws would suggest that some of this was purchased at a butcher shop. The 
very young animal on the other hand might suggest connections to a farm and access to animals 
that might not typically make it to a butcher?s shop.  
 
Catalog: 
97: unidentified mammal, possible vertebral epiphysis 
107: Bos taurus (cow) proximal tibia ? butchered (sawn) 
108: 1 medium terrestrial mammal (sheep/pig sized) vertebrae, possibly caudal 
1 cow or sheep rib  
109: large terrestrial mammal ? probably bos (cow) ? 2 rib fragments ? signs of exposure 
damage (moisture) 
111: Bos Taurus (cow) proximal metacarpus ? intermediate fusion ? calf, very young animal, 
probably just born. 
114: 1 large terrestrial animal (probably cow) rib fragment 
1 unidentified mammal fragment 
125: Bos Taurus (cow) distal humerus, butchered (sawn) 
136: unidentified mammal white burnt bone fragment 
  
 307 
 
 
  
 308 
 
Appendix C: Letter of Authorization 
 
 
 
 
ECKLEY MINERS? VILLAGE 
 
January 29, 2016 
 
Paul Shackel 
University of Maryland  
Department of Anthropology 
1111 Woods Hall 
University of Maryland 
College Park, MD 20742 
  
 
SUBJECT: LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 
 
DEAR DR. SHACKEL, 
 
With this letter, I am confirming permission for you to hold your FIELD SCHOOL AND PRELIMINARY 
STUDIES at the ECKLEY MINERS? VILLAGE  (?Site?) on THE DATES OF THE ATTACHED SCHEDULE 
(Attachment A) DURING MUSEUM HOURS.  Your event must be confined to the following area(s): 
 
MUTURALLY AGREED TO AREAS OF PROPOSED EXCAVATION ON THE FORMER SHANTY STREET AND THE 
EXTENSION OF BACK STREET PER YOUR PROPOSAL TITLED ?PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE 
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL AND MUSEUM COMMISSION TO PERFORM ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
EXCAVATIONS AT ECKLEY MINERS? VILLAGE, WEATHERLY, PENNSYLVANIA SUBMITTED BY PAUL A. 
SHACKEL AND V. CAMILLE WESTMONT, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, 
DECEMBER 2014? AND PERMIT AUTHORIZING THE EXCAVATION ON COMMONWEALTH PROPERTY BY 
THE STATE ARCHAEOLOGIST DATED JANUARY 13, 2015.  ANY CHANGES TO THE PROPSOED LOCATION 
OF EXCAVATIONS WILL NEED TO BE APPROVED IN WRITING BY THE COMMONWEALTY PRIOR TO ANY 
ACTIVITY. 
 
Attached, please find the Site?s rules and regulations (Attachment B).  As the sponsor for Field School 
and archaeolgical studies, you must comply with the Commission?s rules and regulations regarding 
conduct at the Site.  Additionally, you are responsible for knowing and complying with all applicable 
federal, state, and local statutes, rules, regulations and permit requirements.  PHMC?s rules and 
regulations are incorporated herein by reference and are available for review at the ECKLEY MIERS? 
VILLAGE office or from PHMC?s website:  www.phmc.pa.gov. 
 309 
 
 
You are reminded that preparation and clean-up for this event is your responsibility.  A complete and 
thorough pick-up of all litter must immediately follow the event.  All refuse must be taken with you 
when you leave.  Please sign this letter and return one copy to me and retain one copy for your files.  
Please call the site office during business hours at (570) 636-2070 if you have any questions or if you 
need to cancel or reschedule this event.  
 
Thank you for your cooperation. 
 
Sincerely, 
 
 
Bode Morin 
Site Administrator/Property Head  
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
 
I have read and shall abide by both this Letter of Authorization and the attached rules, regulations and 
special requirements regarding the use of the Site?s facilities. 
 
Sponsor 
 
_________________________________________ ___________________ 
Name & Title      Date 
 
 
Attachments: 
Attachment A:  Site Rules/Regulations  
Attachment B:  Proposed Schedule 
 
  
 310 
 
Attachment A 
 
Tentative Schedule 
 
 
Dates 2016 Activities People Participating* 
May 29, 30, 31 Possibly brush clearing, bringing Camille Westmont, Mikaela 
equipment to the field house, create Girard, Paul Shackel 
grid  
May 31 - June 17 Archaeological excavations, Camille, Mikaela, Paul,  
processing artifacts 2 undergraduate volunteers,  
4 undergraduate students,  
3 volunteers 
June 20-July 8 Archaeological excavations, Camille, Mikaela, Paul,  
processing artifacts 2 undergraduate volunteers,  
4 undergraduate students,  
3 adult volunteers,  
12 high school volunteers  
June 25-26 (Possibly) Have excavation open for Camille, Mikaela, Paul,  
Patchtown Days visitors to see, or have artifacts out 2 undergraduate volunteers,  
for people to wash ? need to discuss 4 undergraduate students,  
with Bode on this 3 adult volunteers,  
12 high school volunteers 
   
 
 
  
 311 
 
Attachment B 
 
Welcome.  Please Enjoy Your Visit 
PHMC sites offer visitors numerous educational opportunities to understand and appreciate 
Pennsylvania?s heritage. Your observance of these rules will assist in both the preservation of this 
resource and in making everyone?s visit a safe and enjoyable one.  
 
Be a Responsible Pet Owner  
Ensure your pet remains on a leash while on the grounds, and please clean up after them.  Pets, apart 
from service animals, are not permitted in any of the buildings.   
 
Grounds Open Sunrise to Sunset 
See posted opening hours for buildings.  
 
Getting Around 
Off-road motorized vehicles and horses are prohibited.  Bicycles and motorized vehicles may be enjoyed 
on designated roads only. Motorized vehicles, except for wheelchairs, are not permitted on grassy areas, 
pedestrian pathways, or sidewalks. Parking is prohibited in non-designated areas. 
 
Children under 12  
Must be accompanied by an adult at all times. 
 
Smoking 
Visitors are not permitted to smoke in or near historic structures.  Please dispose of smoking debris in a 
designated trash receptacle. 
 
Respect the Property and Your Fellow Visitors 
Any conduct deemed detrimental to the facility, or which may impinge upon the safety or enjoyment of 
visitors, is prohibited. This includes but is not limited to:  the use of metal detectors; digging; hunting; 
skateboarding; climbing trees; golfing; discharging weapons or projectiles of any kind; soliciting; littering 
or dumping ; damaging, defacing or removing property, plants, animals or equipment.  Alcoholic 
beverages are prohibited unless served as part of a property head-approved site activity.  Loud music is 
not allowed (local codes apply).  Open fires are prohibited.  Contained cooking fires may only be used in 
conjunction with a property head-approved site activity.   
 
Contact the site to request pre-approval  
Certain organized gatherings like meetings, sporting events, entertainment, camping, or professional 
photo shoots may be allowed on a case by case basis, when permission is granted in advance.  Fees may 
be applicable.  Posting signs without permission is prohibited. 
 
Use of Your Image 
During your visit you may be filmed, videotaped, and/or photographed by a facility employee or 
contract photographer.  Your attendance serves as permission for the use of your image by the facility 
for promotional or marketing purposes. 
 
The above rules have been adopted pursuant to 46 PA Code, Chapters 1, 3, and 7 
  
 312 
 
Appendix D: Northampton Fuel Supply Co., Inc. Documentation 
 
 313 
 
 
 
 314 
 
 
 315 
 
 
 
 316 
 
 
 317 
 
 
 318 
 
 
 
 
 319 
 
 
 320